Blood PDF

The Blood Chapter 13 Learning Objectives 1. List the functions of the blood. 2. Identify the main components of plasma. 3. Describe the formation of blood cells. 4. Name and describe the three types of formed elements in the blood, and give the functions of each. 5. Characterize the five types...

The Blood Chapter 13 Learning Objectives 1. List the functions of the blood. 2. Identify the main components of plasma. 3. Describe the formation of blood cells. 4. Name and describe the three types of formed elements in the blood, and give the functions of each. 5. Characterize the five types of leukocytes. 6. Define hemostasis, and cite three steps in hemostasis. 7. Briefly describe the steps in blood clotting. Learning Objectives 8. Define blood type, and explain the relation between blood type and transfusions. 9. Explain the basis of Rh incompatibility and its possible consequences. 10.List four possible reasons for transfusions of whole blood and blood components. 11.Use the correct terms to describe abnormal blood cell counts. 12.Use examples to explain how anemia can result from abnormalities in blood cell production or destruction 13.Define leukemia, and name the two types of leukemia. 14.Describe four forms of clotting disorders. 15.Identify six types of tests used to study blood. What is it good for? Blood is fluid tissue Many chemicals dissolved in it Millions of cells floating in it Blood is the primary transportation fluid Pickup services Delivery services Protection from foreign invaders 4 Introduction Blood data Circulating connective tissue 4 to 6L for humans Red is high in Oxygen, blue is lower in Oxygen 5 What Blood Does Transportation Oxygen, nutrients, waste Regulation Temperature, acid-base, fluid-electrolyte balance Blood is alkaline—pH 7.35 to pH 7.45 Protection Against infection and bleeding Blood Composition and Volume 2 major parts: Plasma - Liquid portion of whole blood (extracellular part) Formed Elements -Cellular components (many different cells involved) 8 Blood Plasma Plasma is the liquid portion of whole blood minus formed elements (cells etc). It contains all of the functional proteins of the blood Composition—91% water containing many dissolved substances needed to keep the cells alive. Albumins Clotting factors Antibodies Complement Waste products from cells are also transported by the plasma to excretory organs Formed Elements Three main kinds: 1. RBCs (erythrocytes) 2. WBCs (leukocytes) a. Granular leukocytes—neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (have granules in their cytoplasm) b. Nongranular leukocytes (also called agranular) — lymphocytes and monocytes (have no granules in their cytoplasm) 3. Platelets (thrombocytes) No Nucleus No Nucleus 13 The Formed Elements Formation of blood cells Hemato or Hemo - Blood Blood cells are produced in 2 areas of the body: Myeloid tissue – red bone marrow – mainly hip bones, sternum and ribs Lymphatic tissue – mainly lymph nodes, thymus and spleen Red bone marrow forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes, which are formed by lymphatic tissues. A few million RBCs are made each second! Hematopoietic Stem cells Parent cells Review Time Erythrocytes- Red Blood Cells Tough and flexible plasma membrane deforms easily allowing RBCs to pass through small diameter capillaries Biconcave disk shape (thin center and thicker edges) results in large cellular surface area Absence of nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles limits life span to about 120 days (4 months) but provides more cellular space for red pigment called hemoglobin (Hb) Unable to reproduce themselves Hemoglobin 2 General functions of Hemoglobin Transport of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Important role in homeostasis of acid base balance Leukocytes or WBCs Leuko - White White blood cells (WBCs)—colorless, round, with prominent nuclei Granulocytes Neutrophils (polymorphs) Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Clear body of foreign material, cellular debris, pathogens Granular Leukocytes Neutrophils Most numerous of the phagocytic leukocytes Phagocytes protect body from microorganisms by taking them into their cell bodies and digesting them Numbers increase in bacterial infections Eosinophils Weak phagocyte Active against parasites and parasitic worms Involved in allergic reactions Basophils secrete histamine (released during allergic & inflammatory reactions histamine dilates blood vessels and constricts bronchioles) also secrete heparin (an anticoagulant) Agranular Leukocytes Lymphocytes 2 types - B and T B lymphocytes involved in immunity against disease by secretion of antibodies Mature B lymphocytes called plasma cells T lymphocytes involved in direct attack on bacteria or cancer cells (not antibody production) Monocytes Largest leukocyte Aggressive phagocyte—capable of engulfing large bacteria and cancer cells Develop into much larger cells called macrophages after leaving blood to enter tissue spaces Platelets and Blood Clotting Platelets 3rd type of formed element in the blood Play essential role in blood clotting Called thrombocytes No nuclei or DNA Hemostasis Hemostasis Contraction Vascular spasm Platelet plug Blood clot Coagulation Blood Clotting Damage to blood vessel makes rough spot in its lining – normally lining very smooth Damaged tissue cells release clotting factors into the plasma Clotting factors combine with other factors in the plasma to form prothrombin activator At same time, platelets become sticky at site of damaged vessel and form platelet plug As platelets accumulate, they release more clotting factors into the plasma which forms additional prothrombin activator Serum Abnormal Blood Clots Clots may sometimes form where they are not supposed to. This may cause sudden death when they block blood flow to a vital organ (brain, lung etc.) Page 373 Thrombus – clot that stays were it was formed Condition called thrombosis Embolus – clot that dislodges and travels through the bloodstream Condition called embolism Review Time Blood Types Blood identified as specific “type” using a combination of 2 classifications: ABO classification Rh classification Terminology: Antigen: a substance, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it. Most antigens are foreign proteins. Antibody: a substance produced by the body that destroys/inactivates antigens that have entered the body. Many antibodies cause clumping or agglutination of their antigens. Blood Types Red blood cells contain certain antigens in their plasma membranes. People are born with these, so they are not “foreign” proteins to the body. Thus, the body does not need to produce antibodies to destroy them. Erythrocytes Antigens- blood types On surface Blood contains antigens in the RBCs and antibodies in the plasma. Antigen-Antibody Interaction Blood clumps in response to interactions between antigens and antibodies Example of a mismatched transfusion Type A recipient has A antigens on RBC and anti-B antibodies in plasma Type B donor has B antigen on RBC Result: Anti-B antibodies of recipient attack B antigen of donor’s blood, causing agglutination and hemolysis Blood Type Red Blood Cell Reacts with Plasma Antibodies Can Take from Can Donate to Antigen Antiserum A A Anti-A Anti-B A, O A, AB B B Anti-B Anti-A B, O B, AB AB A, B Anti-A, Anti-B None AB, A, AB B, O O None None Anti-A, Anti-B O O, A, B, AB The “Universals” Recipient has Type AB blood—type A and type B antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma; called universal recipient blood – Recipient has no A or B antibodies to clump any donor’s RBCs which may contain A or B antigens. Donor has Type O blood—no type A or type B antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma; called universal donor blood – Since there are no A or B antigens in the donor’s blood, the A and B antibodies that may be found in the recipient will not clump it. Rh Factor: Blood Transfusions Blood transfusions Rh-negative (-) blood can be donated to Rh-positive (+) recipients Rh-positive (+) blood cannot be donated to Rh-negative (-) recipients The true universal donor is O- The true universal recipient is AB+ Rh incompatibility during pregnancy causes erythroblastosis fetalis or HDN Rh System If Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father have an Rh-positive baby, the Rh-positive on the baby’s RBCs may stimulate the mother to produce anti-Rh antibodies. Erythroblastosis fetalis—a type of hemolytic anemia - may occur when Rh-negative mother carries a second Rh-positive fetus; anti Rh antibodies agglutinate RBCs in the fetus because they have the Rh antigen. No problems arise if the baby is Rh negative. Use of Blood and Blood Components Blood stored in blood banks up to 35 days. Whole Blood Transfusions Used for loss of large volume of blood Massive hemorrhage from serious injuries During internal bleeding During or after an operation Centrifuge separates plasma from formed elements. Use of Plasma Replace blood volume. Treat circulatory failure (shock). Treat plasma protein deficiency. Replace clotting factors. Provide needed antibodies. Review Time PAGE 313 TABLE 13-4 Anemia: Hemoglobin Deficiency Two major causes Excessive loss or destruction of red cells Hemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia Sickle cell anemia Impaired production of red cells or hemoglobin Nutritional anemia- Iron Pernicious anemia- B12 Thalassemia Bone marrow suppression Leukemia- WBC Disorders Characterized by enormous increase in white cells Myelogenous leukemia from bone marrow Lymphocytic leukemia from lymphoid tissue Bone marrow transplants sometimes successful in restoring blood-producing stem cells lost after leukemia treatment Clotting Disorders Abnormal bleeding through disruption of coagulation process Hemophilia von Willebrand disease Thrombocytopenia Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Blood Studies - RBC Count Complete blood cell count Originally done with a hemocytometer (slide with counting grid on it) Now done with automated counter. Hematocrit part of CBC provides information about the volume of RBCs in a sample Blood is spun using centrifuge RBCs forced to bottom of tube (normally 45% of blood volume) WBCs and platelets settle in “buffy coat” Plasma goes to top Other Blood Tests Blood Smear (Slide) Blood Chemistry Tests Coagulation Study Bone Marrow Study  PAGE 320 Figure 13.UN02: The Language of Healthcare: Medical Terminology and Disorders PAGE 321 Summary What have I learned from this chapter? Where do I go from here? NEED TO ASK Questions…