Diabetes PDF

Diabetes Dena Edwards Wadden, MN-NP March 13th, 2024 What is Diabetes Mellitis? Syndrome caused by a relative (Type II) or absolute (Type I) lack of insulin characterized by symptomatic glucose intolerance as well as alterations in lipid & protein metabolism Type I Primarily pancreatic beta-cell des...

Diabetes Dena Edwards Wadden, MN-NP March 13th, 2024 What is Diabetes Mellitis? Syndrome caused by a relative (Type II) or absolute (Type I) lack of insulin characterized by symptomatic glucose intolerance as well as alterations in lipid & protein metabolism Type I Primarily pancreatic beta-cell destruction = inability to produce insulin May be caused by autoimmune process, genetics (rare), viral infection or of unknown cause Make up 10% of diabetes population Typically diagnosed by early adulthood Type II Includes insulin resistance (IR) Decreased uptake & utilization IR eventually leads to progressive B-cell failure And/or a secretory defect B-cells continuously lose ability to respond to increased glucose More common than Type I Make up 90% of individuals with diabetes Age related – affects > 20% of people older than 70 90% of individuals with Type II diabetes are obese So What is Insulin? Insulin is a hormone produced by the Beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas Insulin uses glucose from food for energy Binds to insulin receptor and stimulates glucose uptake by cells Key to cells for glucose entry Liver & skeletal muscle store glucose in form of glycogen (stored form of glucose) Cells break down absorbed glucose to make ATP (immediate energy) What happens if glucose levels go too low? Alpha cell of pancreatic islets release glucagon. Glucagon à opposite effect of insulin Acts on liver, causes breakdown of store glycogen into glucose which is released into blood stream (Auto-immune) (Insulin dependent for life) 2018 Diabetes Canada CPG – Chapter 3. Definition, Diagnosis & Classification of Diabetes, Prediabetes, Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis of prediabetes Tests Result Prediabetes category Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) 6.1-6.9 IFG 2h PG in a 75g OGTT (mmol/L) 7.8-11.0 IGT A1C (%) 6.0-6.4 Prediabetes 2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose; AlC, glycated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test. 2018 Diabetes Canada CPG – Chapter 3. Definition, Diagnosis & Classification of Diabetes, Prediabetes, Metabolic Syndrome A1C Level and Future Risk of Diabetes: Systematic Review A1C Category (%) 5-year incidence of diabetes 5.0-5.5 4.4 None of the above What is the number 1 side effect for metformin? Diarrhea and stomach discomfort Headache Dizziness None of the above Throughout this term we not only discussed medications but also that there isn’t a “one size fits all approach”. Medications, along with all interventions we do as nurses need to be considered with respect to our patients’ specific situation and needs. If we don’t take these factors into consideration, these individuals can easily "fall between the cracks" resulting in worse overall outcomes. I really tried to emphasize the importance of the advocacy role of nurses through the lectures. For an additional bonus point on your final exam, I want you to send me a message on Moodle by April 12th at 11:59pm about something you did while you were in clinical to help advocate or break down barriers for a patient. This needs to be something that you went “above and beyond” for. I don't need particulars on the patient(s) and please maintain confidentiality, but provide a general summary (several sentences) of how you helped ease some stressors of a patient which ultimately will lead to better overall outcomes.