Introduction to LANs and IEEE 802 Standards

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical range for a personal area network (PAN)?

50 m

10 m (correct)

100 m

1 km

Which type of network typically covers an area like a single building?

Personal area network (PAN)

Local area network (LAN) (correct)

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

Wide area network (WAN)

What is an example of a network that interconnects multiple LANs in a metropolitan area?

Ethernet

Personal area network (PAN)

Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) (correct)

Token ring

Which of the following networks covers larger geographical areas such as a country?

Wide area network (WAN) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes local area networks (LANs)?

They typically cover a small geographical area. Signup and view all the answers

Which standard is often associated with local area networks?

IEEE 802 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of network classified by geographical coverage?

Cloud network Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a personal area network (PAN)?

To interconnect devices within an individual's reach Signup and view all the answers

What type of network device acts as a portal for devices to connect to a local area network?

Access point Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Network Interface Cards (NICs) in a LAN?

Translating data for transmission over the LAN Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model do Ethernet switches operate at?

Layer 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is typically NOT a component of a Local Area Network?

Internet Service Provider (ISP) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a LAN?

It connects computers in a limited geographical area. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is known to briefly aggregate network traffic in a LAN?

Hub Signup and view all the answers

In which context might a small LAN typically be used?

Connecting two or more computers in a home office Signup and view all the answers

What type of media can transmit signals in a LAN?

Unshielded twisted pair and wireless media Signup and view all the answers

What type of address is often used to identify devices on a local area network?

MAC address Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is responsible for translating IP addresses into MAC addresses?

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Signup and view all the answers

How is a MAC address represented?

48-bit hexadecimal number Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol allows a device to automatically receive an IP address within a network?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Signup and view all the answers

What do IPv4 and IPv6 have in common?

They both serve as communication protocols. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid function of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?

Ensuring reliable and ordered delivery of data Signup and view all the answers

What does ARP stand for in networking?

Address Resolution Protocol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a suitable method to differentiate devices on a LAN?

Phone number Signup and view all the answers

What does CSMA/CD stand for in the context of Ethernet networking?

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Classic Ethernet according to IEEE 802.3?

Has become obsolete in modern communication scenarios. Signup and view all the answers

In the nomenclature of Ethernet, what does '10BASE-X' signify?

10 Mbps maximum throughput and baseband transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Which component replaces repeaters in switched Ethernet configurations?

Switches Signup and view all the answers

What maximum segment length does 10BASE-5 specify in its standards?

500 meters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the physical layer in Ethernet networks?

Focus on hardware elements like cables and network interface cards. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cable is used in the 10BASE-2 standard?

Thin coaxial cable Signup and view all the answers

Which standard is used to define medium access control (MAC) for Ethernet networks?

IEEE 802.3 Signup and view all the answers

What does the IP address 192.168.10.10 represent?

An example of an IPv4 address Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model does the MAC address primarily operate on?

Data link layer Signup and view all the answers

What does the IEEE 802 Project primarily focus on?

Establishing networking standards for physical components Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the project 802 specifications?

Protocols for network security Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid MAC address format?

00-B0-D0-63-C2-26 Signup and view all the answers

How do 802 standards assist vendors?

They ensure compatibility and interoperability of network devices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the speed of network devices within the IEEE 802 standard?

Methods for NICs to access the network Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of choosing the right protocol at the data-link layer?

It affects the successful design of a LAN Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum segment length defined by the standard referred to as '2'?

200m Signup and view all the answers

Which IEEE standard introduced the use of twisted pair cables related to Ethernet?

IEEE 802.3i Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wireless standards can achieve speeds up to 14Gbps?

802.11ax Signup and view all the answers

Which option represents a frequency range of 2.4GHz used by multiple wireless standards?

802.11b Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows for more devices to connect simultaneously in the 802.11n standard?

Single User MIMO Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of the 802.11b standard compared to others?

Limited range Signup and view all the answers

Which technology allows the 802.11ac standard to enhance wireless performance?

Multiple streams Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wireless standards operates on a frequency of 5GHz primarily?

802.11a Signup and view all the answers

What is TWT (Target Wakeup Time) used for in wireless standards?

Reducing power consumption Signup and view all the answers

What does the coverage of 802.11n typically extend to?

150 feet Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction & LAN Standards

The objective of the class is to explain the principal components of developing a LAN and IEEE 802 model.
The subtopic is the introduction to LANs and IEEE 802 LAN standard.

Geographical Coverage

Networks are classified by geographical coverage.
Personal Area Networks (PANs) connect devices within 10 meters (e.g., phones, tablets, laptops).
Local Area Networks (LANs) cover small areas like a building or campus (e.g., Ethernet, token ring).
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) connect LANs in a campus or metropolitan area (e.g., FDDI).
Wide Area Networks (WANs) cover large areas like a country or the world (e.g., the public switched telephone network, internet).

What is LAN?

A LAN is a network of computers and components located close together in a limited geographical area.
LANs can be wired or wireless.
A LAN can consist of just a few computers in a home office or hundreds in a large corporate office.
LANs connect computers to shared peripherals (e.g., printers).

LAN Components

Computers: The endpoints of the network, sending and receiving data.
Interconnections: Enable data travel between network points.
- Network Interface Cards (NICs): Translate computer data into LAN formats.
- Network Transmission Media: Transfers signals between devices (e.g., wired - UTP, coaxial, fiber optic; wireless - Bluetooth, microwave, satellite, infrared).
Network Devices:
- Hubs: Collect data and broadcast to all ports. (Less common now, replaced by switches).
- Ethernet Switches: Intelligent hubs, directing data to specific connected devices.
- Routers: Connect different LAN segments or networks.
- Access Points: Enable wireless devices to connect to a wired network.

Protocols

Protocols govern data transmission over a LAN.
Examples include: Ethernet protocols (CSMA/CD), Internet Protocol (IPv4, IPv6), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

Software

Network Operating System (NOS) software manages server-based networks (e.g., Microsoft Windows NT 4, Windows 2000 Server, Novell NetWare 3.x, 4.x, 5.x).
Operating systems (e.g., Windows 8) manage individual computers.
Application software (e.g., MS Office, VBasic) is used on the computers.

Revision

Communication between LAN devices requires identification methods (host name, MAC address, and IP address).
Local addresses are used by devices on a TCP/IP network to access other devices on the same network subnet.

Host Name, MAC Address, IP Address

Host name: A label assigned to a device on a network used in electronic communication, like the web.
MAC address: A unique hardware address that identifies a network device—useful within the network itself.
IP address: A unique address which identifies a device on the internet or local network.

The 802 Project Model

IEEE 802 defines network standards for physical components (e.g., network cards, cabling).
It covers the physical and data link layers in the OSI model.
Standards are meant for different types of LANs (e.g., local area networks and metropolitan area networks).
Standards aid interoperability between different vendors’ devices/networks.

Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer and Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer

LLC Sublayer: Controls and manages frames, sequences frames and acknowledgements.
MAC Sublayer: Manages media access, delimits frames, detects errors, and identifies addresses.

IEEE 802 Standard

The 802 standards define: speed of the network, cable types, method used for network access, and network interface cards and required drivers.
The choice of protocols in the data-link layer is important in designing a LAN.

IEEE 802 Categories

There are 16 categories of LAN standards defined by the IEEE 802 committee.

802.x Specific Standards

802.1, 802.2: Internetworking, data link layers.
802.3: Ethernet standard; different physical layer media types, bus, star topology, access methods.
802.4: Token bus standard.
802.5: Token ring standard.
802.6: Metropolitan Area Network standard.
802.7: Broadband LAN
802.8: Fiber Optic standard.
802.9: Integrated services standard.
802.10: Interoperable LAN security standard.
802.11: Wireless network standards (Wi-Fi).
802.12: Demand priority access (100VG-AnyLAN).
802.13: Unused
802.14, 802.15: Cable modems and wireless personal area networks,
802.16: Broadband wireless standard.

Ethernet Explanation

The data link layer manages data packet transmission between network nodes.
Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection).
The physical layer defines hardware (e.g., repeaters, network interface cards, cables), and topology.

IEEE 802.3 Popular Versions

10BASE-5 (thick coaxial cable),
10BASE-2 (thin coaxial cable),
10BASE-T (UTP cable),
10BASE-F (fiber optic cable).

Ethernet vs. LAN Comparison

Ethernet: Commonly used packet-switched LAN with decentralized control.
LAN: A broader term referring to local area network which uses different topologies and access methods.

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)

Defines the standard for wireless networks.

WI-FI 6 (802.11ax)

It’s fast and operates on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
It uses different methods (OFDMA and MU-MIMO) for faster communication.
It incorporates target wake-up time functionality (TWT) for faster communication.

WI-FI 6E (802.11ax)

Uses 6 GHz, an extra frequency band (5.925-7.125 GHz).
Expands the operating capacity and reliability of Wi-fi networks for high-speed video streaming, gaming, and AR/VR applications.

WI-FI 7

Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be) aims to be faster and more capable than its predecessor, Wi-Fi 6/6E, by improving capacity, speed, and latency/throughput.

Access Points

Access points are the primary connection points which are crucial in dense environments due to high user demand, especially those often switching between activities (e.g., emails, browsing, video conferencing).

High-End Devices

High-end devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, laptops) require high bandwidth for activities such as video streaming and file sharing.

802.11be vs 802.11ax

802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) aims to increase speed and larger capacities, specifically using a 320 MHz channel width, which is more than 802.11ax

IEEE 802.11 Evolution

A table showing the evolution of IEEE 802.11 standards including different generations, frequencies, bandwidths and modulation scheme.

New IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) Functions

Comparison of IEEE 802.11ax and 802.11be standards, the channel width (40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz, 320 MHz), the maximum number of streams, and the modulation schemes (e.g., 1024QAM, and 4096QAM).

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Description

This quiz covers the foundational concepts of Local Area Networks (LANs) and the IEEE 802 model. Learn about various types of networks classified by geographical coverage, their characteristics, and key components. Master the basics of wired and wireless LANs in different environments.