Different Theories PDF

**Ontology: What is Reality?** 1. **Pragmatism** - Reality is dynamic and context-dependent, focused on practical outcomes. 2. **Critical Theory** - Reality is shaped by social, political, and economic structures. 3. **Interpretivism** - Reality is socially constru...

**Ontology: What is Reality?** 1. **Pragmatism** - Reality is dynamic and context-dependent, focused on practical outcomes. 2. **Critical Theory** - Reality is shaped by social, political, and economic structures. 3. **Interpretivism** - Reality is socially constructed and subjective. 4. **Positivism** - Reality is objective and exists independently of human perception. 5. **Mixed Methods Research** - Reality combines objective and subjective aspects to address complex phenomena. 6. **Qualitative Research** - Reality is subjective and shaped by individual experiences. 7. **Quantitative Research** - Reality is objective and can be measured numerically. **Epistemology: How Can We Know Reality?** 1. **Pragmatism** - Knowledge is derived from solving practical problems and real-world experiences. 2. **Critical Theory** - Knowledge is constructed through challenging power dynamics and advocating for social change. 3. **Interpretivism** - Understanding comes from interpreting individuals\' lived experiences. 4. **Positivism** - Knowledge is gained through observation and measurement of objective facts. 5. **Mixed Methods Research** - Knowledge is enriched by integrating qualitative and quantitative perspectives. 6. **Qualitative Research** - Knowledge emerges through understanding meanings and contexts. 7. **Quantitative Research** - Knowledge is acquired through statistical and numerical analysis. **Methodology: How Do You Go About Finding Out?** 1. **Pragmatism** - Uses mixed methods, choosing approaches based on what works best for the research problem. 2. **Critical Theory** - Employs qualitative methods to analyze power structures and marginalized experiences. 3. **Interpretivism** - Uses qualitative methods focused on meaning and context. 4. **Positivism** - Employs quantitative methods to test hypotheses and establish general laws. 5. **Mixed Methods Research** - Combines qualitative and quantitative strategies for comprehensive understanding. 6. **Qualitative Research** - Exploratory methods to gather rich, contextual data. 7. **Quantitative Research** - Structured approaches for data collection and hypothesis testing. **Method: What Techniques Do You Use to Find Out?** 1. **Pragmatism** - Surveys, interviews, experiments, and observations, depending on the problem. 2. **Critical Theory** - Case studies, ethnographies, and critical discourse analysis. 3. **Interpretivism** - Interviews, participant observations, and narrative analyses. 4. **Positivism** - Experiments, structured surveys, and statistical analysis. 5. **Mixed Methods Research** - Uses a combination of surveys, interviews, and data analysis to integrate findings. 6. **Qualitative Research** - Techniques include interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic observations. 7. **Quantitative Research** - Methods include experiments, structured questionnaires, and statistical techniques. **Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology, and Method for Theories:** **Pragmatism** - **Ontology:** Reality is dynamic and context-dependent, focusing on practical outcomes. - **Epistemology:** Knowledge is derived from practical experiences and solving real-world problems. - **Methodology:** Mixed methods---choosing methods based on what works best for the research problem. - **Method:** Surveys, interviews, experiments, and observations as needed. **Critical Theory** - **Ontology:** Reality is shaped by social, political, and economic structures. - **Epistemology:** Knowledge is constructed by challenging power dynamics and advocating for change. - **Methodology:** Qualitative methods to analyze power structures and marginalized experiences. - **Method:** Case studies, ethnographies, and critical discourse analysis. **Interpretivism** - **Ontology:** Reality is socially constructed and subjective. - **Epistemology:** Understanding is gained through interpreting individuals\' lived experiences. - **Methodology:** Qualitative methods focused on context and meaning. - **Method:** Interviews, participant observations, and narrative analyses. **Positivism** - **Ontology:** Reality is objective and independent of human perception. - **Epistemology:** Knowledge is derived from observable and measurable phenomena. - **Methodology:** Quantitative methods to test hypotheses and establish general laws. - **Method:** Experiments, structured surveys, and statistical analysis. **Mixed Methods Research** - **Ontology:** Combines objective and subjective realities to understand complex phenomena. - **Epistemology:** Knowledge is best understood by integrating qualitative and quantitative perspectives. - **Methodology:** Integration of both qualitative and quantitative strategies. - **Method:** Surveys and interviews, analyzed separately or together. **Qualitative Research** - **Ontology:** Reality is subjective and shaped by human experiences. - **Epistemology:** Knowledge emerges through understanding meanings and contexts. - **Methodology:** Exploratory methods to gather rich, contextual data. - **Method:** Interviews, focus groups, observations. **Quantitative Research** - **Ontology:** Reality can be quantified and measured objectively. - **Epistemology:** Knowledge is gained through statistical and numerical analysis. - **Methodology:** Structured approaches to gather and test data. - **Method:** Experiments, structured questionnaires, and statistical techniques.