Discourse Analysis Midterm 159 PDF

Midterm 159 MDM Company 29Per June 1, 2021 so rF What is Discourse Analysis ?  Different definitions of DA I t is difficult to give a single definition of discourse analysis. Dis...

Midterm 159 MDM Company 29Per June 1, 2021 so rF What is Discourse Analysis ?  Different definitions of DA I t is difficult to give a single definition of discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is a modern discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide variety of different sociolinguistic approache. goals Aims of discourse analysis (DA): It will enable to reveal the hidden motivations behind a text or behind the choice of a particular method of research to interpret that text. *It is meant to provide a higher awareness of the hidden motivations in others and in ourselves, and therefore, it enables us to solve concrete problem by making us ask ontological and epistemological questions. IM ‫ الطرق التي تتوافق بها الجمل والعبارات )الكالم( م ًعا لتكوين النصوص والتفاعالت وكيف تتالءم هذه النصوص والتفاعالت مع عاملنا االجتماعي‬DA ‫تدرس‬ a DA studies the ways sentences and utterances ( speech ) go together to make texts and interactions and how these texts and interactions fit into our social world. It studies language and the way of looking at language as well.  What does DA would consider Analysis of a discourse looks not only at the basic level of what is said, but takes into consideration the surrounding social and.historical contexts " ‫ أثناء النظر في آثار كل مصطلح‬DA ‫التمييز بني ما إذا كان الشخص موصوفًا بأنه "استعمار" أو "احتالل" وهو أمر من شأنه أن ينظر إليه‬ Making distinctions between whether a person is described as Colonization " or occupation which is something DA would look at.while cosidering the implications of each term ‫ يُنظَر إلى أحد املصطلحني بشكل أكثر إيجابية من اآلخر‬،‫ بعبارة أخرى‬.‫ في حني يحمل مصطلح االستعمار دالالت إيجابية تتمثل في مساعدة اآلخرين على تطوير أنفسهم‬،‫إن توسيع نطاق مصطلح االحتالل يحمل دالالت سلبية‬ To expand the term occupation brings negative connotaions, where as the term colonizations has positive connotations of helping others to develop them. In other words, one term is looked upon a.lot more favourably than the other Discourse analysis looks at the relationship of these terms with a.widley used term The function of the discourse analyst 1 The discourse analyst looks at any given text. And this means anything that communicates a message and particularly how that message constructs a social reality or view the world. The way of looking at language is based on four : main assumptions 561M Language is ambiguous. what things means never clear Language is always in the world, That is what language means is always a matter of where And when it is used. vi 8 from who we are and the different social groups to which The way we use language is inseparable we belong. Language is never used by itself. It is always combined with other things such as tone of voice , facial expressions and gestures when we speak also the graphics when we use in written texts, I What makes a text a text? The features in the langauge itself ( for example, things like grammatical rules. )  Discourse and ideology: How text promotes ideology ? Ideology 1 The ways authors create versions of reality based on the choice of words. It is a specific set of beliefs and assumptions that people have 2 The way about things like what is good authors construct certain kinds of relationships between and bad , what is right and themselves and thier readers. wrong and what is normal and 3 The ways authors abnormal. appropriate the words of other people and how they represent those words.  Texts and thier social functions* What is meant by genre A genre is a recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative purposes identified and mutually understood by members of the.community in which it occurs What is meant by genre ?analysis It is the study of the social functions of different kinds M of texts.  Who doing what The linguist Michle Haalliday ( 1994 ) pointed out that whenever e use laguage we are always doing the things at once : 1-We are representing the world called ideational function of language. 2-We are creating or negotiating our relationships with the people with whome we are communicating, called the interpersonal function. 3-We are joining sentences and ideas together to form cohesive and coherent texts called the textual function of language. All of these functions play a role in the way a text.promotes a particular ideology  Whos and whats When you speak or write anything, you use the resources of English to project yourself as a certain kind of person or identity You project yourself as engaged in a certain kind of activity in different circumstances. i In other words, You project a different identity at a formal dinner party and another at Ita family dinner table. Who is the identity you wish to be and seen by other people in.the society What refer to the sitautional context a person is related to or exist in.  Tools of inquiry They are the ways of looking at the world of talk and interaction that will help us study how these building tasks are carried out and with what social and : political consequences Situated identities: which refer to identities or social positions we recognise in different 7 settings Social languages: which refer to different styles of language that we use*.to recognize different identities in different settings Discourses: With capital (D) which refers to different ways in which we humans* ,integrate langage with non language stuff. Such as different ways of thinking acting , interacting and and believing and using symbols and objects in the right Itimes to recognize different identities and activities. Conversation: the words we use in writing or talking are not arbitrary. Rather, they are.situated to themes and motifs. Intertextuality: When we speak or write, our words relate to some extent to other texts In other words, we might integrate more than one type of a text in order to obtain the.goal of a text or an article to clarify the content of a specific textor an article i Vernacular scientific Formal citwse.IT I 30sep Givethedefinitionaccording to If he's Torf  Whos and Whats Lecture # 2 Whos , Whats and the context: Who:a socially situated identity. What:a socially activity that utterance helps to constitute. When we spaek or write, you use resources to project yourself as a certain kind of a person. You project yourself as engaged in a certain kind of activity and a different kind in a different circumstances. In other words, if I have no idea who you are and what you are doing, I can't make sense of what you have said or done. Example: All individuals project different identities at a formal dinner party than we do at the family dinner table. Because we meet different identities. These identities are related to different activities. Activities are enacted in and through language. Complications: Whos can be multiple and dont need to be people. The president's secretarycan issue an utterance that authored by a speech writer and authorized by the president. That is the speech writer is both mimicking the president. He is creating an identity for him. According to Michael Halliday ( tuo detniop (1994 3 gniod syawla era ew egaugnal esu ew revenehw tahtthings at once: We are representing the world, called ideational function of language. -2We are creating, or negotiating our relationship with the people with whome we are communicating, called the interpersonal function of language. -3We are joining sentences and ideas together in particular ways to form cohesive and coherent texts, called the textual function of language.  Ideational Function Interpersonal Function Textual Function Intertetuality: It is the relationship texts create with other texts. In other words, it is complex interrelationship between a text and other texts taken as a feature to the creation of a text. The links which are found among different texts or books. Intertextuality is another important way ideologies are promoted in discourse. All texts involve some degree of intertextuality. We cannot speak or write, he argues , without borrowing words from other people. Cultural Models: They are sets of expectations that we have about how different kinds of people should behave and communicate in different situations. They serve an important role in helping us make sense of texts and the situations that we encounter in our lives. Washing before Juma'a prayer, listening to the khutbah. These tell us how people are supposed to act in such seremony. It also invokes broader images about relative relations and our own tights with almighty Allah. Discourse: In many ways, speech is not different from writing: -1In spoken language we produce different kinds of genres. -2We use different kinds of social languages. -3We also promote particular versions of reality. But there are some ways in which speech is different from writing: -1Speech is more interactive. -2Speech tends to be more spontaneous than writing. -3In writing our speech is planned whatever the genre is, while the casual conversation is made up. -4Speech is explicit than writing. -5Speech takes place in physical context. Kinds of Speech (Spoken discourse) that have distinguished features: -1Telephone conversation -2Television and cinema. -3Instant messaging and text based computer chats. It is important to remeber the definition of pragmatics: The study of how people use words to accomplish actions in thier conversations. These actions include apologizing, threatening and requesting. Conversation Analysis: Cnversations take place when multiple actions are put together to form activities, we chat, we debate, we gossip and we commiserate. Conversation analysis comes out of a tradition in sociology called Ethnommethodology, which focuses on the methods ordiary members of a society use to interact with one another and interpret thier different social experiences. An important fact we must recognize is that there are different strategies we use to engage in the negothiations, debates and commiseratings. There are 2 basic kinds of conversational analysis: Face strategies:have to do with showing who we are and what kind of relationships we have with the people with whom we are talking. Framing strategies:have more to do with showing what we are doing in the coversation. Whether we are, for example, arguing, teasing or gossiping. There are 3 main aspects to the definition: -1One's face is one's public image rather than one's true self. -2Is result of a kind of give and take with the person or people with whom we are interacting. -3Is successfully presenting a certain face in interaction depends on the people with whom we are interacting and making cooperation with us. There are 2 kinds of face strategies: -1Involvement strategies: strategies we use to establish or maintain "closeness" with the people to show them that we consider them our friends. -2Independence strategies: strategies we use to establish or maintain distance from the people with whom we are interacting either because we are not thier friends or we wish to show them respect. Involvement Independence Using first names or nicknames (hi, Soso) Using titles (Mr., Professor, Good morning) Using informal language (gotta, minute) Using formal language (Excuse me, can you help me) Being direct (Let's go to cinema) Being indirect (I wonder if I can borrow your pen) Talking about (us) Talking about things othet than (us).Being voluble, in other words talking a lot.Being taciturn, in other words not talking a lot Framing strategies: These are sets of expectations about what kinds of things will be said and how those things ought to be interpreted for different kinds of activities. Primary framework, which is a set of expectations about the overall activity in which we will be engaged. An example when we visit the doctor, during a medical examination we expect that the doctor will touch us and we interpret this behavior as a method for diagnosing our particular medical problem. However, it hardly ever involves one activity. We engage in a variety of different activities within the primary framework. Example while lecturing, a lecturer might give explanations, tell jokes, or even rebuke members of the audience. Context, culture and communication Context could mean anything from the place and time of day of an utterance, to speakers' political views or religious beliefs. Context can be divided into 5 components: -1The relevant features of participants and personalities. -2The relevant objects in the situation. -3the effect of verbal action. -4Sitting and time. -5The field or the society where action takes place. The relationship betwwn context and competence: The mastery of the linguistic system alone is not sufficient for successful communication. People also need to master various rules and norms. Regarding what to say to whom, when where dellac si hcihw woh dna communicative competence. There are persons whose English we can identify (grammatically) but we can not convey their messages. Corpus assisted Discourse Analysis: Corpus refers to a collection of texts in digital format that is possible to search through and manipulate using a computer program. For example, annotate and ACTRES Corpus Manager. Examples of corpora: -1British National Corpus, which is a very general collection of written and spoken texts in English -2Multimodal corpora in which not just verbal data but also visual data are collected and tagged. -3Specialized corpora, that is collections of texts of one particular genre.