Social Studies Exam - Origins of Islam PDF

SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM Origins of Islam The Arabian Peninsula 1. Bahrain 2. Iraq 3. Jordan 4. Kuwait 5. Oman 6. Qatar 7. Saudi Arabia 8. United Arab Emirates 9. Yemen Two ways of life: nomads, first settlers - Muhammad was born in Mecca - Managed a caravan busine...

SOCIAL STUDIES EXAM Origins of Islam The Arabian Peninsula 1. Bahrain 2. Iraq 3. Jordan 4. Kuwait 5. Oman 6. Qatar 7. Saudi Arabia 8. United Arab Emirates 9. Yemen Two ways of life: nomads, first settlers - Muhammad was born in Mecca - Managed a caravan business owned by Khadijah. At one time, wealthy people helped the poor, but later the rich merchants ignored the needy. - At 40 he went to meditate in a cave. An angel spoke to him the word of god. - Muslims believe Muhammad is the prophet: the one who speaks for god. - Islam: to submit to god. - Monotheism; Allah (The God) Islam spreads in Arabia - As islam spread, Mecca’s rulers grew worried - Rulers wanted to kill Muhammed - Medina: the prophet's city (where he hid) - Muhammad's departure from Mecca: Hegira or journey - Muhammad’s house: first mosque - Mecca was defeated by Medina Islamic beliefs and practices The Qur’an Beliefs - There is only one god - People must obey Allah’s commands - The world had a definite beginning and will end one day. - On the final day God will judge all people. - Paradise is a beautiful garden full of fine food and drink - People who have not obeyed God will suffer. Guidelines for behavior Describes muslim acts for worship, guidelines for moral behavior, and rules for social life - Explicit: For example what people shouldn’t eat - Implicit: Slavery Jihad - To struggle - Obey god and behave - Defend muslim community - Convert people to Islam - Holy war Five pillars of islam 1. Statement of faith 2. Daily Prayer: before sunrise, at midday, in late afternoon, right after the sunset and before going to bed. 3. Yearly Donation to charity 4. Fasting during Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca Sources of Islamic beliefs - Qur’an: Holy book that includes all the messages Muhammed received from God. - Sunnah: Muhamads example for the duties and way of life expected of Muslims. - Shariah: Islamic law based on the interpretations of the Qur’an and sunnah. Ancient India Harappan civilization - It controlled large areas on both sides of the Indus river - Two main cities: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro - Contact with southern india and mesopotamia - Developed India’s first writing system - Each city stood near a towering fortress - Built extensive sewer systems to keep their streets from flooding - Installed plumbing in many building Aryan Migration - After crumbling of Harappan Aryans appeared - Religious writings (vedas) - Rajas, or communitie leaders - First aryans, did not read or write - Sanskrit: most important language in ancient india Caste rules - People couldn’t marry, talk or eat with someone from a different class. - People who didn’t obey were banned from their homes and castes making them untouchables - Brought stability. Hindu beliefs - The hindus believe in many gods: Life and rebirth - Soul or atman inside everyone - Hindus believe that the ultimate goal was to reunite with the Brahman - They believed in reincarnation - The type for form you reincarnate in depends upon Karma - Karma; effects of good and bad actions on a person’s soul - A person with bad karma will get into an lower caste, or lower being. - Good karma, higher - Good karma brings salvation or Moksha - Dharma: accept one’s place in the world. Major beliefs on Hinduism 1. Universal spirit called Brahman created everything. 2. Every person has a soul or atman. 3. People's souls reincarnate many times. 4. Karma affects how it will reincarnate. 5. People must accept his or her dharma. The Sacred Ganges - Hindus believe that making pilgrimage to sacred places will improve karma - Ganges river is the most sacred place - Mother ganga, the ganges flows out of himalaya - Hindus believe that bathing in ganges will purify them Hinduism and women - Both men and women could gain salvation - women were inferior Jains react to hinduism - Believers of Jainism - Not believers on hinduism - Based on Mahavira’s teachings Jainism - For principles: 1) Injure no life 2) tell the truth 3) do not steal and 4) own no property - Jains practice nonviolence - Everything is alive or part of the cycle of rebirth - Not animal sacrifice - Vegetarians Buddhism Siddharta (Buda Gautama): Prince who grew up in luxury. - Born in Kshatriya: member of the warrior class. - He never left his palace, until one day he did, and watched human suffering. - He began to ask questions about human life. - At the age of 30 he left the life he had and looked for answers. The Buddha finds enlightenment. - 6 years wandering. - He spoke with wise men, but no one gave the answers he wanted. - Sat under a tree to meditate in Gaya (this tree will be known as the tree of wisdom). - After 7 weeks, he had the answers. - Human suffering comes from three things: - Wanting what we like but no not have - Wanting to keep what we like and have - No wanting what we dislike but have - He spoke about these three things, and his followers called that the first sermon. - Siddharta Gautama became the first Buddha or the “enlightened one”. Teachings of buddhism - Many of them reflected hindu ideas - He said people should act morally and treat others well Four Noble Truths 1. Suffering and unhappiness are part of human life. 2. Suffering comes from pur desire for pleasure and material goods. 3. People can overcome their desire and ignorance and reach nirvana, a state of perfect peace, and overcome reincarnation then too. 4. People can overcome ignorance and desire by following the eightfold path. The eightfold path: 1. Right thought: Believe in the nature of existence as suffering in the four noble truths. 2. Right intent: Incline towards goodness and kindness. 3. Right speech: Avoid lies and gossivp. 4. Right action: Don’t steal from and harm from others. 5. Right livelihood: Reject work that hurts others. 6. Right effort: Prevent evil and do good 7. Right mindfulness: Control your feelings and thoughts 8. Right concentration: Practice proper meditation Challenging hindu ideas - Budha challenged authorities of hindu priests - He did not believe their rituals were necessary for nirvana - It was responsibility of each person to work for his or her salvation - People who failed to reach nirvana would have another chance in other life - Buddha was opposed to the caste system - This last thing make him won the support of the masses (also rich people believed his words) - Buddhism made people feel they had the power to change their lives Buddhism spreads in India - Within 200 years of the Buddha's death, buddhism had spread through most of INdia - Asoka, powerful king, became buddhist - He built temples and schools - Missionarios introduced buddhism to lands of west india, most of asia. Buddhism’s Split - Disagreements between buddhists led to a split within the religion - Two major branches: Theravada and mahayana - Theravada tried to follow buddha teachings word by word - Mahayana believed in interpretation of buddha's teachings - Mahayana is by far the larger branch today Malala Chapter 1 - Malala's father: Ziauddin - Meaning of Malala's name: Malalai of Maiwand, the greatest heroine of Afghanistan - Mingora, Swat Valley - Younger brothers: Khushal and Atal - Malalas mother: Toor Pekai - They are from the Yousafzai tribe Chapter 2 - Grandfather: Rohul Amin, holy name of the Angel Gabriel and it means “honest spirit” - Ziauddin called her Jani because it was easier for him - Ziauddin had gur treatment to stop the stutter (problem to talk) - Her grandfather was famous for his speeches - Girls stayed home while boys went to school - Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan - General Zia´s government - Life for women in Pakistan became more restricted - Law against women: a woman´s evidence is reduced in court to count for only half that of a man´s - Thanks to the invasion of Russia into Afghanistan, the US and Pakistan became friends again. - Osama bin Laden - 911 - Jihad: the belief in one God (Namaz), praying five times a day, giving zakat, fasting from dawn till sunset during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. - CIA, new school - At that time talib meant religious students - Baba´s gift: education - Ziuaddin didn't win the competition Chapter 3 - Toor Pekai went to school, but then she dropped out - Knowledge was the most important thing to Ziuaddin - The lack of education was the the root of all Pakistan's problems - Dictator General Zia was killed in a plane crash - Ziauddin got involved in politics - Debate over the book ´´The Satanic Verses´´ by Salma Rushdie. Parody of the life of the Prophet - Ziauddin founds his school, not many people was convinced - Problems with money - 9/11 changed their world, it brought war into their valley Chapter 4 - Woma, celebration to admire the newborn - Malala was humorous and wise like her grandmother and vocal like her grandfather - Eid Holidays, Small Eid - the end of the Ramadan fasting month- and Big Eid - commemorates the Prophet Abraham's readiness to sacrifice his son to God - Shangla ambulance: wooden frame - The cousins of Malala made fun of her because of her city ways. - The little girls played marriages for fun - Scary stories for children. Shalgwatay, the twenty-fingered man. Shashaka for when you don't take a bath. - When the Taliban arrived, the treatment of women worsened, they were not free. Chapter 5 - Malala was known as the genius girl - Malka-e-Noor (queen of light), new girl in class - Moniba, malala's best friend and her competition - New friend, Safina - They steal each other - Abraham Lincoln letter: “Teach him, if you can, the wonder of books… but also give him the quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky, bees in the sun, and the flowers on a green hillside. teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat” - Revenge: if a man in one family is killed or hurt by another man, then that family must take revenge. And it goes and goes. - General Musharraf became their fourth military ruler. - Malala is in a speech competition with Moniba - Malala came in second place, and Moniba won - Lincoln: teach him how to gracefully lose Chapter 6 - Her favorite program: Shaka Laka Boom Boom - She wanted the magic pencil that makes everything she draws come true. - Toor Pekai was always helping people - It is believed that a woman who has left her husband has brought shame on her family - The school expanded, it had three buildings - The rich thought it was shameful for them and their children that their children studied with the children of the people who worked in their homes. - Education is a right for children - Ghost schools: influential people asked the government for money to build schools, but that money actually went to build their bujras. - 9/11- It brought a lot of problems. Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda, was living in Kandahar when 9/11 happened and the Americans sent thousands of troops to look for him. - They still live in a dictatorship but 9/11 made Musharraf seen as a good guy - Musharraf took money from Americans while helping jihadis Chapter 7 - Mufti, Islamic scholar and authority on Islamic law, didn't approve of girls going to school. - He said it was haram school - Division between pakistan and india (muslims and hindus) - Pakistan had wars with india for this religious reasons - Sunnis (followers of close friend of muhammed) Majority in pakistan - Shias (The believed in prophets family) - Salafists (fundamentalists) - The mufti failed in banning the school - He organized a delegation against it - The mufti and his delegation pushed, and Ziauddin changed the entrance for women. - Arabisation of Pakistan. Talibans were growing. - At the end, the mufti failed, but it was an indicator of the political state of the country - Men were sent to the frontier because of Al qaeda - Americans attacked saying bin Laden was hidden there. People died. Chapter 8 - The earthquake on october of 2005 - People, including children, lost their lives - Toor Pekai said it was day of judgment - Malala’s dad went to another village to help. - Rescue groups were inefficient (US said it was the worst logistical nightmare) - JuD, welfare. - Children were took to JuD Madrasas - Madrasas are welfare system - Earthquake was a message from god Chapter 9 es muy largo y no tengo nada subrayado pq perdí el libro y estoy leyendo en pdf Chapter 10 ns si toman algo aparte del poema así q si quieren pongan sobre el capítulo Chapter 11 - Second World War, holocaust. - Jews were persecuted and killed. - Hitler gained power gradually, not instantly. - People realized how he was affecting everyone after a long time. - No one spoke out for the groups that were persecuted (communists, jews, etc). - It is important to be able to criticize everything, even the things we support. When people don't criticize, they dont speak out. - ⁠Adapt the poem to pakistan: No one spoke out for women, and accepted a lot of unfair measures taken by the Taliban. - They started taking more and more rights: they couldn’t get education, they had a dress code, they could not vote, lost more and more rights. - They didn't spoke out until it was too late