Diabetes Mellitus (Blood Glucose) Testing PDF

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY BCHM 309 FACULTY OF PHARMACY CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY INSTRUCTOR: EKPO, IDONGESIT DIABETES MELLITUS (BLOOD GLUCOSE) TESTING. TOPIC  DEFINITION  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a health condition or disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to th...

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY BCHM 309 FACULTY OF PHARMACY CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY INSTRUCTOR: EKPO, IDONGESIT DIABETES MELLITUS (BLOOD GLUCOSE) TESTING. TOPIC  DEFINITION  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a health condition or disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood.  It’s when your body can’t produce enough of a hormone called insulin, or the insulin it produces isn’t  More than 133 million Americans are living with diabetes and 1 in 5 of them don’t know they have it.  Diabetes is the EIGHTH LEADING CAUSE of death in the United States.  Diabetes is the NO. 1 cause of kidney failure, lower-limb amputations, and adult blindness.  CARBOHYDRATES  Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs.  GLYCOGEN  The body breaks down most carbohydrates from the foods we eat and converts them to a type of sugar called glucose. Glucose is the main source of fuel for our cells. When the body doesn't need to use the glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles. This stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules and is called glycogen. When the body needs a quick boost of energy or when the body isn't getting glucose from food, glycogen is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream to be used as fuel for the cells.  TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS  There are three (3) types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant).  TYPE 1: Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction stops your body from making insulin. Approximately 5- 10% of the people who have diabetes have type 1. Type 1 diabetes can be diagnosed at any age, and symptoms often develop quickly. If you have type 1 diabetes, you’ll need to take insulin every day to survive. Currently, no one knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes  SYMPTOMS OF TYPE 1 The 4Ts are the most common symptoms of type 1 diabetes but there are other signs to look out for too.  Toilet – going for a wee more often, especially at night.  Thirsty – being constantly thirsty and not being able to quench it.  Tired – being incredibly tired and having no energy.  Thinner – losing weight without trying to, or looking thinner than usual.  TYPE: 2  Type 2 diabetes is a condition that happens because of a problem in the way the body regulates and uses sugar as a fuel. In type 2 diabetes, there are primarily two problems. The pancreas does not produce enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into the cells. And cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.  Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, such as:  Losing weight.  Eating healthy food.  Being active.  SYMPTOMS OF TYPE 2  Increased thirst.  Frequent urination.  Increased hunger.  Unintended weight loss.  Fatigue.  Blurred vision.  Slow-healing sores.  Frequent infections.  Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.  Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck.  RISK FACTORS  Weight.  Fat distribution.  Inactivity.  Family history.  Race and ethnicity.  Blood lipid levels.  Age.  Prediabetes.  Pregnancy-related risks.  Polycystic ovary syndrome.  GESTATIONAL DIABETES  Gestationaldiabetes develops in pregnant women who have never had diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes, your baby could be at higher risk for health problems. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after your baby is born. However, it increases your risk for type 2 diabetes later in life. Your baby is more likely to have obesity as a child or teen and develop type 2 diabetes later in life. MATERIALS  BLOOD LANCET LANCET DEVICE HANDHELD AUTOMATIC GLUCOMETER GLUCOMETER TEST STRIPS  METHOD USING A DIGITAL GLUCOMETER  Wash your hands with soap and warm water or sterilize the surface of the finger to be sampled with alcohol swab.  Open the lancet cover to reveal the pin and insert it to the lancet device and cover accordingly.  Fix the test strip to the glucometer.  Focus the device to the finger to be pricked and click the button on the device.  Touch the end of the test strip to drop blood sample on the test strip.  Wait for the glucometer to analyse the blood sample.  The glucometer then display the result RESULT WRITE YOUR REPORT