Intro & Lan Standards PDF

INTRO & LAN STANDARDS Subtopic : Introduction LAN and IEEE 802 LAN Standard OBJECTIVE: At the end of the class, students will be able to explain the principal components of developing a LAN and IEEE 802 model.  Geographical Coverage Networks are sometimes classified according to thei...

INTRO & LAN STANDARDS Subtopic : Introduction LAN and IEEE 802 LAN Standard OBJECTIVE: At the end of the class, students will be able to explain the principal components of developing a LAN and IEEE 802 model.  Geographical Coverage Networks are sometimes classified according to their geographical coverage. The following are examples of networks that are based on their geographical coverage: ❑ Personal area networks (PANs) are networks that interconnect devices that are within the reach of an individual, usually, within a range of 10 m. These devices are usually cell phones, tablets, and laptops. ❑ Local area networks (LANs) cover small geographical areas, typically one building, a floor, or a campus. Examples include the Ethernet and token ring ❑ Metropolitan area networks (MANs) interconnect LANs in a campus or metropolitan area. Example includes the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI). ❑ Wide area networks (WANs) cover much larger areas such as a country (e. Note: Will discuss in detail in the next topicg., the public switched telephone network, or  WHAT IS LAN? A LAN is a network of computers and other components located relatively close together in a limited area (within limited geographical area/ small geographical area) LANs can vary widely in their size (example: intranet/extranet/PAN/WLAN) It can be wired and wireless network A LAN might consist of only two computers in a home office or small business, or it might include hundreds of computers in a large corporate office or multiple buildings. A small home business or a small office environment could use a small LAN to connect two or more computers and to connect the computers to one or more shared peripheral devices such as printers. A large corporate office could use multiple LANs to accommodate hundreds of computers and shared peripheral devices, for departments such as finance or operations.  LAN COMPONENTS Every LAN has specific components, including hardware, interconnections, and software. Computers Computers serve as the endpoints in the network, sending and receiving data Interconnections Interconnections enable data to travel from one point to another in the network. Interconnections include these components: o NICs: Network interface cards (NIC) translate the data produced by the computer into a format that can be transmitted over the LAN. o Network transmission media: wired media (unshielded twisted pair (UTP), coaxial and fiber optic) and wireless media (Bluetooth, microwave, satellite, infrared), transmit signals from one device on the LAN to another. Network devices Hub: Hubs provide aggregation devices operating at Layer 1 of the OSI reference model. However, hubs have been replaced in this function by switches, and it is very rare to see hubs in any LAN these days. Ethernet Switch: Ethernet switches form the aggregation point for LANs. Ethernet switches operate at Layer 2 of the OSI reference model and provide intelligent distribution of frames within the LAN. Router: wired/wireless routers, sometimes called gateways, provide a means to connect LAN segments. Routers operate at Layer 3 of the OSI reference model. Access point : An access point is a wireless network device that acts as a portal for devices to connect to a local area network.  LAN COMPONENTS Protocols Protocols govern the way data is transmitted over a LAN and include the following: o Ethernet protocols : CSMA/CD ; o Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4; IPv6 o Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) o Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) o Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) o Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Software Network Operating System ex. the major server-based network operating systems are Microsoft Windows NT 4 and Windows 2000 Server, and Novell NetWare 3.x, 4.x and 5.x Operating System ex. Windows 8 Application software ex. Ms Office, VBasic etc  :: REVISION :: When communication takes place between devices on a LAN, there is a requirement to identify and thus differentiate between the devices on the network It can be done using host name, MAC address and IP address (which impact to local addressing) Local Address is the address that a computer on a TCP/IP network uses to access another computer on the same subnet of the network  HOST NAME MAC ADDRESS IP ADDRESS In computer networking, A MAC (Media Access Control) An IP address is a unique address address, sometimes referred to as a that identifies a device on the a hostname (archaically internet or a local network. nodename) is a label hardware or physical address IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which that is assigned to a Represented as a 48-bit hexadecimal is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local device connected to a number (bese-16 numbering system) network. computer network and is a unique, comprised of 12-character It works on Network Layer (Layer 3) that is used to identify broken into 6 pairs ; Each of these which allow one computer to locate another computer on a network. the device in various character uses 4 bits (12 characters forms of electronic *4bits = 48 bits); each pairs separated An example of a IP address communication, such as using “–” symbol ; 192.168.10.10 (IPv4) ; the World Wide Web FE80:CD00:0:CDE:1257:0:211E:729C (IPv6) alphanumeric attribute - that is used to How to know your host identify individual electronic devices on a network. name for your PC/ laptop? The MAC address primarily operates on the data link layer. An example of a MAC address is: 00- B0-D0-63-C2-26  THE 802 PROJECT MODEL Project 802 defined network standards for the physical components of a network (the interface card and the cabling) that are accounted for in the physical and data-link layers of the OSI reference model. IEEE 802 is a collection of networking standards that cover the physical and data-link layer specifications for technologies such as Ethernet and wireless. These specifications apply to local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). IEEE 802 also aids in ensuring multi-vendor interoperability by promoting standards for vendors to follow. Essentially, the IEEE 802 standards help make sure internet services and technologies follow a set of recommended practices so network devices can all work together smoothly.  IEEE 802 STANDARD This protocol defines: the method The 802 specifications define the ways NICs access and transfer data over the speed of used to access physical media. the network, the physical These include connecting, maintaining, network, and disconnecting network devices. Choosing which protocol to run at the data-link layer is the single most important decision you make when designing a LAN. the types of the NICs and cables you can drivers you use, install.  IEEE 802 CATEGORIES The LAN standards defined by the 802 committees are classified into 16 categories that can be identified by next slide.  The data link layer in the network system mainly addresses the way that data packets are transmitted from one type of ETHERNET EXPLANATION node to another. Ethernet uses an access method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection). This is a system where every computer listens to the cable before transmitting anything throughout the network. The physical layer in the network mainly focuses on the elements of hardware like repeaters, cables & network interface cards (NIC). For instance, an Ethernet network like 100BaseTX or 10BaseT indicates the cables type that can be used, the length of cables, and the optimal topology.  IEEE 802.3 IEEE802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub- layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks. Ethernet is classified into two categories: Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and X is the type of medium used. Most varieties of classic Ethernet have become obsolete in present communication scenario. A switched Ethernet uses switches to connect to the stations in the LAN. It replaces the repeaters used in classic Ethernet and allows full bandwidth utilization.  IEEE 802.3 POPULAR VERSIONS IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5 (bus topology). It used a thick single coaxial cable into which a connection can be tapped by drilling into the cable to the core. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500m. IEEE 802.3a : This gave the standard for thin coax (10BASE-2-bus topology), which is a thinner variety where the segments of coaxial cables are connected by BNC connectors. The 2 refers to the maximum segment length of about 200m (185m to be precise). IEEE 802.3i : This gave the standard for twisted pair (10BASE-T – star topology) that uses unshielded twisted pair (UTP) copper wires as physical layer medium. The further variations were given by IEEE 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 and 100BASE-FX. IEEE 802.3j: This gave the standard for Ethernet over Fiber (10BASE-F) that uses fiber optic cables as medium of transmission.  COMPARISON BETWEEN ETHERNET AND LAN The following table highlights some of the important differences between Ethernet and LAN:  IEEE 802.11 Defines wireless network standard.  802.11 a 802.11 b 802.11 g 802.11 n 802.11 ac 802.11 ax (1999) (1999) (2003) (2009) (2014) (2019) Speed 54 Mbps = 11Mbps 54Mbps 300-600Mpbs 400Mbps-1Gbps 3.4 -14Gbps 6.75Mpbs (multiple streams) Range/ 5Ghz 2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz 2.4Ghz/ 5Ghz 2.4Ghz and Frequency 5.0Ghz (advantage) (2.4Ghz using 5.0Ghz 802.11n technology) Coverage 25 feet 100 feet 100 feet 150 feet Beam forming Extra Features More Lower speed; Backward Speed: beneficial to 8 attena OFDM speed; wide range compatible smartphone; wireless (4 attena using ( orthogonal poor range devices technology, HD video 802.11n frequency- technology (transfer) technology) division multiple) In popular 2.4Ghz provide 2.4Ghz can MIMO SU-MIMO MU-MIMO interference to connect with (Multiple Input/ (Single user/ (Multiple user/ non-registered 802.11b devices Multiple Output) allow Multiple Input/ Multiple Input/ devices /access point more connectivity/ Multiple Output) Multiple Output) (vice verse) more devices No backward technology for b/g technology TWT (Target Wakeup Time) Incompatible to each other Allow people Suppose just for BBS coloring – connect to wireless 5Ghz (not run avoid collusion router 2.4Ghz) interference  802.11 a 802.11 b 802.11 g 802.11 n 802.11 ac 802.11 ax New Name Wi- Fi Wi- Fi Wi- Fi Wi- Fi Wi- Fi Wi- Fi 2 1 3 4 5 6 :: EXERCISE :: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. END Link: https://www.ceva-ip.com/ourblog/wi-fi-7-ieee-802-11be-mlo-vs-wi-fi-6-6e- ieee-802-11ax-what-to-ask-for-optimal-design-considerations/#:~: text=Originated%20from%20the%20IEEE%20802.11,6%2F6E%20(802.11ax)  IEEE 802.11be https://www.anritsu.com/en-US/test-measurement/technologies/wlan/wlan6gfeatures/wifi7?click- from-wifiparent#:~:text=The%20IEEE%20802.11be%20(Wi,width%20up%20to%20320%20MHz.