Physical Education Reviewer Lesson 1 PDF

***PHYSICAL EDUCATION (REVIEWER)*** ***LESSON 1:*** What is Physical Education? =========================== Physical Education has undergone many vicissitudes and numerous changes of path in the Philippines schools. There was a time when Physical Education was considered as education of the physi...

***PHYSICAL EDUCATION (REVIEWER)*** ***LESSON 1:*** What is Physical Education? =========================== Physical Education has undergone many vicissitudes and numerous changes of path in the Philippines schools. There was a time when Physical Education was considered as education of the physical, hence, a muscular physique was considered as a physical educated body. The activities then were termed as "drill", "physical training", and "calisthenics". This old concept of physical education would, in all respect, mean today as strengthening the muscles. Physical Education: =================== is an integral part of the education program purposely to promote the optimum development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through total movement in the performance of properly selected physical activities (Andin, 2002) Phase of education concerned with the teaching and learning of skills and attitudes in play activities. It is an aspect of education that may be appropriately described as education through physical exertion. **Legal Bases of Teaching Physical Education in the Philippines Setting** ***1901 -* Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced** in the public schools and a regular program of athletics was developed. ***1920 -*** Physical Education was made a **required subject in the curriculum** of all public schools. ***1937* -** Physical Education **was made a curricular subject in the secondary school curriculum.** ***1969 -*** The School of **Physical Education and Sports Development Act of 1969**, A program of activities included among others: 1\. A program to health education and **nutrition,** 2\. A program of **physical fitness** for all pupils, A program at competitive at als. 4\. A program of **intramurals** and inter-unit athletic competition within schools. districts, and provinces; and 5 An annual athletic **competition within and among regions.** **1982 -** **MAPE was introduced** and the learning area involves music. arts. and physical education. ***(Foundation of Physical Education by Carmen Andin)*** ***Article 1*** of the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Paris (1975) and Recommendation 1. Inter-disciplinary Regional Meeting of Experts in Physical Education and Sports. UNESCO, Brisbane (1982). The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right of All. and the right should not be treated as different in principle from the right of adequate food, shelter and medicines. ***Article XIV Section 19 (1) & (2) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution mandates that:*** The state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league co mpetitions, and amateur sports. including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry. All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sector. **Functions of Physical Education Physical** ***Education performs three functions which are:*** **1. Biological Function -** refers to the enhancement of the individuals\' growth and development through body movement. **2. Integrative Function** - refers to the personality integration achieved through participation in properly selected physical activities **3. Social Function -** refers to the transmitting values and standards that are consistent with the needs and ideals of the society. All. in all, Physical Education as education \"through\" movement is best conceived of as being that component of the educational process which aims to improve and complement the individual chiefly through professionally selected and directed physical activities. **Fitness - A Major Goal of Physical Education** Different people differ in their notion of fitness. In the field of Physical Education, the concept of fitness has implications for **physical, social, emotional, and mental well-being.** In view of these four aspects. It can be said that FITNESS is the ability to live a healthy, satisfying, and useful life. This type of life is what the educational: philosophers and thinkers term a te s the \"good life.\" This is the ultimate goal of education. To live the \"good life\" means that an individual satisfies the basic needs as physical well-being. love. affection, security and self-respect. He lives blissfully with other people and is interested in them. He has an interest and yearning to serve humanity and believes in and exemplifies high ethical standards.Because of his secure relationship with people and future events, he lives a remarkable and stimulating life. **Physical Education** as a component of the educational system strives to aid or facilitate the development of an individual so that he can achieve total fitness to allow him to envoys the \"good life.\" Therefore, a major goal of physical education is FITNESS. **Objectives of Physical Education** The following objectives of Physical Education are viewed and stated in terms of their contributions to the outcomes of education and in the curriculum. **Physical Development:** Through cautiously selected physical education activities, an individual who participates energetically will develop and maintain good health and a high level of physical fitness. The attainment of physical skills can motivate an individual who participates further in physical activities: hence, his growth and development will be improved. **Social Development:** Involvement in Physical Education activities provides opportunities for the development of enviable social traits needed for adjustment to the social life in general. ***Some worthwhile traits are:*** 1\. friendliness 2.cooperation 3.respect for the rights of others 4.good sportsmanship 5.good leadership and followership 6.honesty in group competition **Emotional Development:** The informal nature of physical education activities offers opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery. Examples of worthwhile emotional traits are: 1.self-confidence 2.self-control 3.self-reliance 4.courage 5.determination **Mental Development:** Through participation in physical education activities. the individual develops his mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying movements, as he obtains knowledge and understanding of the rules and strategies of the games and sports. and as he discovers ways of improving his movement in gymnastics and dance. Likewise, it enhances critical thinking about how activities are done according to rules, regulations and strategies. ***Objectives of Physical Education*** **1.Knowledge -** it enhances critical thinking how activities are done according to rules. regulations and strategies. **2.Physical fitness -** improves and maintains the workload of the individual without staggering and undue fatigue after which have time or energy to meet some more emergencies in life. **3.Social to understand oneself -**to get along with others for effective living. **4.Motor skills -** it is the learning of the fundamental skills necessary for participation in sports and games. **5.Aesthetic -** relating responsive to appreciative of what is pleasurable to the senses. **6.Nationalism -** preservation of cultural heritage through revival of indigenous games, dances and sports. **7.Conservation of natural environment -** such as protection of forest and aquatic resources. **LESSON 2:** **2 Components of Physical Fitness** The components of Physical Fitness are divided into two categories the **health-related components** (Flexibility, Cardiovascular Endurance, Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance and Body Composition) and the **performance-related components** (Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction Time and Specd). **1. Health-Related Fitness** is a function of the body\'s adaptation to exercise. It could be developed and maintained through the regular and proper exercise program. There are at least five (5) components of Health Related Fitness. They are as follows: **A. Muscular Strength -** ability of the muscle to maximum effort in brief duration. It may be developed through isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic contractions. **1. Isotonic Contractions** - voluntary contractions in which muscles shorten and lengthen alternately. The muscle contracts at varying speed against a resistance.p These contractions are of two types: **2.Concentric Contraction** - muscles that shorten during exercise. NO movement that occurs and the length of the muscle remains unchanged. **3.Eccentric Contraction** - muscle that lengthens during an exercise. Muscles exert force due to an outside resistance. **Isometric Contractions** - muscles are contracted against an immovable resistance. **Isokenetic Contractions** - muscles are exposed to fixed machines with variable degrees of resistance. **B. Muscular Endurance-** ability of the muscle to endure a sub maximal effort for a pprolonged period of time. **C.Cardiovascular Endurance** - ability of the heart, blood vessels and the lungs to adapt to physical exertion for a prolonged duration. **D. Flexibility** - ability of the muscles and joints to go through a full range motion. \- reduces the risk of injury, enhances performance and prevents muscle and soreness. \- achieved through stretching designed to lengthen or elongate soft tissue structures and thereby increase the range of motion **E. Body Composition** - proportion of lean body mass fat body mass. It stresses one\'s relative fatness or leanness in relation to height. **Performance Related Fitness** - one\'s movement skill. **5 general components namely:** 1.**Balance**- ability to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in body position. **Static Balance** - maintain equilibrium in a fixed position such as standing on one foot or on a balance beam. **Dynamic Balance** - maintain one\'s equilibrium while the body is in motion. Walking on a balance beam is one example of this type of balance. 2.**Coordination** - The ability to use the senses and body parts in order to perform motor tasks smoothly and accurately. **3. Agility** -ability to quickly shift or change direction of the body from one point to another. **4. Speed** - The amount of time it takes to perform a task or move from one point to another in the shortest possible time. **5. Power** - ability to perform one maximum effort in a short period of time. **EX**: track and field and weightlifting. **6. Reaction Time-** The ability to respond quickly to stimuli. **Concepts of Physical Fitness** **1.Organic Vigor -** refers to the soundness of the heart and the lungs, which contributes to the ability to resist diseases. **2.Endurance -** is the ability to sustain long - continued contractions where a number of muscle groups are used; the capacity to bear or last long in a certain task without undue fatigue. **3.Strength -** is the capacity to sustain the application of force without yielding or breaking: the ability of the muscle to exert effort against the resistance and lightness of movement. **4.Power -** refers to the ability of the muscle to release maximum force in a shortest period of time. **5.Flexibility -** it is a quality of plasticity, which gives the ability to do a wide range of movement. **6.Agility -** is the ability of an individual to change direction or position in space with the quickness and lightness of movement. **7.Balance -** is the ability to control organic equipment neuro- muscularly; a state of equilibrium. **8.Speed -** is the ability to make successive movements of the same kind in the shortest period of time. **Body Mass Index (BMI) -** is a medical screening tool that measures the ratio of your height to your weight to estimate the amount of body fat you have. **Formula:** weight (kg) ÷ height^2^(meters)