Heart Anatomy PDF

Pericardium, Heart Walls, Chambers, Vessels & Valves p. 5-8 Pericardiu m p.5  Pericardium ⦿ Pericardium: fluid-filled sac that encases the heart › loose, double-layered sac of elastic connective tissue fibrous pericardium serous pericardium ›...

Pericardium, Heart Walls, Chambers, Vessels & Valves p. 5-8 Pericardiu m p.5  Pericardium ⦿ Pericardium: fluid-filled sac that encases the heart › loose, double-layered sac of elastic connective tissue fibrous pericardium serous pericardium › helps protect it against infection & trauma › aids the function of the heart by helping with the free pumping motion  Pericardium Layers 1. Fibrous Pericardium -- outermost layer 2. Serous Pericardium -- inner layer that is divided into two more layers separated by fluid Alli-ism: “Serous Sandwich”...more in a second! ○ Parietal layer -- Next layer inward. Lining of fibrous pericardium ○ Pericardial Space -- contains the fluid…more on the next slide ○ Visceral layer -- Dual purpose layer! Innermost pericardial layer aka: epicardium (the outermost heart wall layer)  Pericardial Space ⦿ located between the visceral & parietal layers of the Serous Pericardium ⦿ contains a clear fluid that is released by the serous membrane › fluid acts as a lubricant during contraction & relaxation of the heart contains 10-50 mL of fluid side note...mL = cc excess fluid is known as pericardial effusion  Tips to Remember Here’s a couple Alli-isms: ⦿ If you’re lying… › you FIB on the outside (FIBrous Pericardium) › you know the SERious truth on the inside (SERous Pericardium) ⦿ Remember the Serous “Sandwich”? Grilled Cheese Edition… **BREAD: Parietal = “attached” …. attached to fibrous pericardium **GOOEY CHEESE: Pericardial Space …. liquid for lubrication **BREAD: Visceral = “inward” …. innermost layer of pericardium Heart Wall p.5  3 Heart Wall Layers 1.Epicardium › remember this is dual purpose 2 layer! ○ aka … visceral pericardium 3 2.Myocardium 3.Endocardium 1 Epicardium ⦿ aka visceral layer of serous pericardium ⦿ outermost layer of the heart wall ⦿ covers the surface of the heart and extends to the great vessels Myocardium ⦿ center layer of heart wall 2 ⦿ thick, muscular tissue ⦿ composed of striated muscle fibers 3 › myofibrils: contractile elements 1 heart’s main pumping mechanism Endocardium ⦿ lines inner chambers of heart, valves, chords & papillary muscles ⦿ thin layer of endothelium & connective tissue Starting from the outside… ⦿ Fibrous Pericardium › Parietal layer of Serous Pericardium ○ Pericardial Space Visceral layer of Serous Pericardium (aka epicardium) Myocardium ➭ Endocardium Alli-ism: “Forget PayPal! Venmo Extra Money Eas Chamber s p. 6 Four Cardiac Chambers ⦿ 2 atria (right & left) ⦿ 2 ventricles (right & left)  Base of the Heart: Right Atrium & Left Atrium ⦿ superior portion of the heart ⦿ filling / receiving chambers › RA receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic system (body) › LA receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary system (lungs) ⦿ Interatrial Septum (IAS) divides the RA from the LA  RA & LA Appendage ⦿ Right Atrial Appendage (RAA) & Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) › aka “auricle” › normal embryonic remnant › protrude off of atrial chambers › thought to increase surface area & aid in contraction  IAS during Fetal Circulation ⦿ During fetal circulation, there is a shunt through the IAS › Name: FORAMEN OVALE Shunt = Hole in a septum that allows blood flow to transfer between chambers ⦿ After birth, the shunt closes › Re-named: FOSSA OVALIS *Alli-ism: How to remember which name came first? Alphabetical order! “FORAMEN” would come before “FOSSA” in the dictionary and “OVALE” would come before “OVALIS”!*  Apex of Heart: Right Ventricle & Left Ventricle inferior portion of the heart ○ blunt & rounded pumping chambers ○ RV receives deoxygenated blood from the RA & pumps to the Main Pulmonary Artery (MPA) to head to the lungs ○ LV receives oxygenated blood from the LA & pumps to the Aorta to head to the body ⦿ Interventricular Septum (IVS) divides the RV from the LV Great Vessels p. 7 Great Vessels ⦿ Attach to the superior aspect of ventricles ⦿ Carry blood away from the heart ⦿ THE 2 Great Arteries: › Aorta › Main Pulmonary Artery ⦿ 6 Other Great Vessels: › Superior Vena Cava › Inferior Vena Cava › 4 Pulmonary Veins  SVC & IVC ⦿ Both: large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the RA ⦿ SVC: Superior Vena Cava › receives blood from the brain, chest & upper extremities ⦿ IVC: Inferior Vena Cava › receives blood from the abdomen, pelvis & lower extremities THE Great Artery #1: Main Pulmonary Artery ⦿ abbreviated MPA ⦿ carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the lungs RPA LPA MPA ⦿ bifurcates (splits) into two branches › Right Pulmonary Artery (RPA) › Left Pulmonary Artery (LPA) continues to divide until reaching the capillary bed Pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry *deoxygenated* blood! **arteries always carry blood away from the heart  4 Pulmonary Veins ⦿ abbreviated PV4 ⦿ carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the LA ⦿ 4 total veins › only veins in the body that carry *oxygenated* blood **veins always carry blood to the heart Right Upper Pulmonary Vein (RUPV) Right Lower Pulmonary Vein (RLPV) Left Upper Pulmonary Vein (LUPV) Left Lower Pulmonary Vein (LLPV) THE Great Vessel #2: Aorta ⦿ abbreviated Ao ⦿ carries oxygenated blood from the LV to the entire body! ⦿ largest artery in the body › many branches coronary artery system brain abdominal organs limbs **arteries carry blood away from the heart Valve s p. 8 4 Cardiac Valves 2 Valve Categories ⦿ Valves ensure one way blood flow Semilunar Valves (SL Valves) ⦿ Categorized by location within the heart ⦿ Pulmonic Valve ⦿ Aortic Valve Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) ⦿ Tricuspid Valve ⦿ Mitral Valve  Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) ⦿ between atria & ventricles ⦿ considered diastolic valves because they OPEN during diastole › diastole = ventricular relaxation & refilling  Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) Tricuspid Valve (TV) Mitral Valve (MV) ⦿ between RA & RV ⦿ between LA & LV ⦿ largest of cardiac ⦿ only valve with 2 valves leaflets ⦿ 3 leaflets ⦿ positioned closer to apex  AV Valve Components ⦿ annulus fibrosis › tough, fibrous ring › surrounds superior edge of leaflets › anchors them between atria & ventricles ⦿ valvular tissue / leaflets › makes up valve leaflets › attach to chordae tendinae ⦿ chordae tendinae › aka “heart strings” › attach leaflets to papillary muscles ⦿ papillary muscles › anchor AV valve apparatus to ventricular wall › more prominent in LV (attached to MV) than RV  Semilunar Valves (SL Valves) ⦿ between ventricles & great arteries ⦿ similar in size to each other , but significantly smaller than the AV valves ⦿ considered systolic valves because they are only OPEN during systole › systole = ventricular contraction & ejection  Semilunar Valves (SL Valves) Pulmonic Valve Aortic Valve (AoV) ⦿ between RV & MPA ⦿ between LV & Ao ⦿ most superior of all the ⦿ associated with origin valves of coronary artery system Video Recaps A Look Ahead...  Order of Flow 1. Superior Vena Cava 2. Inferior Vena Cava 3. Right Atrium 4. Tricuspid Valve 5. Right Ventricle 6. Pulmonic Valve 7. Main Pulmonary Artery 8. Right Pulmonary Artery 9. Left Pulmonary Artery (Lungs) 10.Pulmonary Veins (4) 11.Left Atrium 12.Mitral Valve 13.Left Ventricle 14.Aortic Valve 15.Ascending Aorta 16.Aortic Arch 17.Brachiocephalic/Innominate Artery 18.Left common carotid 19.Left Subclavian Artery 20.Descending Aorta References DeWitt, S. K. (2022). ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY...From a Sonographer's Perspective: THE NOTEBOOK 8 (pp. 5-8). Launch Printing & Promotions. All visuals (images & gifs) obtained from Google Images