Heredity, Prenatal, Childbirth PDF

Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (...

Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (2018) Definition of Terms o Epigenesis – environment can influence when o Fertilization – also known as conception, is the and which genes turn on and off process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) § Refers to chemical molecules attached to a combine to create a single cell called zygote, gene that alter the way a cell “reads” the which then duplicates itself again and again by gene’s DNA cell division. § Cells are susceptible to epigenetic o Ovulation – rupture of mature follicle in either modification during critical periods such as ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs puberty and pregnancy every month until menopause Chromosomal Abnormalities o Dizygotic Twins – also known as Fraternal Name Description Treatment Twins Extra copy of Down Surgery, § Two separate eggs being fertilized by two chromosome Syndrome SPED different sperms 21 § Can be same or different sex Extra X Klinefelter Hormone § May have genetic basis Chromosome Syndrome Therapy o Monozygotic Twins – resulted from the cleaving (XXY) Abnormality in SPED, of one fertilized egg and are generally Fragile X X chromosome Speech genetically identical Syndrome causes ID Therapy o Heredity – genetic transmission of heritable Missing X characteristics from parents to offspring Turner Hormone chromosome o Deoxyribonucleic Acid – long, spiraling ladder Syndrome Therapy for females whose steps are made of pairs of chemical Extra Y No units called bases XXY Syndrome chromosome treatment § Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Gene-Linked Abnormalities o Chromosomes – coils of DNA of smaller Cystic Fibrosis Overproductio Physical segments called genes n of mucus in Therapy o Mitosis – cell division of non-sex cells the lungs and o Meiosis – cell division of sex cells digestive tract o Mutation – mistake in copying genetic code Diabetes Does not Insulin which creates permanent alteration in genetic produce material enough insulin o Autosomes – not affiliated to sexual expression Hemophilia Delayed blood Blood clotting transfusions o Sex Chromosomes – 23rd pair which indicates Huntington’s CNS the baby’s sex (XX, female: XY, male) deteriorates o Alleles – produce alternative expressions of producing characteristics problem in o Homozygous – if two alleles are the same muscles and o Heterozygous – if two alleles are different mental decline o Dominant – allele that is always expressed or Phenylketonuri Build up of Special Diet shows up as a trait in that person a Phenylalanine o Recessive – usually doesn’t show unless paired in the body with another recessive trait Sickle-Cell Limits body Penicillin, o Polygenetic Inheritance – interaction of several Anemia oxygen supply Antibiotics, genes Pain o Phenotype – observable characteristics Reliever o Genotype – underlying genetic makeup  Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (2018) Spina Bifida Incompletely Surgery o Nonshared Environmental Effects – result from closed spinal the unique environment in which each child in a canal family grows up Tay-Sachs Accumulation Medication, o Infertility – inability to conceive a child Disease of lipids in the Special Diet o In Vitro Fertilization – eggs and sperm are NS combined in a laboratory dish Anencephaly Absence of No brain tissue treatment Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Polycystic Enlarged Kidney 1. Ultrasound Sonography – high frequency sound Kidney Disease Kidneys Transplant waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s Alpha Cirrhosis of the No abdomen antitrypsin liver in early treatment § No risk to the woman or fetus Deficiency infancy § Detect abnormalities, no. of fetuses, and sex Alpha Severe Frequent Thalassemia Anemia; nearly Blood 2. Fetal MRI – uses powerful magnet and radio all die soon Transfusion images to generate detailed images of the after birth body’s organs and structures Beta Severe Blood 3. Chorionic Villus Sampling – small sample of Thalassemia Anemia; fatal in Transfusion placenta is removed (Cooley’s adolescence or s § Small risk of limb deformity Anemia) Young 4. Amniocentesis – sample of amniotic fluid is adulthood withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and Duchenne Males with No metabolic disorders Muscular muscle treatment 5. Maternal Blood Screening – identifies Dystrophy weakness, pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth minor mental defects retardation Prenatal Development o Carriers – carry one bad copy of recessive gene o Gestation – period between conception and and one good one birth o Genotype-Environment Interaction – effects of § Between 37 and 41 weeks similar environment conditions on genetically § Gestational Age: dated from the first day of different individuals an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle o Genotype-Environment Correlation – Stages of Prenatal Development environment often reinforces genetic o Cephalocaudal Principle – development differences proceeds from head to the lower extremities a. Passive Correlations: parents tend to o Proximodistal – development proceeds from provide environment that encourages the the center to outer parts of the body development of that trait Early Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy b. Reactive or Evocative: children with differing Tender, Swollen breasts or nipples genetic makeups evoke different reactions Fatigue Slight bleeding or cramping from others, other people react to the Food Cravings children’s genetic makeup Nausea with or without vomiting c. Active: actively selects or create Frequent Urination experiences consistent with their genetic Frequent, Mild Headaches tendencies Constipation § Niche-Picking – tendency to seek out Mood Swings environments compatible with one’s Faintness and Dizziness genotype  Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (2018) Raised Basal Body Temperature o Grows rapidly to about 20x its previous length Germinal Stage o Finishing touches o From fertilization to about 2 weeks of o Breathe, kick, turn, etc. gestational age o Facial expressions of pain at 36 weeks o Zygote enters into cell division (mitosis) while o Responds to mother’s voice making its way to the fallopian tube o Fetuses know when they approach the near end o Differentiation – specialization of the cells to of the pregnancy perform various tasks o Grasping reflex o Blastocyst – fluid-filled sphere which floats o 6 months or more fetuses can survive outside freely in the uterus until 6th day after the womb fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine o 24-37 months babies need help in breathing wall Environmental Influences o Trophoblast – outer layer of cells that later o Teratogen – environmental agent that can provides nutrition and support for the embryo interfere with normal prenatal development o Ectoderm – outer layer (becomes outer layers o Teratology – field of study that investigates the of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and causes of birth defects the nervous system) Nutrition Maternal Weight o Endoderm – inner layer (becomes digestive o Women of normal weight are less likely to have system) birth complications o Mesoderm – middle layer (becomes inner o Overweight women have risk of having longer layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory deliveries, need more health care services, and circulatory systems) gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, birth o Amniotic Sacs – encloses the developing defects etc. embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and o Omega-E, DHA, Folic Acid for the development grow of nervous system o Placenta – allows oxygen, nourishment, and Malnutrition wastes to pass between mother and embryo o Results to fetal growth restriction and low birth o Umbilical Cord – connects the embryo to the weight placenta Physical Activity and Work Embryonic Period o Moderate exercise is recommended to reduce o From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 monts) back pain, risks for gestational diabetes and o Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and etc. nervous system) develop known as Drug Intake Organogenesis o Thalidomide – caused stunted limbs, facial o Critical Period – most vulnerable to destructive deformities, and defective organs influences o Another set of drugs that are harmful for o Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) – pregnant women: Antibiotics, certain expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is Barbiturates, Opiates, Acutane unable to survive outside the womb o Opioids are associated with small babies, fetal o Stillbirth – miscarriage occurred after 20 death, preterm labor, and aspiration of weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months) meconium o Males are more likely to be spontaneously o Babies born with drug-addicted mothers tend aborted or to be stillborn to experience withdrawal once they are born Fetal Period and no longer receive drugs o From 8 weeks to Birth o Neonate Abstinence Syndrome – sleep o Appearance of the first bone cells disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the o Final stage of gestation body, irritability, crying and etc.  Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (2018) o Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – characterized by a o Older fathers may be significant source of birth combination of retarded growth, face and body defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm malformations, and disorders of the central such as dwarfism, schizophrenia, bipolar nervous system disorder, ASD o Maternal smoking was identified to be the most Prenatal Care important factor for low-birth weight babies o Prenatal cell-free DNA Scans – fetal DNA is o Tobacco also increases the risks of extracted from the mother’s blood and tested miscarriage, growth retardation, stillbirth, for early detection of genetic problems SIDS, etc. Birth Process o Caffeine has slightly increased risk for o Labor – process of giving birth miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight o Parturition – series of uterine, cervical, and babies other changes which begins 2 weeks before the o Rubella almost certain to cause deafness and delivery heart defects to babies o Braxton-Hicks Contractions – false o Toxoplasmosis – caused by parasite in the contractions bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the o Real labor contractions are more frequent, intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain rhythmic, and painful, and they increase in damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, frequency and intensity miscarriage, etc. Stages of Birth o Diabetic mothers are most likely to have babies First Stage (Dilation of the Cervix) that have heart and neural tube defects Longest stage Maternal Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Contractions are 15 to 20 mins apart o Stress and anxiety has been associated with Cervix opened about 10cm more irritable and active temperament in For first born, it can last for 6-12 hrs, then shorter newborns for the next children o Chronic stress can result in preterm delivery Second Stage (Descent and Emergence of the o Depression may cause premature birth or Baby) developmental delays Baby’s head starts to move through the cervix Maternal Age Baby is coming out Approx. 45 mins to hr o Chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with Third Stage (Expulsion of the Placenta) maternal age Afterbirth o Adolescent Mothers tend to have premature or Placenta, Umbilical cord, and other membranes underweight babies detached and expelled Outside environmental Hazards Shortest stage o Includes air pollution, radiation, chemicals o Fetal exposure to low level of environmental o Midwifery – profession that provides health toxins may result to asthma, allergies, lupus care to women during pregnancy, birth, and o X-Rays could triple the risk of having full-term, even postpartum period low-birth weight babies o Doula – caregiver who provides continuous Paternal Factors physical, emotional, and educational support o Exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, for the mother before, during, and after pesticides, etc may result in abnormal or poor childbirth quality sperm Methods of Childbirth o Babies who fathers had diagnostic x-rays o Electronic Fetal Monitoring – used to track the within the year prior to conception or had a high fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and lead exposure at work tends to have low birth weight and slowed fetal growth  Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (2018) to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to § Complications: bleeding, infection, the stress of uterine contractions damage to pelvic organs, post-operative § can provide valuable information in high- pains, riskier future pregnancies risk deliveries § extremely high false-positive rate o Three kinds of drugs are used for labor: a. Analgesia – pain reliever such as tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics b. Anesthesia – used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness § Epidural Block – regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body § Pudendal Block – vaginal anesthesia c. Oxytocin – hormone that promotes contraction (Pitocin) o Natural Childbirth – method that aims to reduce the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during Assessing the Newborn delivery o APGAR Scale – widely used to assess the o Bradley Method – husbands as coaches, health of newborns at 1-5 mins after birth relation for easier birth and prenatal nutrition and exercise o Prepared Childbirth or Lamaze method – special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor o Vaginal Delivery – usual childbirth o Benefits: surge of hormones that clear the lungs and excess fluid, mobilize stored fuel to nourish cells, and send blood to the heart and brain o Cesarean Delivery – baby is removed from the § 7-10, condition is good mother’s uterus through an incision made in § 5, developmental difficulties her abdomen § 3 or below, emergency and the baby might § Performed if the baby is lying crosswise, not survive if the baby’s head is too large, § 9-10 score, risk of developing ADHD in complications, or if the mother is childhood bleeding internally o Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment § Not recommended prior to 39 weeks of Scale – performed within 24-36 hrs after birth gestation unless there is an indication of to assess neurological development, reflexes, fetal lung maturity and reactions § Breech Position – baby’s buttocks are o Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network the first part to emerge from the vagina Neurobehavioral Scale – assessment of the which can cause respiratory problems  Developmental Psychology Heredity, Pre-natal, Childbirth Source: Papalia (2021), Santrock (2018) newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and response, and regulatory capacities breathing o Newborn Screening for Medical Conditions - o One condition commonly faced by preterm check for rare genetic, hormone-related, and babies is Respiratory Distress Syndrome metabolic conditions that can cause serious wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung- health problems coating substance) that keeps air sacs from o Boys tend to be slightly longer and heavier than collapsing girls o Postmature Babies – tend to be long and this o First born weigh less that laterborns because they have kept growing in the womb o Fontanels – where the bones of the skull don’t but have had an insufficient blood supply meet toward the end of gestation o Lanugo – fuzzy prenatal hair o Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – crib death; o Vernix Caseosa – oily protection against sudden death of an infant under age 1 which infection that dries within the first few days cause of death remains unexplained o Anoxia – lack of oxygen Postpartum Period o Hypoxia – reduced oxygen supply o Period after childbirth o Anoxia or Hypoxia may occur during delivery as o Lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother’s a result of repeated compression of the body has completed the adjustment and placenta and umbilical cord that could leave returned to nearly prepregnant state permanent brain damage, mental retardation, Physical Adjustment behavior problems or even death o Loss of sleep that the primary caregiver o Meconium – stringy, greenish-black waste experiences during this period matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract o Sudden and dramatic hormone production o Neonatal Jaundice – skin and eyeballs look o Estrogen and progesterone levels drop steeply yellow caused by immaturity of the liver and remain low until the ovaries start Pre-term and Low Birth Weight Infants producing again o Low Birth Weight Infants – weigh less than 5 Emotional and Psychological Adjustment pounds and 8 ounces at birth o Emotional fluctuations are common § Very Low birth Weight – less than 3 pounds o Postpartum Blues – 2-3 days after birth they 4 ounces feel depressed, anxious, and upset § Extremely Low Birth – less than 2 pounds o Postpartum Depression – involves a major o Pre-term Infants – born three weeks or more depressive episode that typically occurs about before pregnancy reach full term (before the four weeks after delivery or at least a two- completion of 37 weeks of gestation) week period of having trouble coping with their o Small for Date Infants (Small for Gestational daily task Age Infants) – those whose birth weight is o Postpartum Depression could affect how the below normal when the length of pregnancy is mother interacts with her infant considered o Fathers may also experience depression or o Progestin – might help in reducing preterm they may feel replaced by the baby birth Bonding o Extremely Preterm – born less than 28 weeks o Formation of connection, especially a physical gestation bond between parents and the newborn in the o Very Preterm – less than 33 weeks period shortly after birth o Kangaroo Care – involves skin-to-skin contact o Newborn MUST have close contact with the in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held mother in the first few days of like to develop upright against the parent’s bare chest to help optimally is NOT true End - amsl