Developmental Psychology Textbook PDF

Developmental Psychology C. Contextual Chapter 01 ⏐ Introduction to Lifespan Development D. Psychosocial 1. Developmental psychology is also called: 10.Chang...

Developmental Psychology C. Contextual Chapter 01 ⏐ Introduction to Lifespan Development D. Psychosocial 1. Developmental psychology is also called: 10.Changes in intelligence, wisdom, perception, A. Lifespan development problem-solving, memory, and language are part of the B. Human development ________ domain. C. Both A and B A. Physical B. Cognitive 2. The scientific study of ways in which people change, C. Contextual as well as stay the same, from conception to death, is D. Psychosocial called: A. Lifespan development 11. Changes in height and weight, sensory capabilities, B. Human development the nervous system, and the propensity for disease and C. Developmental psychology illness are part of the ___________ domain. D. All of the above A. Physical B. Cognitive 3. At earlier points in the history of the field, it was C. Contextual believed that development was essentially completed D. Psychosocial around age: A. 13 12. When we say that development is characterized by B. 25 “plasticity”, we mean that: C. 40 A. It always occurs in a way that we can see and touch D. 65 B. It is created by chemicals C. We are capable of change, and many of our 4. Developmental psychology both influences and is characteristics are malleable influenced by other fields of study, such as biology and D. It has many possible uses cognitive psychology. A. True 13. Beginning kindergarten or going through puberty is B. False an example of a: A. Normative history-graded influence 5. The researcher who first articulated key underlying B. Normative age-graded influence principles of lifespan development is: C. Non-normative life influence A. Erik Erikson D. Normative culture-determined influence B. Sigmund Freud C. Paul Baltes 14. The idea that the time period in which we were born D. James Mark Baldwin shapes our experiences is consistent with which term? A. Normative history-graded influence 6. Which of the following is NOT one of the key B. Normative age-graded influence underlying principles of lifespan development? C. Non-normative life influence A. Development has a definite end point D. Normative culture-determined influence B. Development is multidirectional C. Development is plastic 15. Experiencing a life event that’s not typical for our D. Development is multidimensional age group, such as losing a parent during our childhood, is an example of a: 7. Development always involves improvement, growth, A. Normative history-graded influence or progression of skills or functioning. B. Normative age-graded influence A. True C. Non-normative life influence B. False D. Normative culture-determined influence 8. Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary 16. A group of people who were born at roughly the domains in which development occurs? same time in a particular society is called a: A. Physical A. Cohort B. Cognitive B. Clique C. Contextual C. Crowd D. Psychosocial D. Consort 9.Changes in emotion, self-perception, and 17. According to your book, someone who was born in interpersonal relationships with families, peers, and 1937 is part of which generation? friends are part of the __________ domain. A. Baby Boomers A. Physical B. Millennial B. Cognitive 1  Developmental Psychology C. Silent C. What kind of emotions are called for in certain situations D. Generation X D. All of the above 18. According to your book, the aging of the 26. We only learn about our culture from our parents. ____________ is one reason why developmental A. True psychology has begun to focus more on the study of B. False adult development. A. Baby Boomers 27. Our culture only affects us during our childhood. B. Millennial A. True C. Silent B. False D. Generation X 28. Appreciating cultural differences and understanding 19. _________ is a way to identify families and that cultural practices are best understood from the households based on their shared levels of education, standpoint of that particular culture is called: income, and occupation. A. Ethnodiversity A. Culture B. Multiculturalism B. Cohort C. Cultural relativity C. Socioeconomic status D. Universalism D. Biostatistics 29. The length of time a species can exist under the 20. How does socioeconomic status influence most optimal conditions is called: development? A. Lifespan A. It affects our health and life expectancy B. Life expectancy B. It influences the degree of control we feel over our lives C. It affects the resources available to us and the 30. The predicted number of years a person born in a environment we live in particular time period can reasonably expect to live is D. All of the above called: A. Lifespan 21. Living in poverty is associated with: B. Life expectancy A. Greater fears about losing housing B. Less access to health care 31. The longest reported lifespan for a human is about: C. Working in more dangerous occupations A. 20 years D, All of the above B. 50 years C. 120 years 22. Poverty is determined by a set of thresholds based D. 150 years on family income and: A. The size of the family 32. The number of years since your birth is your: B. The ages of the people in the family A. Chronological age C. The relationships between the people in the family B. Biological age D. The number of children in the family C. Psychological age D. Social age 23. The collective term for the shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior of a group of 33. How quickly the body is aging, including how good people is called: our physical functioning is, is called our: A. Race A. Chronological age B. Ethnicity B. Biological age C. Culture C. Psychological age D. All of the above, because all of these terms mean the D. Social age same thing 34. Our cognitive capacity, adaptability, and emotional 24. The belief that our own culture is superior to other beliefs about aging are part of our: cultures is called: A. Chronological age A. Nationalism B. Biological age B. Ethnocentrism C. Psychological age C. Patriotism D. Social age D. Narcissism 35. The social norms of our culture and the expectations 25. The culture we grow up in shapes our ideas about: our culture has for people of our age group determine A. Right and wrong our: B. What to strive for A. Chronological age 2  Developmental Psychology B. Biological age C. Active vs. passive C. Psychological age D. Stability vs. change D. Social age 44. In the nature vs. nurture debate, the ________ side 36. Although there are several different ways to think of emphasizes the importance of genetic and biological age, chronological age is the most accurate and factors in shaping our development. complete way of describing someone’s functioning and A. Nature current state. B. Nurture A. True B. False 45. In the nature vs. nurture debate, the ________ side emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in 37. We don’t need to consider different age groups in shaping our development. the general categories of childhood and adulthood, A. Nature because everyone classified as a child or adult will B. Nurture function the same way. A. True 46. Stage theories of development are also called: B. False A. Continuous B. Discontinuous 38. The transitional time between the end of adolescence and before individuals acquire all the 47. When a caterpillar becomes a butterfly, it both looks benchmarks of adulthood is called: and, more importantly, functions differently than it did A. Post-pubescence before (i.e., a butterfly isn’t just a big caterpillar). This is B. Early adulthood an example of _________ development. C. Emerging adulthood A. Discontinuous D. Senescence B. Continuous C. Stable 39. Someone who is 70 years old would be classified as: D. Quantitative A. Young-old B. Middle aged 48. According to your book, Vygotsky believed that C. Oldest-old adults didn’t possess new skills, but instead had skills D. Emerging that were already present in children, just better developed. This is an example of _________ 40. The question of whether biological or environmental development. factors are stronger influences on our development is A. Discontinuous the debate called: B. Continuous A. Continuity vs. discontinuity C. Stable B. Nature vs. nurture D. Qualitative C. Active vs. passive D. Stability vs. change 49. The belief that a tiny, fully formed human is implanted in the sperm or egg at conception and then 41. The question of whether development involves a grows in size until birth is called: slow, gradual process or distinct stages is the debate A. Predeterminism called: B. Preformationism A. Continuity vs. discontinuity C. Predestination B. Nature vs. nurture D. Preternaturalism C. Active vs. passive D. Stability vs. change 50. According to your book, the first theory of development to state that the environment was the 42. The question of whether humans play an active role primary force in shaping behavior and development was in shaping their development or are at the mercy of proposed by: uncontrollable forces is the debate called: A. Locke A. Continuity vs. discontinuity B. Pavlov B. Nature vs. nurture C. Skinner C. Active vs. passive D. Bandura D. Stability vs. change 51. Using the term “tabula rasa” (your book spells it 43. The question of how much we change over time (and wrong) to refer to a child’s mind means that the child in what ways) is the debate called: comes into the world like a(n): A. Continuity vs. discontinuity A. Empty vessel B. Nature vs. nurture B. Little voice 3  Developmental Psychology C. Unchained melody A. Social, biological D. Blank slate B. Social, cognitive C. Biological, cognitive 52. Why did Locke consider the environment to be a D. Biological, social particularly strong influence during our early life? A. Because that’s when we have the most contact with our 58. Which of the following statements about Freud’s parents theory of development is FALSE? B. Because we will automatically behave the way our early A. He believed that early experiences were important for experiences tell us to shaping our personality C. Because that’s when the mind is most pliable B. It has been thoroughly tested scientifically and found to be D. Trick question! Locke considered the environment to have valid the same amount of influence throughout our life C. He believed that an important part of development was learning how to transform biological instincts into socially 53. What is the most important way that Locke’s theory appropriate behaviors differs from preformationism and the theories of D. He believed that interactions with parents and other Rousseau and Gesell? caregivers had long-lasting effects on children’s emotional A. Locke’s theory places more importance on environmental states influences as opposed to predetermined biological factors 59. Erikson proposed that each period of life has a B. Locke’s theory is a lifespan theory, but the others just unique challenge that the person who reaches it must focus on childhood face. This task is called a(n): C. Locke’s theory laid the groundwork for other theories of A. Psychosocial crisis development, but the others don’t B. Psychogenic fugue D. Locke performed many scientific experiments to test his C. Psychosexual crisis theory, but the others weren’t tested this way D. Nonnormative life event 54. ________ used the term “maturation” to describe a 60. How is Erikson’s theory of development different genetically activated process of development. from Freud’s? A. Rousseau A. Less emphasis on sexuality and more emphasis on social B. Gesell interactions C. Piaget B. More emphasis on lifespan development instead of just D. Montessori focusing on childhood C. Less controversial 55. How would Gesell most likely feel about things like D. All of the above trying to teach infants to read using flash cards? A. He’d support it because he thought the brain was most 61. According to Erikson’s theory, successful receptive to new information in infancy development involves: B. He’d support it because he believed in pushing infants A. Dealing with and resolving the goals and demands of and young children to achieve milestones as early as psychosocial crises in a positive way possible B. Transforming biological instincts into socially appropriate C. He’d disapprove of it because he thought it best to wait behaviors until children’s nervous systems had sufficiently matured and C. Allowing our genetically preprogrammed timetable to not try to teach them things ahead of schedule unfold naturally D. He’d disapprove of it because he didn’t think children D. Learning to reason logically needed formal instruction in reading 62. According to Erikson’s theory, how we resolve one 56. Rousseau believed that when it came to education: crisis has no effect on how we resolve other crises in A. Adults should push children to achieve educational the future. milestones as soon as possible A. True B. Children should not be taught “the right way to think”, and B. False that their inner biological timetable would help them learn naturally 63. According to Erikson’s theory, we learn to do things C. Systematic rewards and punishments would help children well or correctly according to others’ standards while learn better resolving which crisis? D. Children came into the world as blank slates and needed A. Initiative vs. guilt lots of instruction to help them learn B. Identity vs. role confusion C. Industry vs. inferiority 57) According to Freud, we come into the world as D. Intimacy vs. isolation __________ beings but have to learn to become ___________ beings during childhood. 4  Developmental Psychology 64. According to Erikson’s theory, someone who D. Evolutionary psychology develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation has successfully resolved the crisis of: 72. A key idea of behaviorism is that because A. Intimacy vs. isolation _____________ can’t be objectively studied, B. Generativity vs. stagnation psychologists should limit their attention to the study of C. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt observable behavior. D. Ego integrity vs. despair A. The occurrence of life events B. The mind 65. According to Erikson’s theory, during our first year C. Genetic changes and a half after birth we must resolve the crisis of: D. All of the above A. Trust vs. mistrust B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 73. Skinner used the principles of behaviorism to: C. Ego integrity vs. despair A. Train animals D. Identity vs. role confusion B. Develop theories about how best to teach children C.Develop theories about how to create peaceful, productive 66. According to Erikson’s theory, someone who societies becomes independent by exploring, manipulating, and D. All of the above taking action has successfully resolved the crisis of: A. Industry vs. inferiority 74. The idea that we learn by watching others is called: B. Ego integrity vs. despair A. Behaviorism C. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt B. Psychoanalytic theory D. Initiative vs. guilt C. Social learning theory D. Naturalistic observation 67. According to Erikson’s theory, we develop the ability to give and receive love and make long-term 75. The concept of reciprocal determinism states that we commitments while resolving which crisis? influence our environment and vice versa. A. Generativity vs. stagnation A. True B. Identity vs. role confusion B. False C. Trust vs. mistrust D. Intimacy vs. isolation 76. Bandura’s studies with the “Bobo doll” indicated that: 68. According to Erikson’s theory, someone who A. Children will imitate aggressive behavior they see on TV develops an acceptance of their life as it was lived has B. After observing aggressive behavior in another person, successfully resolved the crisis of: children will display new aggressive acts not initially shown A. Intimacy vs. isolation by the model B. Generativity vs. stagnation C. Children will imitate aggressive behaviors they see other C. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt people perform D. Ego integrity vs. despair D. All of the above 69. According to Erikson’s theory, developing a 77. According to Piaget, children of different ages well-defined and positive sense of self in relation to interpret the world in different ways. others is the main task of which crisis? A. True A. Initiative vs. guilt B. False B. Identity vs. role confusion C. Industry vs. inferiority 78. During Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, the primary skill D. Intimacy vs. isolation obtained by the infant is: A. Conservation 70. According to Erikson’s theory, someone who B. Abstract logic develops a sense of free will and an understanding of C. Object permanence what they can and can’t control has successfully D. Theory of mind resolved the crisis of: A. Intimacy vs. isolation 79. During Piaget’s preoperational stage, the primary B. Generativity vs. stagnation skill obtained by the child is: C. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt A. Conservation D. Ego integrity vs. despair B. Abstract logic C. Object permanence 71. Learning theory is also called: D. Theory of mind A. Behaviorism B. Psychodynamic theory 80. During Piaget’s concrete operational stage, the C. Information-processing theory primary skill obtained by the child is: 5  Developmental Psychology A. Conservation 87. Vygotsky’s _____________ theory emphasizes the B. Abstract logic importance of culture and interaction in the C. Object permanence development of cognitive abilities. D. Theory of mind A. Biopsychosocial B. Dualistic 81. During Piaget’s formal operational stage, the primary C. Sociocultural skill obtained by the child is: D. Psychodynamic A. Conservation B. Abstract logic 88. The ___________ approach is a set of theories C. Object permanence studying how individuals perceive, analyze, manipulate, D. Theory of mind use, and remember information. A. Information processing 82. During Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, the infant learns B. Problem solving to: C. Cognitive behavioral A. Understand others’ perspectives and use language and D. Schematic mental imagery to internally experience the world B. Experience the world through senses like tasting and 89. In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the hearing individual’s immediate environment, including the C. Think systematically and reason about abstract concepts setting they’re in and the people they’re with, constitute like ethics the: D. Think logically and perform operations on real-world A. Macrosystem objects and concepts B. Microsystem C. Mesosystem 83. During Piaget’s preoperational stage, the primary D. Exosystem skill obtained by the child is: A. Understand others’ perspectives and use language and 90. In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, mental imagery to internally experience the world cultural elements such as economic conditions B. Experience the world through senses like tasting and constitute the: hearing A. Macrosystem C. Think systematically and reason about abstract concepts B. Microsystem like ethics C. Mesosystem D. Think logically and perform operations on real-world D. Exosystem objects and concepts 91. In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, 84. During Piaget’s concrete operational stage, the larger organizational structures such as schools and primary skill obtained by the child is: religion constitute the: A. Understand others’ perspectives and use language and A. Macrosystem mental imagery to internally experience the world B. Microsystem B. Experience the world through senses like tasting and C. Mesosystem hearing D. Exosystem C. Think systematically and reason about abstract concepts like ethics 92. In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, D. Think logically and perform operations on real-world larger community contexts such as values and history objects and concepts constitute the: A. Macrosystem 85. During Piaget’s formal operational stage, the primary B. Microsystem skill obtained by the child is: C. Mesosystem A. Understand others’ perspectives and use language and D. Exosystem mental imagery to internally experience the world B. Experience the world through senses like tasting and 93. In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the hearing chronosystem represents the: C. Think systematically and reason about abstract concepts A. Age of the child like ethics B. Historical context in which our experiences occur D. Think logically and perform operations on real-world C. Milestones achieved by the individual objects and concepts D. Time of day when we function in different environments 86. Piaget believed that intellectual development 94. What is the term we use for the set of assumptions, happens due to maturation, not training. rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct A. True research? B. False A. Scientific method 6  Developmental Psychology B. Experimental psychology 102. When using ________, psychologists observe and C. Radical empiricism record behavior conducted in a setting created by the D. Epistemology researcher. A. Case studies 95. A(n) ______________ is the general term for the B. Naturalistic observation specific method a researcher uses to collect, analyze, C. Laboratory observation and interpret data. D. Psychophysiological assessment A. Scientific method B. Operational definition 103. When a researcher uses a survey, they are C. Research design collecting data by using: D. Experiment A. A measure administered through either a verbal or written questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a 96. Research that describes what is occurring at a sample of people of interest particular point in time is called: B. Questions asked directly by the researcher A. Descriptive C. Information that has already been collected or examining B. Correlational documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or C. Experimental preferences D. All of the above, because all of these terms mean the D. Measures of bodily processes such as heart rate, same thing hormone levels, or brain activity 97. Research designed to discover relationships among 104. When a researcher uses psychophysiological variables and to allow the prediction of future events assessment, they are collecting data by using: from present knowledge is called: A. A measure administered through either a verbal or written A. Descriptive questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a B. Correlational sample of people of interest C. Experimental B. Questions asked directly by the researcher D. All of the above, because all of these terms mean the C. Information that has already been collected or examining same thing documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences 98. Research in which a researcher manipulates one or D. Measures of bodily processes such as heart rate, more variables to see their effects is called: hormone levels, or brain activity A. Descriptive B. Correlational 105. When a researcher uses an interview, they are C. Experimental collecting data by using: D. All of the above, because all of these terms mean the A. A measure administered through either a verbal or written same thing questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a sample of people of interest 99. Descriptive records of one or a small group of B. Questions asked directly by the researcher individuals’ experiences and behavior are called: C. Information that has already been collected or examining A. Case studies documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or B. Surveys preferences C. Naturalistic observations D. Measures of bodily processes such as heart rate, D. Experiments hormone levels, or brain activity 100. An important limitation of case studies is that: 106. When a researcher uses secondary/content A. The data they produce cannot always be generalized to analysis, they are collecting data by using: other people A. A measure administered through either a verbal or written B. They’re time-consuming to do questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a C. They’re expensive to do sample of people of interest D. All of the above B. Questions asked directly by the researcher C. Information that has already been collected or examining 101. When using ________, psychologists observe and documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or record behavior that occurs in everyday settings. preferences A. Case studies D. Measures of bodily processes such as heart rate, B. Naturalistic observation hormone levels, or brain activity C. Laboratory observation D. Psychophysiological assessment 107. The people chosen to participate in the research are called the: A. Population B. Sample 7  Developmental Psychology C. Both A and B, because these terms mean the same thing 115. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship? 108. The group of all the people that the researcher A. -.84 wishes to know about is called the: B. -.33 A. Population C..21 B. Sample D..66 C. Both A and B, because these terms mean the same thing 116. A positive correlation coefficient indicates that: 109. When selecting a group of people to participate in A. Individuals who have high values for one variable also research, it’s important that your sample includes the tend to have high values for the other variable same percentages of males, females, age groups, ethnic B. The results are statistically significant groups, and socio-economic groups as the larger C. The variables change in a way that supports the population you’re trying to draw conclusions about. This researcher’s hypothesis type of sample is called: D. The results point to a good outcome or phenomenon A. Proportionate B. Distributive 117. A positive correlation coefficient indicates that: C. Representative A. The results point to a bad outcome or phenomenon D. Bivariate B. The variables change in a way that doesn’t support the researcher’s hypothesis 110. A problem with surveys and interviews is that C. The results are not statistically significant respondents may lie because they want to present D. Individuals who have high values for one variable tend to themselves in the most favorable light. For example, have low values for the other variable someone might claim that they exercise more often than they do, because they don’t want the researcher to think 118. An important limitation of correlational research is poorly of them. This is known as: that: A. Malingering A. It is subject to social desirability B. Internal validity B. It can’t be used to draw conclusions about the causal C. External validity relationships among the measured variables D. Social desirability C. It is expensive and time-consuming to do D. It does not use representative samples 111. The __________, symbolized by the letter r, is the most common statistical measure of the strength of 119. An advantage of correlational research is that: linear relationships among variables. A. It can be used when experimental research is not possible A. Spearman’s rho for logistical or ethical reasons B. Pearson correlation coefficient B. It allows the researcher to study behavior as it occurs in C. Kendall rank correlation everyday life D. Point-biserial correlation coefficient C. It can be used to make predictions D. All of the above 112. The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient ranges from: 120. A variable that is not part of the research A. 0 to 1.00 hypothesis but produces the observed correlation B. -1.0 to 0 between them is called a(n): C. -1.0 to 1.0 A. Categorical variable D. -.54 to.37 B. Continuous variable C. Third variable 113. The strength of the correlational relationship is D. Dummy variable shown by: A. Whether it’s positive or negative 121. Cities with lots of churches have a higher crime rate B. The distance of the correlation coefficient from zero than cities with fewer churches. However, the churches C. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient don’t cause the crime, and the crime doesn’t cause the D. Both B and C, because these refer to the same thing churches. Instead, this association is explained by population size, which affects both crime rates and the 114. Which of the following correlation coefficients number of churches. In this case, population size is best represents the strongest relationship? called a(n): A. -.84 A. Third variable B. -.33 B. Discrete variable C..21 C. Collider variable D..66 D. Indicator variable 8  Developmental Psychology 122. Children from lower socioeconomic status A. A measured variable that is expected to be influenced by backgrounds tend to perform worse in school. This is an the experimental manipulation example of a: B. Not part of the research hypothesis but produces the A. Positive correlation, because both variables change in the observed correlation between them same direction C. A variable that can only take on a certain number of B. Positive correlation, because this makes sense values C. Negative correlation, because the variables change in the D. The causing variable that is created or manipulated by the opposite direction experimenter D. Negative correlation, because this produces a bad outcome for the kids 129. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study to examine whether or not taking probiotic supplements 123. As the amount of time children spend on social causes children to perform better in school. In her study, media increases, their rates of depression and anxiety what is the independent variable? also increase. This is an example of a: A. The age of the children A. Positive correlation, because both variables change in the B. Whether or not they take probiotic supplements same direction C. The grades children earn in school B. Positive correlation, because this makes sense D. The family’s socioeconomic status C. Negative correlation, because the variables change in the opposite direction 130. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study to D. Negative correlation, because this produces a bad examine whether or not taking probiotic supplements outcome for the kids causes children to perform better in school. In her study, what is the dependent variable? 124. As the amount of time children spend on social A. The age of the children media increases, their school grades decrease. This is B. Whether or not they take probiotic supplements an example of a: C. The grades children earn in school A. Positive correlation, because both variables change in the D. The family’s socioeconomic status same direction B. Positive correlation, because this makes sense 131. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study to C. Negative correlation, because the variables change in the examine whether or not taking probiotic supplements opposite direction causes children to perform better in school. She assigns D. Negative correlation, because this produces a bad one group of children to take probiotic supplements outcome for the kids daily, and assigns another group of children to take Vitamin C every day. In her study, the group of children 125. The goal of the _________ is to provide definitive taking probiotic supplements is called the: conclusions about the causal relationships among the A. Experimental group variables in a research hypothesis. B. Representative group A. Correlational method C. Control group B. Case study method D. Validation group C. Experimental method D. Descriptive method 132. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study to examine whether or not taking probiotic supplements 126. __________ are specific statements about the causes children to perform better in school. She assigns relationship between variables. one group of children to take probiotic supplements A. Theories daily, and assigns another group of children to take B. Hypotheses Vitamin C every day. In her study, the group of children C. Schemas taking Vitamin C is called the: D. Operational definitions A. Experimental group B. Representative group 127. In an experiment, the independent variable is: C. Control group A. A measured variable that is expected to be influenced by D. Validation group the experimental manipulation B. Not part of the research hypothesis but produces the 133. In research, a variable is something that: observed correlation between them A. Is unknown C. A variable that can only take on a certain number of B. Causes something else to happen values C. Can be tested D. The causing variable that is created or manipulated by the D. Changes in value experimenter 134. Variables that are not part of the experiment that 128. In an experiment, the dependent variable is: could inadvertently effect either the experimental or control group, thus distorting the results, are called: 9  Developmental Psychology A. Dummy variables 142. ____________ occurs when participants fail to B. Extraneous variables complete all portions of a study. C. Qualitative variables A. Practice effect D. Quantitative variables B. Attrition C. Cohort effect 135. In an experiment, the group that receives the D. Social desirability treatment being studied is called the: A. Control group 143. Longitudinal research designs are optimal for B. Covariate group studying stability and change over time because: C. Explanatory group A. They examine individual differences in development D. Experimental group B. They can be conducted over short or long periods of time C. They assess people’s functioning repeatedly over time 136. In an experiment, the group that does not receive D. All of the above the treatment being studied is called the: A. Control group 144. Which of the following is NOT a problem with B. Covariate group longitudinal research? C. Explanatory group A. It is expensive and time-consuming to do D. Experimental group B. It is difficult to keep up with participants C. Participant’s performance may improve due to practice 137. An important limitation of experimental designs is effects that: D. It is unethical to study people over time A. They can be expensive and time-consuming B. They may be impossible to do for ethical reasons 145. __________ occurs when participants become C. Their findings may not generalize well to real-world better at a task over time because they have done it settings again and again. D. All of the above A. Attrition B. Cohort effect 138. Research that studies different age groups at a C. Practice effect single time point, such as the one shown in Figure 1.16 D. Social desirability on page 28 of the textbook, is called: A. Longitudinal 146. _______________ includes elements of both B. Cross-sectional longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs. C. Sequential A. Correlational research D. Time-lag B. Sequential research C. Experimental research 139. A disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that: D. Case study research A. It does not allow us to investigate the impact of being born in a certain time period 147. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study in which B. It is expensive and time-consuming to do she recruits a group of 60-year-olds, a group of C. Participant’s performance may improve due to practice 70-year-olds, and a group of 80-year-olds and interviews effects them about their health status. What kind of study has D. It is difficult to keep up with participants she done? A. Longitudinal 140. Being born in a certain time period, such as during B. Cross-sectional the Great Depression, may affect our views, behaviors, C. Sequential and development in a way that can’t be easily predicted D. Time-lag from chronological age. This is called a: A. Flynn effect 148. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study in which B. Doppler effect she recruits a group of 60-year-olds and then interviews C. Cohort effect them repeatedly about their health status every 5 years. D. Practice effect What kind of study has she done? A. Longitudinal 141. __________ research involves studying one group B. Cross-sectional of people who are the same age, and measuring them C. Sequential repeatedly over a period of time. D. Time-lag A. Longitudinal B. Cross-sectional 149. Dr. Smartypants designs a research study in which C. Sequential she recruits a group of 60-year-olds, a group of D. Time-lag 70-year-olds, and a group of 80-year-olds and interviews 10  Developmental Psychology them about their health status every 5 years over time. Chapter 02 ⏐ Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth What kind of study has she done? A. Longitudinal B. Cross-sectional 1. ___________ are recipes for making proteins. C. Sequential A. Chromosomes D. Time-lag B. Genes C Neurofibrillary tangles 150. To conduct ethical research, researchers must D. Golgi bodies obtain informed consent, which involves: A. Protecting the privacy of the research participants’ 2. Human cells carry ______ chromosomes in the responses by not using names or other information that nucleus of each cell. could identify the participants A. 2 B. Explaining the research and removing any harmful B. 23 aftereffects of participation after the research study is over C. 46 C. Preventing harm to the research participants D. 20,500 D. Explaining as much as possible about the true nature of the study, particularly everything that might be expected to 3. _________ is defined as the cell’s nucleus making an influence willingness to participate exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting into two new cells. 151. ________ occurs whenever research participants A. Mitosis are not completely and fully informed about the nature B. Meiosis of the research project before participating in it. C. Incomplete dominance A. Debriefing D. Eukaryogenesis B. Informed consent C. Deception 4. Most of the cells in the human body are created by the D. Confidentiality process of: A. Mitosis 152. Which of the following occurs at the end of the B Meiosis research study? C. Incomplete dominance A. Debriefing D. Eukaryogenesis B. Informed consent C. Deception 5. During _________, the gamete’s chromosomes D. Confidentiality duplicate and then divide twice, resulting in four cells containing only half the genetic material of the original 153. Explaining the research and removing any harmful gamete. aftereffects of participation after the research study is A. Mitosis over is called: B. Meiosis A. Debriefing C. Incomplete dominance B. Informed consent D. Eukaryogenesis C. Deception D. Confidentiality 6. The sexual reproduction cells in the body (the sperm and egg) are created by the process of: A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Incomplete dominance D. Eukaryogenesis 7. The cells used in sexual reproduction are called: A. Autosomes B. Ribosomes C. Gametes D. Gonads 8. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are similar in length and are called: A. Autosomes B. Ribosomes C. Gametes D. Gonads 11  Developmental Psychology 9. Whether we are genetically male or female depends C. Eukaryotic on: D. Recessive A. The number of autosomes we have B. Dominant genes 17. Characteristics that are influenced by several genes C. Recessive genes are called: D. The sex chromosomes we inherit from our parents A. Polygenic B. Iatrogenic 10. The sum total of all the genes a person inherits is C. Neurogenic that person’s: D. Pangenic A. Phenotype B. Karyotype 18. Sometimes the dominant gene does not completely C. Prototype suppress the recessive gene; this is called: D. Genotype A. Gene targeting B. Variable expressivity 11. Although we inherit all of our genetic material from C. Incomplete dominance our parents, not all of the possible features are D. Pseudogenetic transmission expressed. The features that are actually expressed constitutes that person’s: 19. People who have inherited only one recessive gene A. Phenotype are called: B. Karyotype A. Autosomes C. Prototype B. Carriers D. Genotype C. Imprints D. Mosaics 12. Different versions of a gene are called: A. Autosomes 20. Monozygotic twins are also called: B. Ribosomes A. Fraternal twins C. Alleles B. Phenotypic twins D. Solenoids C. Identical twins D. Genotypic twins 13. A person who is homozygous for a particular characteristic: 21. Dizygotic twins are also called: A. Inherited different versions of the gene for that A. Fraternal twins characteristic from each parent B. Phenotypic twins B. Inherited the same version of the gene for that C. Identical twins characteristic from each parent D. Genotypic twins C. Has a very extreme form of that characteristic D. Has a very mild form of that characteristic 22. Monozygotic twins are formed when: A. A segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to 14. A person who is heterozygous for a particular another chromosome characteristic: B. Two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two A. Inherited different versions of the gene for that separate sperm characteristic from each parent C. A fertilized egg splits apart during the first two weeks of B. Inherited the same version of the gene for that development characteristic from each parent D. A section of DNA on a chromosome is replaced by C. Has a very extreme form of that characteristic another similar sequence D. Has a very mild form of that characteristic 23. Dizygotic twins are formed when: 15. Genes that express themselves in the phenotype A. A segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to even when paired with a different version of the gene are another chromosome called: B. Two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two A. Prokaryotic separate sperm B. Dominant C. A fertilized egg splits apart during the first two weeks of C. Eukaryotic development D. Recessive D. A section of DNA on a chromosome is replaced by another similar sequence 16. Genes that express themselves in the phenotype express themselves only when paired with a similar 24. Most genetic disorders are associated with ________ version of that gene are called: genes. A. Prokaryotic A. Prokaryotic B. Dominant B. Dominant 12  Developmental Psychology C. Eukaryotic 32. ____________ is a weakening of the muscles D. Recessive resulting in an inability to move, wasting away, and possible death. 25. Some genetic disorders involve a defective gene on A. Duchenne muscular dystrophy the X-chromosome. These disorders are called: B. Huntington’s disease A. Imprinted C. Sickle cell disease B. Heritable D. Fragile X syndrome C. Sex-linked D. Recombinated 33. _____________ is a condition that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus building up in the 26. Who is at greater risk for sex-linked disorders due to body, especially the lungs and digestive system. a recessive gene? A. Achondroplasia A. Males because they have only one X chromosome B. Phenylketonuria B. Males because they are more affected by recessive C. Cystic fibrosis genes in general D. Tay-Sachs disease C. Females because they are more affected by recessive genes in general 34. ___________ occurs when part or all of one of the X D. Females because they have two X chromosomes chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition. 27. A ___________ occurs when a child inherits too A. Klinefelter syndrome many or two few chromosomes. B. Gonadal dysgenesis A. Polymorphism C. Mosaicism B. Chromosomal abnormality D. Turner syndrome C. Methylation D. Mutation 35. ___________ results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male and the resulting zygote 28. The most common cause of chromosomal has an XXY composition. abnormalities is: A. Klinefelter syndrome A. The age of the mother B. Gonadal dysgenesis B. The age of the father C. Mosaicism C. Environmental conditions such as chemicals and other D. Turner syndrome toxins D. Consuming undercooked meat or shellfish 36. Common reasons for seeking genetic counseling are: 29. In the human body, chromosomes are arranged in A. Family history of a genetic condition pairs. When a person has three of a certain B. Learning about the chances of having a baby with a chromosome instead of two, this causes problems. A genetic condition if the mother is older person with three of chromosome 21 has: C. To get information regarding the results of genetic testing, A. Down syndrome including blood tests, amniocentesis, or ultrasounds B. Trisomy 21 D. All of the above C. Both A and B, because these terms mean the same thing 37. The scientific study of the interplay between the 30. A sex-linked chromosomal abnormality occurs when genetic and environmental contributions to behavior is the chromosomal abnormality occurs on: called: A. The 13th pair A. Genetic counseling B. The 18th pair B. Behavioral genetics C. The 21st pair C. Genomic imprinting D. The 23rd pair D. Independent assortment 31. _________ is caused by enzyme deficiency resulting 38. The processes by which genetic factors contribute to in the accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the variations in the environment are called: brain. This accumulation results in progressive damage A. Homologous recombinations to the cells, a decrease in cognitive and physical B. Polymerase chain reaction development, and early death. C. Genotype-environment correlations A. Achondroplasia D. Reproductive fitness B. Tay-Sachs disease C. Huntington’s disease 39. _________ genotype-environment correlation occurs D. Phenylketonuria when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides. A. Active 13  Developmental Psychology B. Passive C. Mendelian trait C. Evocative D. Genotype-environment interaction D. Epigenetic 47. Environmental factors, such as nutrition, stress, and 40. _________ genotype-environment correlation occurs teratogens, are thought to change gene expression by when the social environment reacts to individuals based switching genes on and off. These gene changes can on their inherited characteristics. then be inherited by daughter cells and affect genetic A. Active expression as people age. The study of these changes B. Passive is called: C. Evocative A. Epigenetics D. Epigenetic B. Evolutionary psychology C. Behavioral genetics 41. _________ genotype-environment correlation occurs D. Gene targeting when individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies. 48. The __________ period of prenatal development lasts A. Active about 14 days. B.Passive A. Germinal C. Evocative B. Embryonic D. Epigenetic C. Fetal D. All of the above 42. An active genotype-environment correlation is also known as: 49. The __________ period of prenatal development A. Parental imprinting begins at conception and ends when the fertilized egg B. Genomic imprinting implants in the lining of the uterus. C. Polymorphism A. Germinal D. Niche picking B. Embryonic C. Fetal 43. Jess is naturally athletically inclined and thus seeks D. All of the above out opportunities to participate in sports. This is an example of a(n) ___________ genotype-environment 50. A zygote: correlation. A. Contains the combined genetic information from both A. Active parents B. Passive B. Implants in the lining of the uterus during the germinal C. Evocative period D. Epigenetic C. Is formed when the sperm fertilizes the egg D. All of the above 44. Josh’s parents really enjoy music and are talented at it, so they expose Josh to a lot of music in hopes that he 51. Fewer than one half of all zygotes survive beyond turns out the same way. This is an example of a(n) the first two weeks. Why? ___________ genotype-environment correlation. A. The egg and sperm do not join properly, so their genetic A. Active material does not combine B. Passive B. There is too little or damaged genetic material C. Evocative C. The blastocyst does not implant into the uterine wall D. Epigenetic D. All of the above are possible reasons 45. Tiffany is discriminated against at work because she 52. After about five days of mitosis, the zygote contains is female. This is an example of a(n) ___________ about 100 cells and is called a(n): genotype-environment correlation. A. Embryo A. Active B. Blastocyst B. Passive C. Trophoblast C. Evocative D. Fetus D. Epigenetic 53. The inner layer of the blastocyst is called the: 46. Sometimes environmental effects on behavior differ A.Trophoblast based on genotype. For example, stressful B. Paramecium environments appear to affect genetically at-risk C. Embryonic disk children more than they affect children not genetically at D. Endoplasmic reticulum risk. This is called a(n): A. Epigenetic variation 54. The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the: B. Transmogrification A. Trophoblast 14  Developmental Psychology B. Paramecium C. Blastocyst C. Embryonic disk D. Fetus D. Endoplasmic reticulum 63. By ________ weeks gestational age, all of the fetus’s 55. When the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine organ systems are developed enough that it could wall at the end of the germinal period, it’s now called survive outside the mother’s uterus without many of the a(n): risks associated with premature birth. A. Trophoblast A. 9 B. Embryo B. 24 C. Fetus C. 37 D. Zygote D. 40 56. The _______ is a structure connected to the uterus 64. Prenatal brain development begins in the third that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother gestational week with the differentiation of stem to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. cells, which are located in the : A. Trophoblast A. Neural plate B. Embryonic disk B. Alpha motor neurons C. Blastocyst C. Mammillary bodies D. Placenta D. Tectum 57. __________ development occurs from head to tail. 65. Neurogenesis, or the formation of neurons, is largely A.Proximodistal completed after ________ of gestation. B. Iatrogenic A. Two months C. Cephalocaudal B. Five months D. Nosocomial C. Seven months D. Nine months 58. The embryo’s head is larger than the rest of its body. This is an example of _________ development. 66. According to your textbook, which part of the brain A. Proximodistal continues to develop neurons throughout life? B. Iatrogenic A. Hypothalamus C. Cephalocaudal B. Thalamus D. Nosocomial C. Cerebellum D. Hippocampus 59. __________ development occurs from the middle outward. 67. The formation of neurons is called: A. Proximodistal A. Apoptosis B.Iatrogenic B. Neurogenesis C.Cephalocaudal C. Spondylosis D. Nosocomial D.Praxis 60. The embryo’s internal organs develop before its 68. Regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies are fingers do. This is an example of _________ referred to as the: development. A. Gray matter A. Proximodistal B. White matter B. Iatrogenic C. Dark matter C. Cephalocaudal D. Dura mater D. Nosocomial 69. Regions of the brain that contain the axons that form 61. The first chance of survival outside the womb, the neural pathways are referred to as the: known as the age of ___________, is reached at about 24 A. Gray matter weeks gestational age. B. White matter A. Epistasis C. Dark matter B. Viability D. Dura mater C. Homeostasis D. Heritability 70. Myelin is: A. fatty substance that is white in appearance 62.From the ninth week post-conception until birth, the B. Important for the efficiency of neural transmission organism is referred to as a(n): C. A covering on the axons of our neurons A. Embryo D. All of the above B. Zygote 15  Developmental Psychology 71. __________ are environmental factors that can 79. All prescription and over-the-counter drugs are safe contribute to birth defects. to take during pregnancy. A. Prions A. True B. Antigens B. False C. Teratogens D. Neurogens 80. If a baby’s mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy, that baby can get addicted to the drug before 72. A factor influencing the effect that teratogens have birth and go through drug withdrawal after birth. This is on prenatal development is: called: A. Amount of exposure A. Neonatal abstinence syndrome B. Being male or female B. Delirium tremens C. Timing of exposure C. Spongiform encephalopathy D. All of the above D. Pseudobulbar effect 73. The effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 81. Why is it difficult to determine the effects of illicit include: drugs on prenatal development? A. Lower IQ scores A. Because women who use drugs may use more than one B. Small heads drug C. Poor impulse control B. Because women who use drugs may be exposed to other D. All of the above teratogens such as alcohol and tobacco smoke C. Because women who smoke may have other unhealthy 74. The primary way that smoking tobacco affects habits such as poor nutrition prenatal development is by: D. All of the above A. Producing cancer cells in the lungs of the fetus B. Reducing the amount of oxygen available to the fetus 81. Possible effects of exposure to illicit drugs during C. Exposing the fetus to high levels of radiation pregnancy include: D. Affecting the absorption of vitamins and other nutrients A. Premature birth available to the fetus B. Heart defects C. Brain defects 75. ___________ is a complication of pregnancy in D. All of the above which the fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus. 82. Possible effects of exposure to illicit drugs during A. Ectopic pregnancy pregnancy include: B.Preterm birth A. Premature birth C. Placenta previa B. Heart defects D. Placenta abruption C. Brain defects D. All of the above 76. ___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of 83. Which of the following chemicals appears to have the cervix. negative effects on prenatal development? A. Ectopic pregnancy A. Lead B. Preterm birth B. Mercury C. Placenta previa C. Bisphenol A D. Placenta abruption D. All of the above 77. ___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which 84. ______________ is a parasite found in cat feces, dirt, the placenta separates prematurely from the uterine and uncooked meats and can cause problems during wall. prenatal development. A. Ectopic pregnancy A. Schistosoma mansoni B. Preterm birth B. Toxoplasma gondii C. Placenta previa C. Balatidium coli D. Placenta abruption D. Cystoisospora belli 78. Possible effects of smoking during pregnancy 85. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your include: book as an illness that can cause problems during A. Problems with the health and functioning of the placenta prenatal development? B. Fetal growth restriction A. HIV C. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome B. Syphilis D. All of the above C. Influenza D. German measles 16  Developmental Psychology C. Alpha-fetoprotein test 86. Being an older parent is associated with more D. Chorionic villus sampling medical risks, but there are also possible positive consequences, such as increased stability and better 96. The ___________ is a test in which a needle is used income. to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells A. True from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested. B. False A. Amniocentesis B. Ultrasound 87. The increased risk of medical and genetic C. Alpha-fetoprotein test complications starts when women turn age: D. Chorionic villus sampling A. 15 B. 35 97. The ___________ is a test in which a small sample of C. 21 cells is taken from the placenta and tested. D. 60 A. Amniocentesis B. Ultrasound 88. Both mothers under age 15 and over age 35 are at C. Alpha-fetoprotein test increased risk of having premature babies. D. Chorionic villus sampling A. True B. False 98. Which procedure involves implanting both sperm and ova into the fallopian tube and allowing fertilization 89. Babies born to women with gestational diabetes will to occur naturally? be diabetic themselves. a) In vitro fertilization A. True b) Intrauterine insemination B. False *c) Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer d) Zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer 90. Women who develop diabetes during pregnancy will be permanently diabetic after giving birth. 99. __________ is characterized by a sharp rise in blood A. True pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine as a result B. False of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy. 91. Rh disease is: A. Eclampsia A. A sexually transmitted disease B. Preeclampsia B. Caused by developing diabetes during pregnancy C. Toxemia C. A form of anemia D. Both B and C, because they mean the same thing D. Caused by developing hypertension during pregnancy 100. The emphasis of the __________ method is on 92. All women should gain the same amount of weight teaching the woman to be in control in the process of during pregnancy, regardless of their pre-pregnancy delivery by encouraging things like muscle relaxation weight. and breathing through contractions. A. True A.Ferber B. False B. Fletcher C.Lamaze 93. During pregnancy, most women do not need to D. Braxton-Hicks double their caloric intake, but simply add a few hundred extra calories to their diet. 101. The first stage of labor involves: A. True A. Uterine contractions that increase in duration and B. False frequency B. Braxton-Hicks contractions 94. Which of the following emotional states is NOT C. Passage of the baby through the birth canal mentioned in your book as a cause of problems during D. Delivery of the placenta prenatal development? A. Depression 102. The second stage of labor involves: B. Stress A. Uterine contractions that increase in duration and C. Schizophrenia frequency D. Trick question! All of these are mentioned B. Braxton-Hicks contractions C. Passage of the baby through the birth canal 95. The ___________ is a test in which sound waves are D. Delivery of the placenta used to examine the fetus. A. Amniocentesis B. Ultrasound 17  Developmental Psychology 103. The third stage of labor involves: 111. In the Apgar assessment, the P stands for: A. Uterine contractions that increase in duration and A. Proprioception frequency B. Pulse B. Braxton-Hicks contractions C. Position C. Passage of the baby through the birth canal D. Pregnancy D. Delivery of the placenta 112. The Apgar assessment is used to assess 104. The longest stage of labor is typically the ________ functioning: stage. A. During labor and delivery A. First B. During prenatal development B. Second C. At one and five minutes after birth C. Third D. One day after birth D. Trick question! All three stages of labor usually last the same amount of time 113. In addition to the Apgar assessment, we can also assess newborn functioning using the: 105. _________ contractions are also called “false A. Differential Ability Scales labor”. B. Bayley Scales of Infant Development A. Ehlers-Danlos C. Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale B. Machado-Joseph D. Denver Developmental Screening Questionnaire C. Braxton-Hicks D. Aarskog-Scott 114. __________ is a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain that can result in brain damage or, in severe cases, 106. A(n) ____________ is an incision made in the tissue death. between the vaginal opening and anus to prevent A. Ataxia vaginal tearing. B. Apraxia A. Cesarean section C. Agnosia B. Episiotomy D. Anoxia C. Laparotomy D. Vaginoplasty 115. A baby is considered to be of “low birth weight” if they weigh less than _______ at birth. 107. A(n) ___________ is a regional analgesic that can A. 7 pounds be used during labor and alleviates most pain in the B. 5 pounds, 8 ounces lower body without slowing labor. C. 3 pounds, 5 ounces A. Auscultation D. 2 pounds B. Politzerization C. Nocebo 116. A baby is considered to be preterm if they are born D. Epidural block before _______ weeks gestational age. 108. A(n) _________ is surgery to deliver the baby by A. 9 being removed through the mother's abdomen. B. 24 A. Cesarean section C. 37 B. Episiotomy D. 40 C. Laparotomy D. Vaginoplasty 117. Infants who weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age are referred to as: 109. Cesarean sections and induced labor are A. Preterm sometimes used when complications, such as medical B. Low birth weight problems in the mother, arise. C. Small-for-date A. True D. All of the above, because all of these terms mean the B. False same thing 110. When we say that a birth is “induced”, we mean 118. A baby may be full term but still be considered that: small-for-date. A. The baby is born prematurely A. True B. The baby was conceived using some kind of fertility B. False treatment C. The baby was delivered before labor begins D. The baby needed resuscitation immediately after birth 18  Developmental Psychology B. Myelin sheath Chapter 03 ⏐ Infancy and Toddlerhood C. Synapse D. Dendrite 1. The average newborn in the United States weighs about _______ pounds. 10. The electrical signal traveling down the axon is A. 5.5 called the: B. 7.5 A. Afferent impulse C. 10 B. Efferent impulse D. 3.5 C. Action potential d) H-reflex 2. Newborns typically lose weight in the first few days after birth. 11. The process through which neural connections are A. True reduced, thereby making those that are used much B. False stronger, is called: A. Heterotopia 3. The average American baby will _________ their birth B. Synaptic pruning weight by the time they turn 1 year old. C. Watershed infarct A. Double D. Oligemia B. Triple C. Quadruple 12. Which of the following statements about synaptic D. Trick question! Babies don’t gain any weight between pruning is FALSE? birth and 1 year of age A. It is the result of some kind of illness or injury to the brain B. It helps the brain work more efficiently 4. As we progress from infancy into adulthood, our head C. It is affected by experience makes up ________ of our body length. D. It continues into childhood and adolescence A. The same amount B. More 13. Myelin is: C. Less A. A chemical that is released by the synapse B A build-up of fatty deposits in our cerebral arteries 5. We are born with most of the neurons we will ever C. A loss of pain sensation have. D. A coating of fatt