Introduction To Civic Education PDF

## INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC EDUCATION **Objectives:** - Define Civic Education. - Explain the agents of Civic Education. - State the reasons for studying Civic Education. **Meaning of Civic Education** Civic Education is a subject that educates Nigerian youths about their political, economic, socia...

## INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC EDUCATION **Objectives:** - Define Civic Education. - Explain the agents of Civic Education. - State the reasons for studying Civic Education. **Meaning of Civic Education** Civic Education is a subject that educates Nigerian youths about their political, economic, social rights and responsibilities with the aim of making them good citizens and responsible future leaders. Civic Education enables us to understand the activities of government, our rights as citizens, and the duties and responsibilities we owe to ourselves and the society at large. **Reasons for Studying Civic Education** 1. To re-orientate Nigerian youths on the importance of accountability. 2. To educate Nigerian youths on their rights and responsibilities. 3. To prepare students for leadership roles. 4. To imbibe the right values in the society. 5. To teach the student the need to promote national unity. 6. To inculcate the right attitude in students. 7. To promote effective political participation. 8. To inculcate religious tolerance among Nigerian youth. **Agents of Civic Education** 1. **The Family:** This is the first unit where a child learns how to interact with other people 2. **The School:** This is the institution of the society that makes sure that a child receives knowledge and grows up as a responsible child. 3. **Community:** The community members also play active roles in forming and directing the socio-political beliefs and value of the child. 4. **The Religious Institutions:** They lay emphasis on spiritual and moral development of the child. 5. **The Mass Media:** Mass media includes both printable and electronic media. It consists of newspapers, magazines, radio, television etc. 6. **Peer group:** Peer groups tend to influence an individual about their political view and how they behave generally. 7. **Politica parties:** Political parties through election engineering campaign create political awareness and consciousness in citizens. 8. **Community Associations:** Community Associations such as Landlord Association and Community Development Association give formation and educate the members of the community on activities of government. 9. **Social Organizations:** These agencies are responsible for communication government policies and programmes to the people. They help to promote patriotism, national unity and development of Nigerian society. Examples of such organizations are National Orientation Agency (NOA) the motto of this agency "Do the right thing. Transform Nigeria," Pressure group, political parties, among others. - National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). - Independent National Electoral commission (INEC). - National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). - Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC). - Lagos State Traffic Management Agency (LASTMA) and other state traffic agencies. **Evaluation** 1. Define Civic education. 2. Explain the agents of Civic education. 3. State the reasons for studying Civic education. ## VALUES **Objectives:** - State the meaning of values. - Highlight the types of values in our society. - Mention the factors that promote a good values system. - List the sources of values and their importance in the society. **Meaning of Values** Values are moral principles that guide human actions. They are standards, rules, and criteria that influence and determine how individuals behave in a society. Such principles are highly appreciated by people in the society because they make society to be peaceful and progressive. **Types of Values** 1. **Positive Value:** This a value or quality which is good and acceptable by the society. 2. **Negative Value:** This is a value that is not acceptable by the society 3. **Absolute Value:** This is a value that is not conditioned or sticks to time, place or circumstances but is always positive, good and worthwhile. E.g., trust, honesty, hard work, and discipline. 4. **Intrinsic Value:** This is a kind of value that gives satisfaction or joy to the bearer or holder. E.g. beautiful flower, reading novels, and a particular dress. 5. **Relative Value:** This is the type of value that depends on time, place or circumstance. This means that situation and current happening will determine the direction of affairs. 6. **Personal Values:** These are ideas and beliefs an individual holds very precious and important to himself or herself as he or she relates with other people in the society. 7. **National Values:** These are accepted principles, ideas and beliefs that people of the country hold; examples of national values are integrity, courage, discipline, contentment, honesty, self-reliance, cooperation etc. These are also generally beliefs and code of conducts of the people of a nation. 8. **Universal Values:** These are values that show the general norms of a society e.g. traits and very precious and important behaviors. 9. **Social Values:** These are values a group of people or gang cherish. It is being upheld by every member of that society. Social values can simply be seen as those beliefs and practices that are practiced by any particular society. 10. **Economic Values:** These are values that an economy cherishes most. E.g., asset: the monetary worth of a thing or an item. 11. **Moral Values:** There are values that guide people to evaluate what is good and bad in the society. 12. **Cultural Values:** These are principles and practices that guide the ways of life of a group in the society. **Factors that Promote Good Values** 1. Consistency: People who are consistent in doing the right thing promote good values in the society. 2. Integrity: Individuals of high integrity will always stand for what is right and just for the progress of the society. 3. Tolerance: Understanding that everybody has the same right irrespective of their ethnic group and gender. 4. Commitment: It means doing what is right with interest. A committed person is hardworking, always ready and willing to do his/her work without being forced. 5. Trust: It has to do with a strong belief in someone or something. For any society to develop there must be individuals who can be trusted to avoid stealing from individuals or the government. 6. Fairness: It means treating everyone equally. In a fair society, no one is above the law. 7. Contentment: The act of being happy and satisfied with what one has. 8. Discipline: This is the training of body and mind to act in an acceptable way that is appropriate. 9. Integrity: This is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. 10. Social justice: People should be treated equally and fairly. 11. Responsibility: People should carry out their duties and must be responsible for their actions. 12. Self-control: Citizens should be able to control their actions. 13. Respect: We must treat one another with dignity and respect. 14. Honesty: Telling the truth at all times. **Levels of Manifestation of Values in Individual** 1. Making right decisions in all situations. 2. Obeying rules and regulations of the land. 3. Refusing to act in a way that will destroy the image of others or the country as a whole. 4. Influencing others positively with good behaviours. 5. Respecting views, principles and values of others 6. By making the right decision in all situations 7. Performing their civic obligations **Levels of Manifestation of Values in the Society** 1. Both government and its agency respect rule of law 2. People obey the rules and regulation of the land. 3. People in the society co-exist in peace and harmony with one another. 4. Existence of peace and orderliness in the society 5. Evidence of growth and development in the families and the nation. **Sources of Values** 1. Family: Parents with good values are likely to inculcate values in their children. 2. Society: Values are developed as we relate with other people in the society. 3. Mass Media: Values can be developed by reading stories of honest people in newspapers and magazines. 4. Religious Institutions: Leaders of the religious institutions thought the use of holy books teach their members good values 5. Peer group: Peer groups tend to influence an individual about their moral view and how they behave generally. 6. School: Educational instructions inculcate values in the children and students. 7. Voluntary organization: Voluntary Organisations like the Red Cross, Girls Guide, boys scouts etc. teach values. **Importance of Values** 1. Values guide individuals and societies to advance in life. 2. Values attract honour and respect to an individual. 3. Values make a society united and present it in a positive light to other communities. 4. Values help an individual or society to set goals. 5. Values give focus and direction to individuals and societies. 6. Values promote positive influences in the society. 7. They make us have positive influence on others. 8. Values helps to regulate people's behaviour. 9. Values promote peace and progress in the society. 10. Values prevent people from making mistakes. 11. Values promote positive relationship among different people. 12. Values promote peace and progress of the society. 13. Values enable us to choose friends. **Evaluation** 1. State the meaning of values. 2. Highlight the types of values in our society. 3. Mention the factors that promote good values in the society. 4. List the sources of values and their importance in the society. ## HONESTY **Objectives:** - Define the term honesty. - Highlight the attributes of honesty in a society. - Mention the benefits of honesty. - List the consequences of being dishonest. **Meaning of Honesty** - It means telling the truth at all times. - It is the human quality of communicating and acting truthfully. - It is the act of being truthful and straightforward in words and action, while dealing with others or yourself. - An honest person does not tell lies, cheat, steal, etc. **Attributes of Honesty** 1. Sincerity: This means doing things with good intention. 2. Trust: This is the belief that somebody is good and not deceitful. 3. Godliness: Honest people fear nobody but God. 4. Reliability: An honest person is reliable. They can be depended on at all times and people can rely on their words. 5. Respect: Honest people always respect others because they also want to be respected. 6. Truthfulness: An honest person tells the truth even if they will be punished or hurt. 7. Courage: It helps an individual to tell the truth even if somebody is willing to do so for fear of being punished. 8. Loyalty: An honest person is ever loyal to their beliefs and country through courage that can make someone say something without fear of being punished. 9. Integrity: The quality of being honest and morally upright. **Benefits of Honesty** 1. An honest person is highly respected in the society. 2. An honest person is often rewarded by parents, schools and organizations. 3. God also blesses and rewards an honest person. 4. Honesty attracts sincere people to you. 5. Being honest keeps you away from trouble. 6. Builds trust in others about you. 7. Promotes popularity and fame. **Benefits of Honesty to an Individuals** 1. Honest individuals enjoys the trust and confidence of people. 2. People like to relate with an honest individual. 3. People prefer to enter business transactions with honest individuals. 4. People entrust their property or belongings to honest individuals. 5. Honest individuals have the opportunity to represent the society in governance. **Benefits of Honesty to Organizations** 1. Honesty allows business organizations to record more profit. 2. Honesty prevents employees from being fraudulent. 3. Honesty enhances the productivity of a business organization. 4. Honesty creates a cordial relationship between the management and the employees of a business ## COOPERATION **Objectives:** - Explain the meaning of cooperation. - Lists the types of cooperation. - Mention the attributes and factors that promote cooperation. - State the benefits of cooperation. **Meaning of Cooperation** The word Cooperation was derived from two Latin words "co" and "opera." "Co" means together and "opera" means work. - Cooperation is an act of working with other people to achieve a common purpose or goal. - It is a form of social interaction whereby two or more persons work together to achieve a common end. - It is the working together of two or more persons to achieve a common goal or objective in the family, school, community, Business centre, town, and the country. **Types of Cooperation** 1. **Internal Cooperation:** This is the type of cooperation where individuals and groups in the community or state come together with the aim of fostering the economic social and political objectives e.g., Individuals or groups in a country coming together to form social clubs, political associations and co-operative society. 2. **Bilateral Cooperation:** This is the type of cooperation between one country and another. This cooperation usually aims at fostering economic, political and social development between the two countries involved. Example: Nigeria and Ghana. 3. **Multilateral Cooperation:** This is the type of cooperation that is formed and founded by a large number of countries. The agreement is binding on the member states who must be signatories to the agreement. Any member state that defaults will be sanctioned e.g. United Nation Organization (UNO), Economic Communities of West Africa States (ECOWAS) etc. **Attributes of Cooperation** 1. **Unity**: It is the core of cooperation's only united people can work together. 2. **Sharing**: We must share information, ideas, views and opinions of material needed for accomplishing a task if we are to achieve our collective goals. 3. **Support**: A cooperative individual backs, helps and support others by working in agreement. As citizens, we ought to support government programmes if they must succeed. 4. **Team Spirit**: It makes everyone to be part of the task and see themself as important as others in the achievement of a set goal. 5. **Caring**: Everyone must be kind and helpful to the others for a successful co-operation. 6. **Determination**: All the members of the group must be ready and willing to help support one another for the achievement of a set goal. 7. **Dedication**: This is the quality of being committed to the set goal for the purpose of meeting target. 8. **Accountability**: Members of the group must be responsible for their task, actions and in roles in the Organization. 9. **Love**: Members of the group must show kindness to one another in the process of carrying out their task. **Factors that Promote Cooperation** 1. **Understanding**: A mutual understanding of people in the society will make them work together for the goal and objectives of the society. 2. **Good Reward and Recognition**: The society must recognize those who work for its progress. 3. **Well Defined Goals**: The team must have a goal that motivates each member to work together. 4. **Clarity of Need for Cooperation**: In Nigeria, people have seen the need for democracy due to the gains. 5. **Responsible leaders and the loyalty of followers.** 6. **Empathy**: The ability to understand other people's opinions. 7. **Equality**: Everyone is considered to be equal. 8. **Unity**: When diverse people see themselves as one, it will enhance unity. 9. **Existence of patience and tolerance among members.** 10. **Clear division of roles among members.** **Benefits of Co-Operation** 1. Encouraging people to live together in harmony. 2. Helping individuals and groups to achieve progress in different areas of life. 3. Making it easier for individuals and groups to achieve their goals. 4. Encouraging peaceful co-existence among individual and groups. 5. Promoting natural assistance among members. 6. It brings about proper functioning of the society. **Consequences of Non-cooperation** 1. They will be conflict in society. 2. They will be no progress in society. 3. The consequence is negative always. 4. They will be no development in the society. 5. They will be war and disorderliness in society. **Evaluation** 1. Explain the meaning of cooperation. 2. List the types of cooperation. 3. Mention the attributes and factors that promote cooperation. 4. State the benefits of cooperation. ## SELF RELIANCE **Objectives:** - Define and state the attributes and importance of self-reliance. - Highlight the various ways of developing talent and skills. - State the consequences of undeveloped talents. **Meaning of Self-Reliance** - It is the ability to do all things with little or no supervision. - It is the belief in one's ability to do certain things without necessarily relying on others. - It is an act of being financially and economically independent by harnessing one's talent and skills to earn income. **Attributes of Self-Reliance** 1. Independence: This implies that a self-reliant individual or group does things freely without assistance. 2. Confidence: This implies the ability to be bold. It could also be the ability to face challenges. 3. Persistence: This involves the determination to do something despite difficulties and challenges. 4. Use of initiative to think what you can do for yourself. 5. Use of talents and skills to get what you need. 6. It promotes diligence. 7. Endurance and perseverance to face hardship. 8. Ability to explore and develop one's identified skills and talent. 9. Ability to identify and make use of opportunities. 10. Acquisition of relevant education, skills and knowledge. **General Importance of Self-Reliance** 1. Self-reliance helps one to discover one's talent. 2. Promotes independence in individuals. 3. Promotes self-confidence. 4. Enhances cooperation among people in the society. 5. Helps in the development of the society. 6. Self-reliance boosts government income. 7. Helps in reducing unemployment rate in the society. 8. To meet the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, clothing and housing. 9. It will also assist the development of the state. **Importance of Self-Reliance to an Individual, Family and the Society** **To Oneself** 1. Ability to satisfy one's needs. 2. It makes one to be self-productive. 3. It makes one to be fulfilled. 4. One is able to discover his/her own talents and challenges. **To Family** 1. It brings good reputation. 2. It helps the family to satisfy their needs. 3. For family fulfillment of the family are able to discover their endowed talents. **To the Society** 1. The society is self-regulated and peace is maintained. 2. It leads to societal development. 3. It helps to solve problems of the society. 4. It helps to reduce crime rate in the society. 5. Increase in government revenue. 6. Reduction in the level of unemployment. 7. Self-reliance will also improve the standard of living of our society. **Ways of Developing Talents and Skills** 1. **Constant Practice**: You tend to master what you do every day and become an expert. This makes you discover how to do it better. 2. **Read Books Relating to your Skills**: This exposes you to information you have never known about your talents and skills. 3. **Training**: Make yourself available to be trained and this makes you a professional. 4. **Teaching**: Teaching others what you know helps you to advance in your skills. 5. **Hard work**: It helps in goal achievement and encourages one to embark on more profitable projects. 6. **Invention**: Explore new situations and environments. 7. **Motivation**: Parents should encourage and motivate the children. **Consequences of Undeveloped Talents and Skills on Individual, Family and Society** **General Consequences of Undeveloped Talent and Skills** 1. It increases the crime rate. 2. It reduces productivity. 3. It increases corruption. 4. It leads to jealousy and envy. 5. It leads to an increase in scarcity. 6. You become bitter and angry. 7. High dependency. 8. Slow socio-economic and political growth. 9. Low standard of living. **Consequences on Individual** 1. Undeveloped talents and skills delay progress. 2. An individual becomes a liability to the society. 3. Leads to frustration. 4. Increases poverty and low standard of living. **Consequences on the Family** 1. Limits one's financial support to the family. 2. Makes one an irresponsible member of the family. 3. Reduces the family standard of living. 4. Leads to poverty in the family. **Consequences on the Society** 1. Reduction in government revenue. 2. Increase in unemployment rate. 3. Increase in social vices like armed robbery, prostitution, and fraud (419). 4. Reduces economic growth and development. **Evaluation** 1. Define self-reliance. 2. State five attributes and the importance of self-reliance. 3. Highlight five ways of developing talent and skills. 4. State five consequences of undeveloped talents and skills on Individual, family and the society. ## CITIZENSHIP **Objectives:** - Define citizenship. - Identify the types of citizenship in a country. - Highlight different ways of becoming citizen of a country. - State the qualities and duties of a good citizen. **Meaning of Citizenship** Citizenship is the status of being a citizen of a particular country, accepting all the rights and responsibilities. - It is a condition of being a member of a country with all the privileges and rights. - It can also be defined as membership of a state. This means that the status of citizenship gives the person enjoying it the benefit of enjoying all rights guaranteed by the state. **Meaning of a Citizen** A citizen is a legal member of a country with full constitutional rights in the country in which he or she was born or resides. - A citizen of any country is a legal member of the country enjoying full political and civic rights of the country and, at the same time, owes allegiance to the country. - As a legal or bonafide member of a country, they are ready to risk their life in Defence of its territorial integrity when it is deemed necessary. In Nigeria, citizens have political and civic rights they enjoy by virtue of their citizenship. They also have civic responsibilities to perform. - A citizen also means national. A Nigerian citizen is also known as Nigerian national. Hence, not everybody we see in a country or resides in a country is a citizen. Noncitizens of a country are called foreigners or aliens. **Ways of Acquiring Citizenship** Types of citizenship refer to different ways citizenship can be acquired. According to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal republic of Nigeria as amended, there are three (3) main ways of acquiring Nigerian citizenship. They include: Citizenship by Birth, by registration, and by naturalization. 1. **Citizenship by birth**: A person is a citizen by birth if either of their parents; i.e. mother or father is a citizen of a country. It does not matter whether they are born in Nigeria or outside Nigeria. In Nigeria, a person born in Nigeria is a citizen if their parents are Nigerian citizens. 2. **Citizenship by Marriage or registration**: A foreigner can acquire citizenship of Nigeria by registration. - A non-Nigerian can be a citizen of Nigeria by registration. - A foreign woman married to a Nigerian citizen. This is citizenship by marriage through its documentation. - A child who is not a Nigerian but has been adopted by a Nigerian. - A person who is 18 years of age or above, born outside Nigeria by either Nigerian parents or grandparents. The process is done through an application to the Nigerian president through the immigration office. 3. **Citizenship by naturalization**: Naturalization is the process by which a noncitizen or alien of a country is accorded with the citizenship of that country where they are residing. This concerns aliens who have lived in Nigeria up to fifteen years with genuine interest in the affairs of Nigeria and the ability to meet certain conditions as confirmed in the constitution such as: - They are 18 years of age or above. - They are of good character. - They pay their taxes regularly and when due etc. - If the foreigner/person is granted the application of citizenship, they will take an oath of loyalty to the Federal Republic of Nigeria, called the "Oath of Allegiance." **Other ways of becoming a citizen of a country** 4. **Citizenship by honorary or conferment**: This is a situation where an individual is conferred with honorary citizenship of another country. This is made possible if the individual has distinguished themself in a particular area. Example: Mariam Makeba was conferred the citizenship of countries such as Guinea, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Liberia because of her outstanding music achievement and Nelson Mandela was conferred with Nigerian citizenship for the eradication of Apartheid policy in South Africa. 5. **Citizenship by conquest**: Through conquest after secessionist struggle, citizenship of certain individuals may change by acquiring a new status. For example, the British people changed their citizenship to that of their new state after the secessionist force succeeded in creating a new state out of Ethiopia etc. 6. **By descent**: This is a situation in which an individual claims to be a citizen of a country because the grandparents or great-grandparents are citizens of that country. **Ways of Losing one's Citizenship** The citizenship of a Nigerian by birth cannot be withdrawn in the event of committing any type of crime; they are only punished accordingly. This right does not favour a Nigerian citizen by naturalization. The citizenship by naturalization can be withdrawn from them if they are found guilty of crimes such as: 1. Disloyalty to the government of the country. 2. Playing sabotage, such as supporting another country engaged in war with their country. 3. Dual citizenship. 4. **Treason**: When a Person Commits a Treasonable Offence. 5. **Imprisonment**: If within a period of five to seven years after becoming naturalized, they are sentenced to imprisonment for a term not less than three years. **Qualifications needed to apply for citizenship in Nigeria** A foreigner can apply for Nigerian citizenship if they fulfil the following condition and terms stated in the 1999 Constitution. The Alien must: 1. They must have lived in Nigeria for fifteen to twenty years before applying 2. They must be of full age and capacity 3. They must be of good character. 4. They must have contributed to the growth of Nigeria 5. They must be ready to live in Nigeria and have a good character. 6. They must be accepted by the people of the community 7. They must have taken the oath of allegiance to Nigeria **Meaning of an Alien** An alien is a non-citizen or foreigner residing in a country. They are not a legally or constitutionally recognized member of a country. **Forms of Citizens** 1. **Good or Active Citizens**: They are always ready to perform their duties to the nation. Example; sportsmen and women, those who pay tax and obey traffic laws always. 2. **Bad Citizens**: These are citizens that always disobey of the law of the country. They disturb the peace of the society and work against the progress of the nation. Example; 419, drug trafficking, internet fraud (yahoo boys). 3. **Passive Citizens**: These are citizens who are unconcerned about the progress of the nation. They are never enthusiastic to achieve anything for their country. 4. **Active Citizen**: These are citizens that obey laws and work for the progress. **Qualities of a Good Citizen:** 1. Being law-abiding and loyalty to the state 2. Caring of public properties and saving lives. 3. Being able to defend his or her country if called upon to do so. 4. Showing due respect for the national identities and symbol of his country. 5. Assisting the police in preventing crimes or exposing and arresting criminals. 6. Obedience to laws, rules and regulations made by government of his/her country. 7. Respect to the president of his country. 8. Payment of taxes as at when due. 9. A good citizen votes during election (voting). 10. They respect the rights of other people. 11. Respect to all democratic principles, processes and practices. **Evaluation** 1. Identify and explain five types of citizenship. 2. Highlight five different ways of becoming a citizen. 3. State five qualities and duties of a good citizen. ## RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF A CITIZEN. **Objectives** - Define human rights and duties of a citizen. - State the types of human rights and duties of a citizen - Give examples of human rights and duties of a citizen. - Mention the factors that protect rights of the citizens. - Identify the differences between rights and privileges. **Meaning of Human Rights** Human rights are the privileges and opportunities individuals have in a given society. They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because they are a human being," and which are "inherent in all human beings," regardless of their nation, location, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. These rights are usually entrenched in the constitution. For instance, Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria deals with the subject of fundamental human rights. Therefore, Fundamental Human Rights are those privileges which a citizen is allowed to enjoy in the society. The government of the country has a duty to protect and guarantee such rights. Despite that our constitution recognizes human rights, some citizens' rights are denied by government and other citizens e.g. in the case of the arrest of a citizen without fair hearings; the right to freedom of movement has been deprived. To protect the infringement of human rights, these organizations were established: Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations, which was adopted in December 10, 1948 and the OAU (Organisation of African Unity) now AU (African Union), which was adopted in 1981. The following are some of the fundamental human rights of the citizen: 1. **Right to Life**: Every individual has the responsibility to life. No person should, therefore be intentionally deprived or hindered of their lives. 2. **Right to Personal Liberty**: Every person must be entitled to their personal liberty 3. **Right to Freedom of Religion**: Every individual in a given society is free to practice any religion of interest to them or her. 4. **Right to Fair Hearing**: Every individual has the right to fair hearing in a court of law. They have the right to engage the services of any solicitor or lawyer if they are involved in any case. 5. **Right to Freedom of Association**: Every individual has the right to belong to or form any association to protect their interests. 6. **Right to Freedom of Speech**: Every individual is given the right to talk and say anything they want to say so far it is not to humiliate another person. 7. **Right to Movement**: There is freedom of movement to every individual. **Five Categories of Human Rights** The citizens rights or Fundamental Human Rights may be grouped into five (5) categories: Political, Legal, Social, Economic and Religious rights. **Types of Human Rights** 1. **Political Rights**: - Right to vote. - Right to be voted for (i.e. standing in election). - Freedom to be appointed to hold any public post - Right to form a political association or a political party as may be directed by law. 2. **Legal Right**: - Freedom of access to legal facilities (law court) - Freedom from subjection to torture or other forms of man inhumanity to man. - Freedom from slavery or forced labour. - Freedom from deprivation of personal property except in accordance with the law. - Respect for private and family life and for private correspondence. - Freedom of expression and fair hearing. 3. **Social Rights**: - Right to association. - Freedom from discrimination on the basis of sex, tribe or religion. - Right to life. - Right to Education. - Right to health care services. - Right to freedom of association. - Right to peaceful assembly. - Right to social amenities. - Rights to social security. - Rights to freely partake in cultural life of the community in which they live. 4. **Economic Right**: - Right to own property, work and earn commensurate salary. - Freedom from the compulsory acquisition of owner's property except with adequate compensation. - Freedom to earn pension and gratuity after years of experience. - Right to be involved in a legitimate trade and commerce. - Right to pursue legitimate business to earn money. 5. **Religious Rights**: - Freedom of worship. - Freedom of religion and conscience. **Meaning of Duties:** - Duties means the responsibilities which an individual is expected to carry out in their state in return for the rights they enjoy. - Duties are constitutional responsibilities a citizen is expected to perform for effective functioning of a country. - This means that while it is the responsibility of the state to grant and protect the civic rights of citizens, it is the responsibility of citizens to perform their civic duties and obligations. Hence, duties and rights are like the two-face of a coin. One does not exist without the other. - The duties of citizens are very essential because it provides government the needed support that will foster peace, stability and progress in the state. But a situation where the citizens fail to perform their duties like voting in election, observing public holidays, payment of taxes, rates and other levies could make the state to collapse, thereby rendering the citizen's right invalid. **Duties of Citizens** 1. Obedience to the law of the land. 2. Payment of taxes and other rates. 3. Non-interference in the rights of other people. 4. Citizens should contribute their quota to the development of their community and society at large. 5. Citizens should use their property to the benefit of others and their country. 6. It is the duty of the citizens to be respectful and loyal to the government. 7. A citizen must assist the law enforcement agencies in exposing criminals and preventing crimes in society 8. A citizen must respect the national flag, national anthem, pledge and coat of arms 9. A citizen must be ready to defend the country whenever he or she is called to do so. 10. A citizen must carry out their political rights of voting during election. 11. Observance of Traffic Laws. **Importance of Rights and Duties of Citizens** 1. **Social Control**: Right and duties serve as a guide to check or regulate human behavior and relationships in society. 2. **Due process**: It is all about the procurement of goods and services in an open, transparent and competitive manner. It means doing things in an orderly manner and according to laid down principles and rules. Therefore, strict observation of rights and duties helps to maintain or ensure due process. 3. **Discipline**: Observance of civic duties helps to ensure discipline in society. Hence, there will be orderly conduction social affairs, business and politics in the society. 4. **Peace**: Peace prevails in societies where citizens enjoy their rights and perform their duties as expected; there will be peaceful coexistence and harmony in society. 5. **Development**: A country develops faster when her citizens do not interfere with other people's rights and perform their duties and obligations. Such brings progress economically, politically, and socially. 6. **Orderliness**: When citizens respect other people's rights and perform their duties, the society will be void of riots, fighting and chaos. For instance, if people obey traffic laws, traffic jams would be drastically reduced and there will be flow of traffic. 7. **Welfare of People**: If taxes are paid regularly and promptly, government would have enough funds to provide basic amenities that will make life easy for the citizens. 8. It makes the citizens learn to behave in a good and controlled manner. **Difference Between Rights and Duties of Citizens** 1. Rights of citizens are protected by the government while duties are not protected by the government rather they compel the citizens to perform their duties. 2. Rights are the legal rights of citizens on their state and government. Duties are not legal claims of citizens on their government but rather are constitutional responsibilities. 3. Rights are the benefits a citizen should enjoy in the state. Duties are the responsibilities the citizen owes the state and their fellow citizens. 4. Failure of government to protect the rights of citizens makes them irresponsible while failure of citizens to perform their duties makes them irresponsible 5. Rights are things that a citizen is morally, legally or officially allowed to do or have in a country while duties are the obligations and actions expected from individuals which are morally and legally right. 6. Rights are given to us by the constitution while duties are things expected of us by the constitution. 7. Rights protect our basic freedom while duties are things we must do to ensure that we enjoy our freedom. 8. Rights are what we must have while duties are what we must do, that are usually compulsory. 9. Rights are what you are constitutionally entitled to while duties are what you are to do concerning the rights. **Qualities of A Good Citizen:** 1. Being law-abiding. 2. Caring of public properties and saving lives. 3. Showing respect and loyalty to the state. 4. Being able to defend his or her country if called upon to do so. 5. Showing