Plant Anatomy & Pharmacology PDF

LOGO 4. Anise v Note: vResearch has shown that Anise is an effective sedative, with comparable effects to some anti- anxiety drugs.  LOGO 5. Coriander v Origin: v The dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum (Fam. Um...

LOGO 4. Anise v Note: vResearch has shown that Anise is an effective sedative, with comparable effects to some anti- anxiety drugs.  LOGO 5. Coriander v Origin: v The dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum (Fam. Umbelliferae)  LOGO 5. Coriander v Powder: § Mesocarp crossed by endocarp. § Epicarp. § Fibres crossing each other at right angles. § Sclerenchyma. § Endosperm. § Vitta.  LOGO 5. Coriander vActive Constituents: v Volatile oil (1.5%). v Flavonoid glycosides. v Proteins. v Fixed oil. vTherapeutic Uses: v Carminative. v For culinary purposes. v Flavoring agent.  LOGO 6. Caraway v Origin: v The dried ripe fruits of Carum carvum (Fam. Umbelliferae)  LOGO 6. Caraway vActive Constituents: v Volatile oil (3-7%): carvone (53-63%), dihydro- carvone, carveol, dihydrocarveol, and limonene. v Resin and coloring matter. v Proteins. v Fixed oil. vTherapeutic Uses: v Carminative, especially for newborn babies. v Flavoring agent.  LOGO 7. Senna pods v Origin: v The dried ripe fruits of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrian Senna) and of C. angustifolia (Indian Senna) (Fam. Leguminosae).  LOGO 7. Senna pods v Powder: v Crystal sheath (par. with prisms of Ca Ox., crossing fibres). v Epicarp with paracytic stomata & nonglandular unicellular hairs. v Clusters of Ca Ox. v Fragments of seed coat & endosperm.  LOGO 7. Senna pods Crystal sheath of Senna leaf.  LOGO 7. Senna pods vActive Constituents: v Anthraquinone glycosides (sennosides A, B, C, and D). v Free anthraquinones as aloe-emodin, rhein, and sennidin.  LOGO 7. Senna pods v Therapeutic Uses: v Purgative/ laxative in acute constipation. v In cases of anal fissures and hemorrhoids. v For evacuation of the lower bowel before X-ray examination. v Contra-indications: v Pregnancy & lactation (use psyllium or bran or lactulose) (why?) v Intestinal obstruction. v Chronic constipation (why?)  LOGO 7. Senna pods v Chemical Identification (Borntrager’s test): Powder + alcoholic KOH, boil Rose-red color Cool, dilute with water, add HCl in aqueous layer Extract with ether, add NH4OH to ether layer  LOGO 8. Capsicum v Origin: § The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum minimum (Fam. Solanaceae). § Contains not more than 3% of calyx and pedicels. 7. Capsicum  LOGO 8. Capsicum v Morphology: v It is a berry (a type of true, succulent fruit), oblong or conical in shape. v The fruit is orange-red in color, with a 3-toothed calyx and a slender straight pedicel. v The pericarp is glabrous, thin and leathery. v The seeds are brownish-yellow, 10-20 in each fruit, attached to a thin membranous dissepiment. v Capsicum has a characteristic odor and an extremely fiery pungent taste.  LOGO 8. Capsicum v Histology: v I. Pericarp: v 1. Epicarp: § thick, rectangular cells, arranged in groups of 5 to 7 in a row with a striated cuticle. v 2. Mesocarp: § parenchyma containing oil globules and idioblasts of Ca Ox. § The innermost layer: giant cells.  LOGO 8. Capsicum v Histology: v 3. Endocarp: § Formed of islets of isodiametric sclereids with thick, lignified, sinuous walls, one islet over the cavity of each giant cell.  LOGO 8. Capsicum v Histology: v III. Seed: § The seed coat: (key element) consists of an epidermis composed of very large, sinuous-walled cells, with characteristic thickening on the inner walls. § The endosperm: thick-walled parenchyma containing fixed oil and aleurone grains.  LOGO 8. Capsicum vActive Constituents: v Pungent principle capsaicin (lipophilic ) v Carotenoids, vitamins A and C. v Proteins. v Fixed oil. v Flavonoids.  LOGO 8. Capsicum v Therapeutic Uses: 1. Pain-relieving properties (by destroying substance P), and is therefore helpful when applied topically for: § Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. § Shingles and other painful skin conditions. § Post surgically. § Chronic headaches, including cluster headaches. § Pain from peripheral neuropathy. § Low back pain. § Toothache.  LOGO 8. Capsicum vTherapeutic Uses: 2. May help in weight loss. 3. Prevents infections of the digestive system. 4. Carotenoids possess antioxidant properties.