Digital Literacy POH705 Week 6 PDF

Digital Literacy POH705 School of Occupational and Public Health Toronto Metropolitan University Week 6  Lesson Objectives To understand the core components of digital literacy To identify factors that contribute to digital literacy levels To discuss pat...

Digital Literacy POH705 School of Occupational and Public Health Toronto Metropolitan University Week 6  Lesson Objectives To understand the core components of digital literacy To identify factors that contribute to digital literacy levels To discuss patterns and measures of digital literacy across population groups To reflect on why digital literacy matters for health promotion Recall from Week 8 “Health literacy is the ability to access, understand, evaluate and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain, and improve health in a variety of settings across the life course.” - Canadian Public Health Association Expert Panel on Health Literacy What is digital literacy? 4  What is digital literacy? “The ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information, requiring both cognitive and technical skills.”1 Digital literacy involves: Confident and critical use of a range of digital technologies for basic problem-solving in all aspects of life2 Underpinned by basic computer and tech skills 1Loewus, L. (2020, December 9). What is Digital Literacy? Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/what-is-digital-literacy/2016/11 2https://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/Metadata-4.4.2.pdf  Evolution of literacy The definition of digital literacy has evolved over time Constantly changing availability of digital tools and technology Digital literacy first focused only on the ability to use computers to find and access information, but now, it includes Smartphones Smartwatches ChatGPT and other AI platforms Issues of data privacy and security Anything else? Asino, T. I., Jha, K., & Adewumi, O. (2020, August 28). Literacy in the digital age: From traditional to digital to mobile digital literacies. Learning in the Digital Age. https://open.library.okstate.edu/learninginthedigitalage/chapter/literacy_in_the_digital_age/  Have you heard of the SDGs? Source: https://sdgs.un.org/goals  SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Target 4.4: By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship 4.4.2: Percentage of youth/adults who have achieved at least a minimum level of proficiency in digital literacy skills Source: https://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/Metadata-4.4.2.pdf The importance of digital literacy during the pandemic Siobhán McPhee Associate Professor of Teaching, & Micheal Jerowsky PhD Candidate. (2022, October 4). What is 'blended learning' and how can it benefit post-secondary students? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/what-is-blended-learning-and-how-can-it-benefit-post-secondary-students-187971 The importance of digital literacy during the pandemic Pandemic created a surge in remote learning Flexible and creative approach Increased use of softwares such as Microsoft Teams, Zoom, etc. Digital literacy impacts on learning ○ Educators ○ Students ○ Families Many people have struggled to use this technology based on: Comfort, access, understanding Siobhán McPhee Associate Professor of Teaching, & Micheal Jerowsky PhD Candidate. (2022, October 4). What is 'blended learning' and how can it benefit post-secondary students? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/what-is-blended-learning-and-how-can-it-benefit-post-secondary-students-187971  The digital literacy landscape in Canada 98% of students from socioeconomically privileged schools, reported having access to a computer at home vs. 88% of students from low socioeconomic schools 70% of 15-year-old students reported receiving instruction on how to recognize subjective or biased information vs. the OECD average of 55% 20% of Grade 4 students (20%) reported never or almost never using a computer or tablet at home for schoolwork in 2016 vs. global average (23%) These data were collected pre-COVID. Government of Canada, S. C. (2020, December 14). Digital literacy skills of Canadian youth compare favourably with the OECD average. The Daily. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/201214/dq201214a-eng.htm Internet service use in Canada Upward shift in the distribution of Canadians across internet user groups (“non-user, basic, intermediate, advanced”) Increase in majority of online activities (video calls, ordering goods, etc.)  What has been your experience with digital literacy? Did you grow up in a digitally literate household? Are your parents comfortable with using tech?  What does it mean to be digitally literate? Example: Travelling and need to check vaccination regulations Able to use digital tools to: Find information Understand findings Assess the quality of that information Culmination of technical and cognitive abilities Asino, T. I., Jha, K., & Adewumi, O. (2020, August 28). Literacy in the digital age: From traditional to digital to mobile digital literacies. Learning in the Digital Age. https://open.library.okstate.edu/learninginthedigitalage/chapter/literacy_in_the_digital_age/ How does digital literacy relate to health education and promotion?  Example of digital literacy x health literacy How did the pandemic magnify the issue of health illiteracy? Information was primarily shared online Interventions (e.g., booking tests) were via virtual appointments = intersection of digital x health literacy Glicksman, E. (2020, August 2). Health illiteracy is nothing new in America. but the pandemic magnifies how troubling it is. The Washington Post.https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/health-illiteracy-is-nothing-new- in-america-but-the-pandemic-magnifies-how-troubling-it-is/2020/07/31/091c8a18-d053-11ea-9038-af089b63ac21_story.html  Example of digital literacy x health literacy “One in five people struggle with health information” - Michael S. Wolf During the pandemic, best practices were rapidly evolving Sanitizing packages, patrons were told to stop microwaving library books → COVID is airborne → masking + ventilation low health literacy = increased COVID-19 deaths Difficulty understanding key terms “immunocompromised” Unequal access to tech Ultimately, issue with accessing and understanding precautions and protocols to stay safe Glicksman, E. (2020, August 2). Health illiteracy is nothing new in America. but the pandemic magnifies how troubling it is. The Washington Post.https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/health-illiteracy-is-nothing-new-in-america-but-the-pandemic-magnifies-how-troubling-it-is/2020/07/31/091c8a18-d053-11ea-9038- af089b63ac21_story.html  Digital literacy vs. Health literacy What is at the intersection here? The ability to access, analyze, and evaluate The ability to look information, develop for, interpret, and new knowledge, and evaluate health interact with others ? information, then use using digital that information to technology and treat or solve a health communication tools condition. correctly and safely. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8861384/  Digital health literacy Ability to read and write about health using digital/tech devices Communicate health information in online social environments Evaluate the relevance, trustworthiness and risks of sharing and receiving health information online Dunn P, Hazzard E. Technology approaches to digital health literacy. Int J Cardiol. 2019;;293:294-296. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.039.  Digital health literacy_ Described as a “super determinant of health” More than simply the sum of its parts Refer to reading for this week In the digital age, we likely cannot have high levels of health literacy without being digitally literate Dunn P, Hazzard E. Technology approaches to digital health literacy. Int J Cardiol. 2019;;293:294-296. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.039.  Why does digital health literacy matter? Ability to prevent illness and manage health/disease Communication with healthcare providers Remote communication Enable shared decision-making ○ Healthcare team collaboration ○ Remote care Aids in navigating the navigating the healthcare system Dunn P, Hazzard E. Technology approaches to digital health literacy. Int J Cardiol. 2019;;293:294-296. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.039. Digital literacy for health promotion and education “Utilizing digital technologies and health innovation to advance the world's progress toward health and wellbeing” - WHO 1) Reach specific target groups 2) Reduce implementation costs 3) Improve population health Stark AL, Geukes C, Dockweiler C. Digital Health Promotion and Prevention in Settings: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res. Jan 28;24(1):e21063. 1) Reach Specific Target Groups Article: Effectiveness of Digital Health Literacy Interventions in Older Adults: Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. Found that the use of digital health literacy programs targeted to older adults have positive effects on their health and health management Example: HelpAge Canada- Lets Connect Digital Literacy Programs that are tailored specifically to older adults Dong, Q., Liu, T., Liu, R., Yang, H., & Liu, C. (2023). Effectiveness of Digital Health Literacy Interventions in Older Adults: Single-Arm Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(1)https://doi.org/10.2196/48166 Help Age Canada: https://helpagecanada.ca/our-programs/canadian-programs/lets-connect/ 2) Reduce Implementation Costs DLEP – Digital literacy exchange program https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/audits-evaluations/en/node/223 3) Improve Population Health via Health Promotion Efforts Article: Remote Evidence-Based Health Promotion Programs During COVID: A National Evaluation of Reach and Implementation for Older Adult Health Equity. Found that remote evidence-based health promotion programs were a promising way to deliver quality health promotion, with relatively low costs and improved access to participants. Steinman, L., Chavez Santos, E., Chadwick, K., Mayotte, C., Johnson, S. (Snowy), Kohn, M., Kelley, J., Denison, P., Montes, C., Spencer-Brown, L., & Lorig, K. (2024). Remote Evidence-Based Health Promotion Programs During COVID: A National Evaluation of Reach and Implementation for Older Adult Health Equity. Health Promotion Practice, 25(3), 475–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399231175843 Digital literacy across population groups Who has the highest digital literacy? Lowest digital literacy?  Digital literacy among youth Percentage of 15-year-old students who reported having been taught digital literacy and well- being, by skill in 2018 Government of Canada, S. C. (2020, December 14). Digital literacy skills of Canadian youth compare favourably with the OECD average. The Daily. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/201214/dq201214a-eng.htm  Digital literacy among youth More Canadian students received instruction on evaluating the reliability of information obtained from the internet and the ramifications of disclosing personal information on sites like Facebook or Instagram 81% of Canadian students versus the global average of 76% Fewer Canadian students (38%) claimed to have received instruction on how to recognize phishing or spam emails 38% of Canadians vs. 41% OECD average Government of Canada, S. C. (2020, December 14). Digital literacy skills of Canadian youth compare favourably with the OECD average. The Daily.  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Survey data from Canadians aged 16 and above (n = 6002) in 2020 Used 8-item measure called eHEALS Knowledge Comfort Perceived skills at finding, evaluating and applying electronic health information to health problems https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from- the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Finding health information https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from- the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Using and assessing health information https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from- the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Age: Highest digital literacy among ages 16-24 Why? https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from- the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Gender: No difference found Why? https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from- the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Education level: Highest among those with bachelor’s degree and above Why? https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from- the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey Consider other factors… Earlier data from 2018 supports this We can see these statistics reflected in the number of Internet users Age Gender Education level Schellenberg, G., Schimmele, C., & Wavrock, D. (2021, November 9). A robust internet typology is essential for monitoring how individuals are responding to the digital transformation and for assessing the divide between digital 'haves' and 'have nots.' individuals' capacities to use the internet and digital technologies are an important aspect of this digital divide. using data from the 2018 canadian internet use survey (CIUS), this study presents an internet-use typology that is based on the range and complexity of online activities and digital skills that Canadians report they perform. Five internet-user groups are identified. Internet-use Typology of Canadians: Online Activities and Digital Skills. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2021008-eng.htm Consider other factors… Age Gender Education level Race/ethnicity Household income Employment status Schellenberg, G., Schimmele, C., & Wavrock, D. (2021, November 9). A robust internet typology is essential for monitoring how individuals are responding to the digital transformation and for assessing the divide between digital 'haves' and 'have nots.' individuals' capacities to use the internet and digital technologies are an important aspect of this digital divide. using data from the 2018 canadian internet use survey (CIUS), this study presents an internet-use typology that is based on the range and complexity of online activities and digital skills that Canadians report they perform. Five internet-user groups are identified. Internet-use Typology of Canadians: Online Activities and Digital Skills. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2021008-eng.htm  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Race/ethnicity: This study did not find a difference Intersections with recency of immigration, language, SES Household income https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from-the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Digital literacy among adults - eHEALS Employment status: Employed and other have highest scores Why? https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/component/edocman/resources/reports/benefits-evaluation/3882-digital-health-literacy-of-canadian-adults-evidence-from-the-2020-canadian-digital-health-survey  Consider other factors… Age Gender Education level Race/ethnicity Household income Employment status Insurance coverage Chronic illness Other: Urban/rural, access to WiFi Digital literacy among adults Canadians scored higher than the global average in using technology to solve problems Sizable intra-country variation Education level impacted people's ability to solve digital problems  Digital literacy among adults 75.6% of adults have computer access, with 68.1% reporting Internet access at home This is a lower proportion compared to the 98% of youth in Canada Access varies across provinces Western provinces have higher proportions of Internet access compared to the Atlantic provinces Access varies within provinces Differences based on population subgroups (SES, newcomers, etc.) Literacy and Digital Technologies: Linkages and Outcomes by B. Veenhof, Y. Clermont and G. Sciadas. Government of Canada. Catalogue no. 56F0004MIE — No. 012 ISSN: 1492-7918 ISBN: 0-662-42253-8  Digital literacy among older adults Approximately 63% of seniors in Canada are either Non-users or Basic Users of the Internet and digital technology Vs. 77% of those aged 15 to 34 are either proficient or advanced users Low proportion of seniors categorized as ‘Advanced user’ Schellenberg, G., Schimmele, C., & Wavrock, D. (2021, November 9). A robust internet typology is essential for monitoring how individuals are responding to the digital transformation and for assessing the divide between digital 'haves' and 'have nots.' individuals' capacities to use the internet and digital technologies are an important aspect of this digital divide. using data from the 2018 canadian internet use survey (CIUS), this study presents an internet-use typology that is based on the range and complexity of online activities and digital skills that Canadians report they perform. Five internet-user groups are identified. Internet-use Typology of Canadians: Online Activities and Digital Skills. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2021008-eng.htm  Why is tech use lower among older adults? Introduced to tech later in life Potentially have limited access (in comparison to other groups) Cognitive capacity could be a factor Interest in digital devices in general Schellenberg, G., Schimmele, C., & Wavrock, D. (2021, November 9). A robust internet typology is essential for monitoring how individuals are responding to the digital transformation and for assessing the divide between digital 'haves' and 'have nots.' individuals' capacities to use the internet and digital technologies are an important aspect of this digital divide. using data from the 2018 canadian internet use survey (CIUS), this study presents an internet-use typology that is based on the range and complexity of online activities and digital skills that Canadians report they perform. Five internet-user groups are identified. Internet-use Typology of Canadians: Online Activities and Digital Skills. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2021008-eng.htm Digital literacy among older adults TMU initiative (not mandatory) exploring how to overcome the digital divide: https://youtu.be/oWJHzI-poGM  Digital Quotient “The understanding and use of present and developing digital technologies, capabilities, practices, and strategies.” Measure which objectively analyzes and scores digital readiness Quantifies your digital skills and proficiency in those skills Aka→ Limited, I. (n.d.). Digital Quotient: Lodestar for future Ready talent. Infosys. https://www.infosys.com/insights/human-potential/digital-quotient.html  Digital Quotient Areas of overlap with digital literacy. More focused on building skills Limited, I. (n.d.). Digital Quotient: Lodestar for future Ready talent. Infosys. https://www.infosys.com/insights/human-potential/digital-quotient.html What is your digital quotient? Can access quizzes online if you’re interested in assessing your DQ Examples of questions: What softwares do you use? How many devices do you have? Youth are clearly the leaders in DQ  Measures of digital literacy https://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/Metadata-4.4.2.pdf Examples of digital literacy measures Many different measures tailored for different population groups, ages, or aspects of digital literacy TEL Assessment - To assess technological literacy knowledge and skills that identifies the applications of technology principles - Skills-based test International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS) Assessment - To investigate the ways in which young people are developing computer and information literacy (CIL) - Assesses computer use and competency with gathering and communicating information - Skills-based test and questionnaire Programs to improve digital literacy among children and youth Incorporating technology throughout the curriculum: Curriculum-based learning approach Introduce technology and digital literacy concepts Social Media Online collaboration Coding Data Analysis Programs to improve digital literacy among children and youth BrainPOP Learning resources for educators and families to help guide youth Lesson ideas, game- based learning tips, assessment tools, help for ESL learners Digital etiquette Distance learning Cyberbullying Copyright Online safety Plagiarism Digital literacy programs for adults ABC Digital Literacy Programs - Teaches new Internet users how to use the Internet - Free workbooks and downloadable resources - Adults improve understanding of what the internet is, how to access it, and how to stay safe online ABC Internet Matters Searching safely online (2022) ABC Internet Matters workbook (2020) ABC Internet Matters: Getting around with Google Maps ABC Internet Matters: Staying safe online with secure websites ABC Internet Matters online facilitator training. Money Matters for People with Diverse Abilities: Money Safety workbook (English only) Youth Teaching Adults lesson plans Canadian Bankers Association: Cyber Security Toolkit Digital literacy programs for seniors Dig-IT (National Program) - Offers devices, data, technical assistance, and online learning classes - Improve technology use and stay secure online Digital health literacy program Canada Health Infoway: https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/patients-families-caregivers/digital-health-learning-program Case Example Lower digital literacy in rural/remote areas with limited digital connectivity Precede-Proceed model Digital literacy gaps in Indigenous communities → Indigitize Enable participation in digital health initiatives Youth-focused, school-based Case Example Digital Fluency Ethics and Empathy Searching and authenticating Digital identity information Cyberbullying Apps and computing Data management and Consumer Awareness storage Phishing Terms of service Digital Security and Privacy Cookies, passwords, and data sharing Viruses and identity theft Case Example  Case Example Findings: Identified 15 digital literacy programs in Canada ○ focusing on key areas: data safety, cyberbullying, digital media. Uncovered 12 digital literacy assessment tools ○ recognized many lacked the flexibility to adapt across different socio-demographic/geographic contexts. Created a comprehensive and adaptable youth-focused program and a 15-item assessment tool to evaluate and improve digital literacy within diverse communities Buchan, M.C., Bhawra, J. & Katapally, T.R. Navigating the digital world: development of an evidence-based digital literacy program and assessment tool for youth. Smart Learn. Environ. 11, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00293-xn So, why do we care about digital literacy in health promotion and education?