dhn-212-exam-3-practice-questions-and-answers-for-exam-3.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|17278102 Dhn 212 exam 3 - practice questions and answers for exam 3 Introductory Nutrition (University of Kentucky) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote Exam review Monday, November 9, 2020 4:30 PM Chapter 9 • Describe the general characteristics of vitamins. • Essential nutrients • Needed in only small amounts • Non-caloric • Classified based on solubility ○ Fat soluble ○ Water-soluble • List the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. ○ Fat soluble ▪ Vitamin A • Beta-Caroline ▪ Vitamin D ▪ Vitamin E ▪ Vitamin K ○ Water soluble ▪ B vitamins • Thiamin • Riboflavin • Niacin • Vitamin B-6 • Pantothenic acid • Folate • Biotin • Vitamin B-12 ▪ Vitamin C • What are some of the reasons why vitamins are important to health? • Do pretty much everything • Regulate body processes • Growth and development • RBC formation • Immune function • Antioxidant defense • Amino acid metabolism • Blood clotting • Energy metabolism • Bone health https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 1/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • What is a free radical and how do antioxidants work (simplistically)? • Free radical- substance with unpaired electrons • Antioxidants protect cells by giving up electrons to FREE RADICALS • What nutrients act as antioxidants? • Vitamin e • Selenium • Beta creatine • Define vitamin bioavailability. • Amount of vitamin that is actually available for use by the body • What are factors that influence the bioavailability of vitamins? • GI transit time ○ Diarrhea, bariatric surgery • Health conditions affecting fat absorption ○ Gallbladder disease, pancreatitis • Food processing and preparation techniques • Source of the vitamin ○ Natural food source ○ Synthetic source • Contrast the effects of different food preparation techniques on vitamins – do you recommend boiling, steaming, microwaving, stir-frying vegetables? • Transit time ○ Sooner the better ○ Slowly loses nutrients • Cook things quicker, with less time and less water ○ Conserve vitamins ○ Steam bags? ○ Steam on stove • Blanching ○ Cook food then put cold water to stop cooking process • Best to steam • What are the general characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins? • Often occur together in foods • Require fat (and bile) for absorption • Concentrated and stored in tissues ○ Toxicity a concern • Deficiencies a concern: ○ Fat malabsorption ○ Very low fat diet ○ Abuse laxatives https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 2/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • For each fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E, and K), use your NOTES and be familiar with (1.) the main forms of the vitamin, but you don’t need to be able to spell them (2.) key functions of that vitamin (3.) at least three good food sources of that vitamin (4.) what happens with a deficiency of that vitamin and (5.) what happens with a toxicity of that vitamin. • Vitamin A ○ Forms ▪ Family of compounds called retinoids ▪ Pre-formed vitamin A • Beta-carotene (yellow/orange pigment) ○ Functions ▪ All cells in body need it to develop and function properly ▪ Key • Vision (retinoids activate seeing) • Reproduction • Cellular growth • Immune system ○ Food sources ▪ Animal and plant ▪ Animal • Eggs • Fish • From retinoids esters (form retinol) ▪ Plants • Pumpkin • Carrots • Peaches • From beta carotene (form retinal) ▪ Body uses retinoic acid ▪ Seen in Liver ○ Deficiency ▪ Night blindness ▪ Xerophthalmia “dry eye” ▪ Poor growth ▪ Frequent infections ○ Toxicity ▪ Carotenemia • Yellowing of skin ▪ Liver damage ▪ Signs • Headache • Nausea • Vomiting • Hair loss ○ Accutane = vitamin A derivative ▪ Toxicity concerns, especially in pregnancy https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 3/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote ○ Retinol esters also shouldn’t be used during pregnancy/breastfeeding • Vitamin D ○ Forms ▪ Vitamin D= CALCIFEROL • Ergocalciferol, D2 in PLANT FOODS • Cholecalciferol, D3 in ANIMAL FOODS ○ Cod liver oil ○ Salmon/fatty fish ▪ UV converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into D3 ▪ Need healthy liver and kidney to be properly produced ○ Functions ○ Bone health • Increases calcium and phosphorus absorption from GIT • Mineralized bone (makes strong) ○ Immune system ○ Reduce risk of chronic disease ○ Deficiency ○ Bone abnormalities • Rickets in children ○ Bowed legs or knock knees ○ Pigeon chest • Osteomalacia in adults ○ Softening of bones ○ Bending of spine ○ Bowed legs • People used to put babies in the sunlight to get vitamin D ○ Toxicity ○ Calcium deposits in soft tissue ○ Poor growth (not from the sun tho) • From supplements • Vitamin E ○ Forms ○ In 8 forms ○ ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL • Main form in blood and used by the body • Many foods and supplements ○ GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL • Found in many foods • Less biologically active/available • Some veggie oils ○ Function ○ Antioxidant https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 4/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Protects against chronic disease ○ In foods ○ We don’t take in much vitamin e ○ Deficiency is rare ○ Seeds for example ○ Deficiency ○ Not common • Nerve damage • Blindness • Impairs immune system ○ Toxicity ○ Not from foods ○ Supplements • interfere with vitamin K in blood clotting • Hemorrhage (uncontrolled bleeding) • Vitamin K ○ Forms ○ Phylloquinone: plant foods (most active form) ○ Menquinone: animal foods + bacteria in colon ○ Menadione: synthetic ○ Function ○ Production of blood-clotting factors ○ In foods ○ Darky leafy greens ○ Brussel sprouts ○ Broccoli ○ Asparagus ○ Deficiency ○ Excessive bleeding ○ Vitamin K shots in newborns • Normally low • To keep them from getting blood issues Chapter 10 • What are the general characteristics of water-soluble vitamins? • Body absorbs and excretes easily ○ Need to consume regularly to prevent deficiency • Tissues actively exchanging in and out vitamins • Foods do not deliver toxic doses, but supplements may be toxic • Enrichment ○ Addition of iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid to refined grains • All B-vitamins serve what common role? https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 5/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Serve as coenzymes in ENERGY metabolism • Examples ○ Niacin: part of NAD and NADP ○ Pantothenic acid: part of Coenzyme A ○ Vitamin B-6: part of PLP • Which vitamin(s) is deficient in the following conditions – scurvy, beriberi, pellagra, neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, nerve damage leading to paralysis? • Scurvy ○ Vitamin C deficiency ○ Poor wound healing ○ Pinpoint hemorrhages ○ Bleeding gums ○ Bruises ○ Depression • Beriberi ○ Thiamin deficiency ○ Weak ○ Poor muscular coordination • Pellagra ○ Niacin deficiency ○ 4D's ○ Dermatitis ○ Diarrhea ○ Dementia ○ Death • Neural tube defects ○ Folate deficiency • Megaloblastic anemia ○ Folate deficiency ○ B-12 deficiency • Pernicious anemia ○ B-12 deficiency • Nerve damage leading to paralysis ○ B-12 • What are the classic signs of ariboflavinosis? • Glossitis • Cheilosis • Skin rash • Confusion and headaches • Why would someone be taking high doses of niacin and what are potential toxicity concerns? • Megadoses used to treat high cholesterol https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 6/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • NOT from foods • Flushing of skin • GI upset • What are two key functions of folate? • Part of the coenzyme THFA • DNA synthesis • Homocysteine metabolism (sometimes B-12) • Describe why more healthcare facilities are testing for blood homocysteine levels. • Quickly and accurately checks for B-12 or folate deficiency • List at least three food sources of folate. • Papaya • beef liver • Broccoli • Asparagus • grains • How much folate should women of childbearing potential consume? • 400 mug/day of folate • When does the neural tube close during pregnancy? • What are two concerns with excessive intake of folate? • May stimulate cancer cell growth • "masks" vitamin B-12 deficiency • How is vitamin B12 important? • Part of coenzymes needed for variety of cellular processes • Folate metabolism • Homocysteine metabolism • Maintenance of myelin sheaths (nerve cells) • Vitamin B12 is only found in ___ foods. • Only occurs naturally in ANIMAL foods ○ Beef liver ○ Sardines ○ Chicken liver ○ Special K ○ Salmon ○ Wheaties ○ Soy milk https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 7/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • What substance is required for B12 digestion and absorption? Where is it secreted? What happens to levels as you age? • Requires INTRINSIC FACTORS ○ Made/secreted in stomach the absorbed in the SI ○ As older, release is slower ○ With gastric bypass, not much is absorbed • As you age, levels drop • List three populations at an increased risk for a B12 deficiency and explain WHY each is at increased risk. • At risk ○ Vegans- don’t eat animal products ○ Elderly- problems with stomach acid and enzymes ○ Gastritis- inflammation in stomach • Megaloblastic anemia • Pernicious "deadly" anemia • Nerve damage resulting in paralysis/death • How long does it generally take for paralysis to develop as a result of a B12 deficiency? • 5-10 years • Identify key functions of vitamin C to health. • Functions ○ Connective tissue synthesis ○ Antioxidant ○ Immune system ○ Synthesis of neurotransmitters ○ Enhances iron absorption in GIT • List at least three food sources of vitamin C. • Papaya • Red peppers • Orange juice • Green pepper • Broccoli • Strawberries • What are two classic signs of scurvy? • Poor wound healing • Pinpoint hemorrhages • Bleeding gums • Bruises • Depression • What is the UL for vitamin C? https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 8/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • UL= 2,000 mg/day • Would you recommend vitamin C for someone to fight the common cold? Why or why not? And, if yes, how much would you recommend? • There is not much of an effect • MAY shorten cold by 1 day • MAY decrease symptom severity by 25% • Take 1,000 mg/day • Significant placebo effect • List the six classes of dietary supplements. • Vitamin • Mineral • Herb • Botanical • Amino acid • Metabolite • How are supplements regulated (or not)? • Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 ○ Require labeling and honesty on product ○ NO government approval of products before entering market ○ FDA DOES NOT test or evaluate for safety • When is the best time to take a multivitamin/multimineral? • Take with food • Full stomach retains pill and dissolves it with its churning action • What food/beverage would you recommend be consumed at the same time as an iron supplement to maximize absorption? • Choose foods that will assist in absorption • Vitamin C! OJ, citrus fruits Chapter 11 • What are the general characteristics of minerals? • Inorganic nutrients • Needed in small amounts • Classify as major, trace, or essential • What is the definition of a major mineral? • Major: needed in larger amounts (> 100mg/day) • Which mineral is found in the highest concentration on the human body? • calcium https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6-… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 9/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Describe the most important functions of calcium. • Bone and teeth • Muscle contraction • Blood clot formation • Nerve transmission • And more • List at least three good food sources of calcium. • Yes dairy products (best source) • Leafy greens • canned fish products • Almonds too • What are three factors that influence calcium absorption and bioavailability? • Enhance absorption ○ Vitamin D (calcitrol) ○ Stomach acid ○ Lactose (infants) • Decrease absorption ○ Vitamin D deficiency ○ Reduced stomach acid secretion ○ Phytic and oxalic acid intake ○ High fiber intake ○ High phosphorus intake ○ Chronic diarrhea ○ Fat malabsorption • What happens if calcium intake is insufficient? • Takes it from the bone marrow • Describe how the body responds when blood calcium levels are low and then when blood calcium levels are high. • Blood level rises, calcitonin is secreted (osteoblast) • Blood levels drop, parathyroid hormone is secreted (osteoclast) • When is peak bone mass achieved for most people? • Peak bone mass around 20-22 • After 26-30, plateau, then decrease (deep slope due to menopause)female • After 26-30 plateau, then more of a gradual decrease- male • List four key modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis. • Non-modifiable ○ Female ○ Growing older https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 10/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote ○ White or Asian ancestry ○ Family history ○ Small, thin-boned body frame • Modifiable ○ Having anorexia nervosa ○ Low estrogen or testosterone levels ○ Diets that contain inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D ○ Medications such as steroids or anti-seizure drugs ○ Being physically inactive ○ Smoking cigs ○ Consuming excessive alcohol • What recommendations do you have for a person at risk for osteoporosis? • Exercise regularly • Make sure you are getting enough calcium and vitamin D • Refrain from smoking and drinking • The typical adult male/female is approximately ___% water. Do males or females tend to have a higher percentage body water – why is that the case? • 60% water • Males have higher because males have more muscle and muscle contains more water • List key functions of water in human health. • Solvent • Major component of blood, saliva, and other body liquids • Helps transport substances • Regulates body temp • Help with digestion • Participates in chemical reactions • Helps maintain proper blood pH • How is water balance regulated? • Input ○ Metabolic water (200) ○ Food (700) ○ Drink (1600) ○ About 2,500 mL (10.5 cups) • Output ○ Expired air (300) ○ Perspiration (400) ○ Sweat (100) ○ Urine output (1500) ○ Feces (200) ○ About 2,500 mL (10.5 cups) https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 11/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Describe the actions of ADH and renin/angiotensin/aldosterone. • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ○ From pituitary glands in response to dehydration ○ Stimulates kidneys to CONSERVE water • Renin/angiotensin/aldosterone ○ From adrenal gland, in response to low blood volume and blood pressure ○ Constrict blood vessels ○ Stimulates kidneys to CONSERVE water and sodium • What are signs of water toxicity? • Headache, muscle weakness confusion • Define hyponatremia. • Long endurance events • Low blood sodium (only taking in water) • List at least three common signs of dehydration. • Rapid weight loss • Dry or sticky mouth • Low or no urine output • Dark urine • No tears • Sunken eyes • Vomiting/diarrhea • Thirst is a LATE indicator • Identify factors that influence a person’s water needs. How much water should be consumed daily? • Adequate intake ○ Young women = 11 cups/day ○ Young men = 15.5 cups/day • Outdoor temps • Health conditions • Physical activity • Medications • Nutrient intake (sodium, fiber, etc.) • Caffeine and alcohol intake Chapter 13 • How have overweight and obesity rates changed in the US between 1988 and 2020? • Rates have increased over the years https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 12/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Many states in the US are supposed to go from 30% to 40% to 50% to 60% by 2030 • List • • • • specific health problems associated with obesity Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gout Arthritis Cancers • Be able to calculate a person’s BMI and identify if that person is underweight, normal, overweight, or obese class I, II, III. • BMI= weight (kg)/height (m^2) • 1kg=2.2 lbs • 1in=.0254 meters • • • • • • <18.5 = underweight 18.5-24.9 = normal (healthy) 25.0-29.9 = overweight 30.0-34.9 = obese class 1 35.0-39.9 = obese class 2 >40.0 = obese class 3 • What are major limitations of using only BMI to evaluate a person’s health? • Does NOT account for body composition • Contrast subcutaneous and visceral fat. • Subcutaneous (under the skin) • Visceral (within the organ) • Which is more dangerous from a health standpoint? • visceral • List two ways that body fat can be measured. • Underwater weighing ○ Lean tissue is denser than water ○ Fat tissue is not as dense ○ Weight will be different fat vs. Lean • Air displacement ○ Measure volume of chamber before and after person is in it • DXA ○ Use x-rays to scan bodies and piece them together • Bioelectric impedance (BIA) ○ Very inaccurate if not done properly ○ Quick estimate with premise that water and electrolytes carry current ○ Send electricity through body to measure water and electrolytes https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 13/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote ○ Dependent on hydration status • Skinfold thickness test ○ Pinch fat and measure ○ If done right, can be very accurate • What are healthy body fat percentages for males and females? • Classification Men body fat % Women body fat % healthy 13-21% 23-31% overweight 22-25% 32-37% obese 26-31% 38-42% Extremely obese 32% or more 43% or more • What can waist circumference tell you about a person’s health? • Assesses android obesity (extra fat sorted in abdominal area) • Are males more likely to have an “apple” or “pear shape?” Females? • Central obesity ○ Increase risk of disease ○ Weight in middle ○ Apple shape ○ men • Lower obesity ○ Pear shape ○ Weight carried lower in butt or below waist ○ women • Remember that if energy in is equal to energy out, a person should maintain their current body weight. What are the four components of energy output? • Energy output (expenditure) • Kcals cells use to carry out their activities ○ Basal metabolism ○ Physical act ○ Thermic effect of food (heat) ○ Non-exercise activity thermogenesis • What does BMR tell you? List factors that increase and decrease BMR. • Basal metabolic rate ○ Minimum kcals body uses for vital activities when at complete rest ○ Increase BMR Decrease BMR https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 14/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote growth Very low calorie diets exercise Insufficient thyroid hormone stress aging Stimulant drugs Less body surface area (caffeine and amphetamines) (short) • • Calculate a person’s BMR given their gender and body weight. • Men: 1.0 kcal/kg of bodyweight/ hour • Women: .9 kcal/kg of bodyweight/hour • Example ○ 150 lb (68 kg) female ○ 68 x .9 = 61 kcal an hour ○ 61 x 24 hours in a day = 1472 kcal/day • Mifflin-St. Joer equation ○ Men ○ (10 x weight) + (6.25 x height) - (5 x age) + 5 ○ Women ○ (10 x weight) + (6.25 x height) - (5 x age) - 161 • What factors influence how much energy a person burns during physical activity? • Type of activity • Duration • Intensity • Weight of a person • What is the thermic effect of food and how significantly does it contribute to a person’s energy output? • Small amount of energy required to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients • 5-10% of total energy output • What is NEAT? • NEAT: non-exercise activity thermogenesis • Involuntary skeletal muscle activity ○ Fidgeting ○ Shivering ○ Body posture • What are at least five specific factors that influence a person’s body weight? • Internal ○ Genes ○ hormones https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 15/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Individual ○ Food ○ Psych ○ Exercise ○ stress • Community ○ Supports ○ Buildings ○ Beliefs • Local ○ Food economy ○ Health systems ○ Socioeconomics ○ Education system ○ Social services • Global ○ Chemical waste ○ Multinational corporations ○ Global food economy • Describe the set-point theory. • Set point theory ○ Body's fat content and body weight is genetically pre-determined • A person who is obese is more likely to have more or less active “thrifty genes?” • "thrifty gene"- more efficient at storing excess energy as fat • Contrast hunger and appetite. • Hunger- physiological need to eat • Appetite- desire to eat appealing food • Briefly describe how ghrelin and leptin influence food intake. • Ghrelin increases when food intake increases • Leptin increases when food intake decreases • Stomach secretes ghrelin to brain when hungry • Adipose tissue secretes leptin for satiety • What dietary and behavioral recommendations do you have for a person voluntarily trying to lose weight? • Dietary ○ Portion control ○ Calorie control ○ Emphasizes fruits and veggies ○ Self-monitoring ○ Intermittent fasting? https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 16/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Behavioral ○ Physical activity ○ Stress management ○ Sleep • How do weight-loss medications work? • Decrease appetite • Increase feelings of fullness • What is the basic premise behind bariatric surgery? • Surgical procedures that drastically reduce the size of an obese person's stomach • Does NOT cure obesity • Why can it be so effective in rapid weight loss? • Shrinks stomach size causing those to eat less to feel full • What are potential benefits of bariatric surgery? • Weight loss • Some can be reversed • Drawbacks with bariatric surgery? • Major surgery • Intestinal blockage and/or bleeding • Blood clots • Wound infections • Dumping syndrome • Nutrient deficiencies • Psychological concerns • Be familiar with all of the case study questions and answers. Chapter 14 • Contrast disordered eating and an eating disorder. • Disordered eating- chaotic and abnormal food-related practices ○ Skipping meals ○ Limiting food choices ○ Following fad diets ○ Eating excessive amounts of food at one time ○ Temporary, often caused by stress • Eating disorder- psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications • What are the three major types of eating disorders? • Anorexia nervosa (AN) • Bulimia nervosa (BN) https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 17/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Binge eating disorder (BED) • List • • • • • • • • • the risk factors for eating disorders. Female Adolescent History of frequent dieting First-degree relative with ED "ideal" body shape important Poor self-image and low self-esteem Perfectionist Dysfunctional family Occupation or sport that emphasizes lean body • Describe the general characteristics of anorexia nervosa (AN). • Severe psychological disturbance • Self-imposed starvations • What are three signs or symptoms of AN? • Distorted body image and low self esteem • Extremely structured eating • Extreme thinness • Mild anemia • Brittle hair and nails • Tired all the time • Slow breathing and resting pulse rate • Constipation • Describe the general characteristics of bulimia nervosa (BN). • Severe psychological disturbance • Repeated episodes of binge eating followed by unhealthy behaviors to prevent weight gain ○ Laxatives ○ Purging • What are three signs or symptoms of BN? • Chronic sore throat • Swollen salivary glands • Worn teeth enamel • Frequent heartburn • Intestinal distress and irritation • Severe dehydration • Electrolyte imbalance • Weight can be sightly underweight, normal weight, or overweight • Describe the general characteristics of binge eating disorder (BED). • Recurrent episodes of binge eating, NOT followed by purging behaviors https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 18/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote • Individual often normal weight or overweight • What are three signs a person may have BED? • Eating large amounts of food in a short period • Eating until too full • Guilt after eating • Describe diabulimia, orthorexia, night-eating syndrome, and muscle dysmorphia. • Diabulimia ○ Person with diabetes (usually type 1), restricts insulin to lose weight ○ glucose isn’t being used and absorbed • Orthorexia ○ Healthy eating becomes an obsession ○ Gets too extreme ○ Food has taken over mind ○ Professions with the greatest risk ○ Dieticians • Night eating syndrome ○ Binges take place after the evening meal and when a person awakes from sleep during the night ○ 50% kcal during binge • Muscle dysmorphia ○ Unhealthy preoccupation with the body being too small or not muscular enough ○ Exercise obsessed ○ More often in males • What are the three components to the female athlete triad? • Low energy availability • Menstrual disturbances • Reduced bone mineral density • Describe treatment options for eating disorders. • Multidisciplinary effort ○ Counselors, dieticians, physicians, nurses • Outpatient or inpatient treatment options • Innovative therapies ○ Cognitive behavioral therapy ○ ACT therapy- acceptance and commitment • Alternative therapy ○ Acupuncture ○ Phototherapy ○ Relaxation therapy ○ Biofeedback https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 19/20 lOMoARcPSD|17278102 12/7/22, 8:46 PM OneNote ○ Meditation ○ Equine therapy • Where would you refer a UK student who may have an eating disorder? • Uk provides counseling https://luky-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jabu254_uky_edu/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={0275a418-853a-4e1f-9928-e332f5ec798c}&action=edit&wd=target%28New Section 3.one%7Cbb6faca6… Downloaded by Cheyenne Stafford ([email protected]) 20/20

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