Developmental Psychology PDF

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY How can we use it in practice not only in theory SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOARD EXAM DOESNT FOLLOW...

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY How can we use it in practice not only in theory SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOARD EXAM DOESNT FOLLOW DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY THESE INTO T 1. To have an enriched understanding of children’s 1. Which age range in years does behaviour and its relation with child psychology mostly likely adult behaviour. cover (0-12 years of age) It can give us an idea on how to Dev psych is divided into 2: interpret behaviours of people at a certain point in their lives by either Child psychology and adolescent looking back or looking forward. It psychology. Geriatric psychology or gives us that kind of flexibility to those from old age are not usually the have an enriched understanding of focus. children’s behaviour and its relation with adult behaviour. “I’m healing my inner child” we use that as an excuse for our impulses, in our spending, in our splurging. However, there’s truth to that statement, that some of our behaviours may be traced to our Indefinite, who’s to say who’s the child inner child and childhood and adolescent, reductive pag ang basis experiences. However, it can also be mo lang ay physiological changes. misinterpretation. Ginagawa siyang PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  blanket statement. Hindi Lahat ng adolescent. To detect these symptoms mga pagkakamali or impulses mo ay and prevent them, developmental psych dahil sa inner child mo. Baka ikaw is very helpful. lang talaga yan. Not only in disorders but lahat ng So having this kind of flexibility considered atypical or deviant. allows us to determine what actually is influenced by childhood vs what is really just the self. 2. To increase knowledge process of development and the conditions conducive to physical and psychological well- being. 4. To know the principles and stages of growth and the Dito na papasok si mental health. It’s a developmental tasks to expect common misconception that from each stage. psychology is all about mental health, mental health is just an aspect of Here is how we talk about lifespan psychology, that’s not all. perspective. How does a person change throughout life or how does In developmental psych it’s important to a person change while they are define well-being or how do we define a aging, how does one grow? So, in healthy person. Do we have a definition terms of stages, we are now on what a psychologically healthy contextualizing a person based on person is, and how does that compare their age and the specific stage to other kind of lifestyles? they are in. So, what does ideal So that is the second purpose, if you childhood look like? What does understand dev psych you can contrast ideal adolescent look like and compare, are they psychologically Ideal is very subjective it depends and physically healthy? How is their on who are you referencing. Even well-being? milestones, not everyone agrees 3. To facilitate early detection of that these are the set milestones problems in developmental and that we should have. help in the prevention of deviant 5. To utilize research and or atypical behaviour. information on child study in This is more significant in the clinical caring for children in our society setting, so in ab psych, a lot of our and address current issues on onsets of symptoms and behaviours the welfare of children. may occur as early in childhood or PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA This is the most practical significance of according to that plan, and you should dev psych wherein we are not only not interfere with that plan, instead you developmental psychologists, but we should protect children from the also participate in a society that society. needs to help in the development of Ex: some parents doesn’t believe in children and teens and adults. How do structured education. children will we use developmental psychology in lead their education, since the idea policy making to improve health, to of romantic naturalism is “alam na improve well-being? ng bata kung anong gagawinniya to Ex: CICL (children in conflict with grow and to develop.” the law) That becomes problematic Weight and nutrition of Filipino because a person does not know, children what they don’t know. A child does not know how to live in a society if it NATURE VS NURTURE does not know that society. His idea of romantic naturalism is very extreme, very hands-off so development proceeds according to an inner biological timetable. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU A dramatic and an extremist, “society ruins children” children grow up to be cooker cutters, they grow up to the versions of themselves that are disingenuous because they live in a JOHN LOCKE society. “Hayaan niyo lang mga bata”, Argued the idea of Rousseau. You Don’t interfere in their development don’t just leave children alone; you because a child already has it in them, have to help them grow and help in their DNA to follow a certain them develop. You have to interfere developmental path, you don’t need to with their development, because interfere. that’s what development is, it’s the environment interfering with nature He romanticized development. involving nurture, in order for us to He believed in the idea of ROMANTIC grow in a way that is healthy and NATURALISM- children have it in them makes sense for our societies. an internal plan so they develop PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  According to JOHN LOCKE, These three approaches explain the DEVELOPMENT is ENVIRONMENTAL same behaviors, for example let’s take cognitive development. Piaget explains Society is what makes a child cognitive development differently from grow, the changes in society or the skinner, differently from Vygotsky, but interference of society, parents, it’s the same aspect of development: schools and institutions is what cognition, but they have different allows a person to develop. So, explanations for it. development is facilitated by the society and the environment For example, how does Skinner explain cognitive development? *Both of them are not psychologists Well, it’s by association. By learning but philosophers so we don’t really through association. That is a very consider them as psychological mechanistic model wherein theories but rather they are the development is simply an IPO philosophical foundations of our process, INPUT- PROCESS-OUTPUT psychological theories for developmental psychology. Paano tayo nag dedevelop cognitively? May ipapasok na input and environment mo through the form of reinforcement, pag na reinforce yung behaviour mo, matututo ka, that’s the process. And what’s the output? – cognitive development. That’s very mechanistic. Anong kinalaman ng tao doon? Wala. kasi ang learning niya very unconscious, THEORETICAL ISSUES reinforcement happens to us unconsciously, unless we actively do it. So, in this way mechanistic models would propose that development is very hands-off. It’s very unconscious. Development is a reaction to Before we can tackle the different environmental input, meaning to say it perspectives, we have to differentiate is very predictable. You want someone what are the issues that would to develop cognitively or to learn? Edi determine whether a theory is for nature reinforce mo sila, or do it by association or for nurture. We have three theoretical Who are the mechanistic? The approaches, mechanistic, organismic behaviorists approach. Because and contextual. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  they don’t really believe in free will Freud, the psychosexual stages, very and choice. organismic, Piaget also has stages. On the other hand, how does Piaget The way that they explain cognitive explain cognitive development? Well, development is less predictable it’s in a series of stages. These stages than the mechanistic models. begin because of nature, that is a very -------------------------------------------------- organismic model. So, in an organismic model people actively initiate their The last model is a little more modern, development. Tayo mismo ang nag pu- it’s a little more interactive: the push para madevelop tayo or contextualist, like Vygotsky, said how magkaroon tayo ng development in does a person develop cognitively? some aspect. Well, you have to consider the individual, as well as their context. May Development is organic, meaning to scaffolding. What kind of environment say a person will develop even if are they placed in? That’s the society does not interfere, even if contextualist model. you do not reinforce this person or you do not make this association. so, it’s a dynamic interplay and Unconsciously, this person will still interaction between the develop cognitively because it is mechanisms that exists in the innate, it is organic. environment and the organism in the environment development is organic and self- regulating. it does not need The contextualist model also consider interference from the environment, factors such as culture, resource etc. and it occurs now in qualitatively Cognitive development is not only different stages something that happens to us or that we initiate ourselves, but it also has to Now if mechanistic models are very do something with the circumstances quantitative (IPO) okay, you want to in life. People who are in richer increase behaviour, reinforce it. If you countries develop differently cognitively want to decrease behaviour, punish it. from people in poorer countries, so It’s very mechanistic. Predictable. nasaan yung element na yon sa For organismic it’s not that simple. organismic at mechanistic? Wala. So, a There are different stages that a person contextualist model is now more goes through, and each stage is unique practical in its approach. It considers from each other, its unpredictable. Who culture, history and even social is the organismic theorist? Usually context. those are the theorist that has stages in So, these three models explain their theories. For example, we have behaviour and development in different ways, kaya mamaya you PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  will see later on the differences in wala ka ng magagawa. It is mostly based their theories, cognitive in your genes, or in you early childhood development explained three ways, experiences. physical development explained San ba nanggaling yung “I’m healing three ways, etc. my inner child” very Freudian yan, Contextualist models is a critique kaya nga siya very pessimistic. Wala between the tradition models. ka ng magagawa para mabago yung development mo. It’s not optimistic SO, WHAT IS OUR CLUE IF THE THEORY in that way. IS MECHANISTIC, ORGANISMIC OR CONTEXTUAL Sino pa ang mga pessimistic, sa kanilang mga theories, yung mga 1. If very predictable or walang walang self-determination, it’s all free will, dun sa theory na yon, pre-determined. You have the and happens to us behaviorist, you have Freud. unconsciously usually mechanistic. Sino yung mga optimistic theories? We have Rogers, we have Maslow, Jung. 2. If may stages yung theory ng Yung mga humanist, they are more isang tao, more organismic yan. optimistic Erikson is more on the DIMENSIONS OF HUMANITY contextualist tho, kasi even though may stages siya, may environmental factor padin. 3. Contextualist, these are the theories that consider the environment, so you think of Bronfenbrenner, Vygotsky, a little bit of Erikson. “Ano yung pinaglalaban nung theory? 1. Is a theory deterministic, or does it entail free choice? In terms of our behaviour and development. Is it because of your genes, your DNA, or your childhood How do you know if a theory is experiences. Very deterministic pessimistic or optimistic? If you say that a theory is pessimistic, your development is pre-determined, PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA When it’s free choice, your heredity and processes, like the unconscious drives, your childhood experiences they do reinforcement etc. Pero pag conscious, influence you in real life but what andiyan yung mga humanists, influences you more is the decisions existential and cognitive, where they you make currently, or how you make believe that we are agents or agentic of decisions. our behaviour, we are aware of our behaviour. Ex. Humanists, existentialists 2. Pessimism vs Optimism 5. Biological vs Social When a theory emphasizes Pessimistic-usually the deterministic, whether biological factor or you can’t really do anything to your social factors. behaviour anymore, so how you are as a child would be how you are as an adult. If a theory emphasizes heredity, or Ganun talaga. social influences Pag optimists naman, there’s a lot of 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities paths that you can take, and your past Does the theories believe that everyone does not necessarily dictate your future. DEVELOPS in the SAME WAY or does the That’s a very optimistic theory. theories believe that everyone is unique in terms of their development. Your 3. Causality vs Teleology development can go in any kind of way. When you say Causality, there’s a STRONG EMPHASIS on the PAST. These are usually our psychoanalyst like Freud, Horney. but those who are teleological is VERY FUTURE ORIENTED like Adler (He’s a unique case since kahit psychoanalyst siya, marami siyang emphasis on future Nature-organismic--- nurture- perspective) Jung is quite a balance of mechanistic both, causal and teleological. Very IN SUMMARY... teleological yung mga existential theorists. They focus on future Saan natin icacategorize yung mga perspectives. theories? MORE ON THE NATURE SIDE 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious We have the Biological and the Psychoanalytic approach. Unconscious= behavioural, psychodynamic. For example, a lot of So, in the biological approaches explain behaviour is explained by unconscious development through heredity factors. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Such as hormones, chromosomes, HOLISTIC VIEW OF BEHAVIOR neurotransmitters. *HOWEVER, when it comes to Psychoanalysis is less nature than BEHAVIOR, we can EXPLAIN it in MANY biological, but it still talks about nature. WAYS. There’s not one answer to how So, psychoanalysis will talk about the behaviour is. unconscious elements like drive, sex RESEARCH IN DEV PSYCH and aggression as well as a little bit of social factors because of our upbringing or parenting. Attachment also is quite under psychoanalytic theory, eh ang attachment naman merong social aspect yan. IN THE MIDDLE, you have cognitive psych. You’re considering the brain but also how the brain learns in relation to society. So cognitive psychology is all about innate mental structures such as memory, reasoning, perception. How does these mental functions relate to When we do longitudinal research, our world? So, that’s right in the middle. what’s the issue? It’s cross-generational effect. Sa longitudinal studies kasi, ON THE NURTURE SIDE nagsimula ka sa point in time and you We have the humanism and will end in a completely different point behaviourism. in time wherein your results may not be Humanism is more societal, it very applicable. Ex. You started sa 80’s emphasizes needs. So, think about you finished in the 2000’s relevant pa ba Maslow, Rogers, Irvin Yalom. Society yung data mo sa people in that time or influences a person’s self-concept generation? Behaviourism- ano ba paniniwala nila Cross-generational effect- it’s difficult Skinner? Hindi sila naniniwala sa mga to externalize your results to the current unobservable factors, like emotions or generation if your participants came dreams. They don’t really believe in from the previous one. That’s why those; they know it exists, but they don’t longitudinal studies are very careful in think it’s important so they kind of the way that they externalize or do devalue those aspects of behaviour. external validity SO, ALL BEHAVIORS ARE LEARNED FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Longitudinal Research: PROBLEM: INTERNAL VALIDTY Studies conducted over an A cohort is a group of individuals extended period, starting at one who experience a similar event point in time and concluding in within the same time period, another. such as being born in a particular decade. Does not suffer from cohort effect since it does not have any cohort. It only has a one group of people. But the limitation here is that it’s very time consuming, very costly and high in attrition, when you The cohort effect occurs when say high attrition, you’re not sure differences between groups are that your participants in the influenced by the specific beginning will stay for the entire environmental, social, historical, duration of your research, baka or cultural conditions they were mag quit sila kasi it’s part of their exposed to. right. So it;s high in attrition when it comes to participation Sure ka ba na yung nagbabago sa dv mo is caused by the manipulation of your IV Attrition- a reduction in numbers or is it because of their age, or is it Core Problem: EXTERNAL VALIDITY because of generational differences Problem now is external validity. Challenges: How far can you generalize your Cohort effects can complicate results? Cross generational longitudinal or cross-sectional effect kasi baka di na applicable studies because they might be results mo sa time ngayon. mistaken for developmental changes or time-period influences. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  1. Multiple Cohorts: o Researchers study two or more groups (cohorts) of participants who are of different ages but are observed over a period of Combine the longitudinal and the cross- time. sectional research into SEQUENTIAL o Example: A researcher RESEARCH might follow a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 30-year-olds for 5 years. 2. Combination of Cross- Sectional and Longitudinal Data: Multiple cohorts that you follow o Cross-sectional: throughout time. So that solves Observes different age the problem of the cohort effect groups at the same point and cross-generational effect. in time. o Longitudinal: Observes Allows us to study behaviours the same individuals over over time of multiple cohorts. time. Very popular in dev psych. o Sequential design Follow a child as they become a teen, integrates these by follow a teen as they became an adult. observing multiple Sequential research, also known as cohorts over time. cross-sequential research or 3. Flexible and Comprehensive: sequential design, is a research method that combines elements of both o By overlapping observations, researchers longitudinal and cross-sectional can disentangle age designs to study development and effects (changes due to change over time. This approach allows aging), cohort effects researchers to assess age-related (differences due to changes, cohort effects, and time-of- generational influences), measurement effects simultaneously. and time-of- measurement effects Key Features of Sequential Research (influences due to PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  specific historical events IV- controlled, manipulated or conditions). DV- measured. Limitation: very expensive when it *Problematic since, they found out that comes to financial resources and delay of gratification may be influenced human resources. by the socio-economic factors of children which was not considered in the experiment Cross sectional- many cohorts, measures them only one point in time. Confounding variable- variables that are somewhat related to your IV and DV Longitudinal- no cohorts, only one but NOT INCLUDED in the actual study sample that you measure repeatedly but does INFLUENCE the RESULTS. overtime Different with extraneous variable which are the noise, temperature. Usually errors that happen randomly. In the environment when we conduct experiments. Confounding variable is a variable that you did not consider in the first place, Multiple cohorts that you measured that actually influences your results. multiple times across the research period. Confounding variables later on can become mediators or moderators These three methods are very popular in wherein they will skew the results of the the research of dev psych. IV in the DV. Mediator Variable What It Does: Explains why or how an independent variable (IV) affects a dependent variable (DV). Moderator Variable PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  What It Does: Influences the that are atypical, non normative. Usually strength or direction of the used to discover unusual, undiscovered relationship between the IV and manifestations of behaviour such as DV. disorders, also for theory development. For example, how did we find out that socialization is crucial in speech development. It was a result or a finding from one of the case studies of Genie Wiley. She was severely abused and locked in a closet. Proves the point that language is not innate for us. It is learned. It is facilitated with your interaction with other people. Discovery that language is more cultural, more social. *Socialization is very important in children Case studies are very useful when we Behaviours are more natural, but want to develop a theory. you have less control. Just think of Freud. San nadevelop yung high external validity, low internal theory ni freud in terms of unconscious? validity. It was with the case of Anna O. So, a lot of theories started from case-studies, and they eventually become full-fledged theories. However, the problem with case studies is that they deal with specific people in specific circumstances. So, it’s very difficult to generalize findings of a case Lot of extraneous variables that studies in a very specific circumstance. can come into play here But case studies are very useful as Advantage is that you can gather starting points or examining behaviours from a lot of people. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  organic. So, let’s not just jump to conclusion. The effects of the sickness to the development of a child are the one being studied in dev psych Reductionist since learning as developmental function or readiness for learning is not only based on whether you’re grown enough physically, you also have to consider other factors. DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT The problem with psychological problems like autism is that they are very easy to diagnose, diagnose happy ang nagiging trend ngayon. Even socmeds like tiktok. Like “oh do you have a hyper fixation that’s so autistic coded” but the thing is, we might be *Papalia is used as reference in the psychopathologizing something that board exam. might not even be a pathological problem. If we are seeing this scenario Cognition has something to do with with potpot, the first thing you should both physical and psychosocial. Not check for if he is not responding to only are you talking about brain function auditory stimuli. It is not whether he has but also how it applies to our a disorder, or if it his senses that are the relationship. problem. Yun yung first mong dapat Though these three are large domains, mong icheck. Kasi it could be a physical madami silang overlap. These domains issue or a physical problem, hindi siya are not exclusive to each other. psychosocial nor cognitive. For example: Morality or moral yun ang kamalian ng pop psych na lahat development (Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan’s) may disorder, or lahat pathological, or their idea of morality is not only lahat clinically significant when in fact psychosocial, there’s also an element of the problem may just be physical or cognitive. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Si Kohlberg very fan ni Piaget, he When you say critical period, kailangan patterned his moral development theory meron ka na by this age, kung wala ka with Piaget’s stages of development. pa nito by this age, delayed na yung Kohlberg said “you cannot develop development mo. morally, if you cannot develop Critical period cognitively”. Your morality follows your cognitive development. In that way it is you need to manifest a certain both cognitive and psychosocial. behavior in a specific time. Or a specific time in a given event, or its absence impacts your development in a very large way. We used to see development in a critical period. By age 2 dapat naglalakad ka na. By teenage years you should have already your first relationship, etc. Sensitive period Napaka strict and rigid. But later on, we where we are in certain life came to know that’s not necessarily the stages, more sensitive to certain case for development. One of the big experiences than in other life reasons is because our brain is very stages. plastic. Our brains continue to develop outside of childhood. This is what you For children, they are very sensitive to call plasticity. That development can forming attachments, but outside of modify no matter what age we are. We childhood, we may not have as strong of continue to develop throughout life. a need to form attachments than we Development does not stop once we hit were children. But that does not mean puberty or when we become adults. that we cannot form attachments. That is what a sensitive period means. *Where did this idea come from? Throughout the lifespan, early theories in the developmental psychology were too critical. Physical = growth: the brain stops growing at age 5; But the brain stops developing at age 25 PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  kasi yung months and weeks ng prenatal development wherein we need to see a certain organ, or a certain sensory development in a baby or in a fetus. How do we view development now? We now view it in SENSITIVE PERIODS where in certain points in your life, you are more prone and sensitive to certain Socially constructed ang life periods experiences than in other stages. and we don’t just use biological markers For example: young adulthood, what are However, we still need to divide the you more prone to? – building careers or lifespan so that it is easier to study it finishing your education, or looking for a theoretically. serious romantic relationship, we’re Milestones are not a critical idea, more sensitive to those experiences they are a sensitive idea. than we were a child. But that does not mean that beyond these age ranges, na EIGHT PERIODS OF HUMAN mawawala na yun bigla. So, it is not very DEVELOPMENT critical, but very sensitive. For example, kay erikson, medyo hindi na niya narereflect yung modern times. Sa adolescence by the search of identity. You must come out of you adolescence with a semi-stable sense of identity para pag young adulthood meron ka ng intimacy vs isolation Based on Papalia’s That is why we inserted a stage between adolescence and adulthood, we call it emerging adulthood, because of the idea of sensitive periods. We still use critical periods but in certain stages, hindi na critical lahat. Arnette discussed emerging adulthood, he said na there’s a Saan tayo usually critical? It’s in sudden shift and very abrupt prenatal development. Very critical yung transition from PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  adolescence to adulthood. When you turned 18 adult ka na, thus he introduced emerging adulthood. For him it’s 18-25, but si Papalia, pinagsama niya ang emerging and late adulthood. Middle adulthood- terms like Growth- quantitative development “midlife crisis” occurs. Middle Development- qualitative development adulthood is more focus on building our careers, fully developing our practical aspects of life such as finances, properties, etc. Emerging adulthood is more on building relationships but often time these co- occur When do we say that a person matures Late adulthood- very few theories in his own sense? For example, the person is now very tall he got it from his GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMENT parents, now in terms of development they develop a very calm demeanor, a very reserved nature. And now because they are tall and now because they are calm. They are very effective as leaders. So that’s where maturation comes into play. You have matured as a leader because of the interplay of your genes Maturation refers to the combination of and your environment. growth and development. Heredity refers to our genes. Growth is more physical. Porket ba maliit si Charlie hindi na siya mature? PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  males. These just means that females have protective factors than males. Ex: causal factors for COVID-19: the virus itself Risk factor: old age, chain smoker, etc. 46 chromosomes kasi 23+23 Protective factors- minimize or reduce the likelihood of a negative outcome Ex: good health, healthy diet, a good environment, financial resource. These are the usual protective factors. Trisomys when a chromosome have an additional autosome. Di na siya pair. Triad na siya and these often lead to chromosomal abnormalities, like down We have 23 pairs of chromosomes. syndrome (Trisomy 21). The 22 pairs are called autosomes, and the 23rd pair those are the ones carrying sex-related trait. They are called the sex- chromosomes. Majority of abnormalities or chromosomal related disorders, occur in the X gene. When a defective X gene comes to a female, meron siyang isa pa, Your male parent either give you reserved. But when it comes to males, X or Y, yun ang carry ni sperm iisa lang X gene nila. Pag defective yung cell, si egg cell, only gives you X X gene nila, the Y gene cannot chromosome. compensate with that, so majority of the time they are more at risk of The male parent is what chromosomal abnormalities. So, determines the sex of the child. females technically are genetic to PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Allele- the manifestation of a trait. Only limited alleles for a human being. Ex: for eye color: black, brown, blue, gray, green. Genotype: is everything that you inherit. Whether it’s a recessive or dominant gene. So your genotype considers, all, your traits. Your genotype is blue and brown sa eye color. Phenotype: what manifests in you externally, what is observable, and which is more dominant of those traits. They can also be manipulated by environmental factors, such as sun Principle of variability: exposure. Likes begets almost like. You do not give birth to yourself basically. very time genes mix together; they do not produce the same outcome. They would pair up with different chromosomes. Phenotypes can be manipulated by environmental factors. Wearing a contact lens, bleaching your hair, getting a tan, using whitening products, doing a surgery, these are all ways that you can manipulate your phenotype, but Both of them might have been carrying a these can’t manipulate your genotype recessive gene. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Chance Principle lahat yung kay papa, curly hair, black hair, brown skin, black eyes. Not all traits may be passed down to children. There are some traits that we cannot pass on, like talents or in this case eyesight. It is just by chance that it happens. Or unpredictable. Most common misconception is that those who have a down syndrome already have an intellectual disorder. Dati medyo inassociate ang down syndrome sa mental retardation nepo babies, it’s the lifestyle that (slow) MR. However we, know na they inherit, it’s the resource that that’s not the case. Not everyone they inherit, not necessarily the with down syndrome has intellectual hereditary factors. disability. A lot of them actually do well in cognitive task. So, this is not a causal factor, just a risk factor. Another misconception is that everyone with down syndrome are very cheerful and affectionate. Some people with down syndrome actually do not like to be touched, so let A common principle for us not generalize. interracial families. Most may have intellectual Recessive si mama: straight hair, blond deficits, but that doe snot mean hair, blue eyes, fair skin. While dominant that we can automatically PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  diagnose them with intellectual disability. Male has an extra Y Supermales experiences severe acne, but still, we have to genetically test for it kasi di nalalayo itsura nila sa normal males. If a male has an extra X chromosome, they will develop secondary female sexual characteristics such as breasts, Females lacking in X gene a rounder body shape and a Underdeveloped secondary softer physique. sexual characteristics. But phenotypically they still look Phenotypically they look male. male. Although these males develop They have deficits in spatial breasts, they do not develop the glands ability but otherwise normal in that will produce milk. intelligence. These men are also sterile, they cannot produce children or it’s very difficult for them to produce children because their testicles do not produce healthy semen. San natin makikita yung intensity ng deficits? It’s in the number of extra Xs Female has an extra X that they have. So, the more Xs you Same in supermales, they are have in your 23rd pair, the larger your hard to distinguish at face value cognitive deficits are. since they look like normal females, so a lot of them are underdiagnosed. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  They have deficits in their they literally choke in the fluids in their cognitive functioning, the more lungs. Xs are added in the 23rd pair the Muscular dystrophy is not only do you more intense the cognitive deficit lack the ability to store fat cells or lipids, are. but your muscles also deteriorate because of your genetics not illness. They lack the ability to increase their muscle mass. Nahihirapan silang gumalaw. Muscle atrophy happens sa mga bed ridden, but that’s a different case, that is Mother’s age- just a risk factor. due to illness. It’s not because of inbreeding that’s why they have haemophilia, but more of their Tay-sach’s have high mortality rate, they genes, nasa lahi lang talaga nila. do not live beyond age 5. Haemophilia is in your platelets; leukemia is a cancer in your bone marrow. Diabetes 1- inherited. Makes your blood thick kasi you cannot digest sugar. Cystic fibrosis Our bloodily fluids should be thin and slippery so that they can pass in our vessels and circulate well, however for people with cystic fibrosis wala sila nung enzyme na yon which makes their Canalized traits remain consistent and bodily fluids thick and viscous, mahirap predictable across individuals, even in mag circulate especially in the lungs. A varying environmental conditions. lot of them die very quickly because PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Highly canalized traits cannot be Niche picking manipulated. we inherit some traits that will Less canalized traits like intelligence lead us to seek environments or are not set in stone, it can be modified create an environment that by external factors, like interventions, would bring out that trait. like resources. For example, you inherited extraversion High canalization- mataas yung to your parents, so as an extroverted restriction sa trait na yon, child, you’re more likely to seek out extroverted playmates or extroverted Low canalization, you can modify it very scenarios like extroverted activities and easily. a lot of friends that will facilitate your extroversion. These also relates to abs psych, there’s a model called the genetic environmental correlation model, wherein we inherit some traits that will actually seek out our own triggers. Range of reaction principle For example, you inherited the trait of we inherit potentials but it’s our anxiety (this is something you can environment that will determine inherit with your parents) anxious ka na how much of that potential will nga na tao yung mga gusto mo pang manifests in our behaviour. relationship yung mahihirap. You get into the relationship with difficult These is where demographics and people, or you seek out jobs na resources come into play. May mahihirap. That’s also niche picking. advantage ang may kaya because their Yung gene environment correlation kasi potentials are fully facilitated or that’s in the perspective of ab psych supported by their environment. This is where environmental factors will determine the amount of potential we actually get to manifest because potential is useless if it’s just potential. Pwede bang matalo ng masipag ang matalino? We are given different potentials by our genetics, but some of those traits can be stretched out by resource and effort. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA People are given different lengths of These depicts an S and R relationship. upstretched genetic endowments, but Stimulus-Response, and where do we environmental factors will stretch out see that kind of responses, it’s usually in those endowments. the behavioural theories, wherein we have a specific response to a stimulus. The first person, Matalino siya, mataas nakukuha niya kahit di siya nag rereview, learning is in response to a Madali siya maka intindi, the second stimuli. person, di siya naturally intelligent, pero masipag siya, studious, lagi siyang nag 2. Ritzard’s son witnessed him fight rereview, CAN THEY PERFORM ON THE with his wife earlier in the day. SAME LEVEL? YES. His son might be taking fights to release frustration. Because the second person can stretch out their potential with enough effort This situation would tell you that the behaviour of the child is influenced by With external interventions we ca the direct environment around the child. stretch out our potential So, this will lead us to a more *but this does not apply to everything. systematic theory, which is the Example height. It only applies to some ecological systems theory traits not all traits. 3. The son probably doesn’t know what he’s doing, he just felt a THEORIES sudden drive towards violence. Keywords: does not know what he’s doing which pretrains to the unconscious drive= unconscious motivation looking back kay Freud, how does he look at motivation? It is through drive. Situation: And we have two, which are: a) sex drive, b) aggressive drive Ritzard was about to leave for work when he received a call from his son’s This reason is very psychodynamic, it school saying that his son had punched stated that his son got into a fight another boy. The following explanations because of his aggressive drive. entered his mind: 4. Ritzard’s son probably felt that 1. Perhaps the other boy punched him the other boy was a threat to his first and my son just reciprocated it. safety and well-being PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA In this case, we are perceiving a 7. 10. Umbridge asked Harry I will predatory relationship, wherein you are not tell lies repeatedly to fighting for survival. You perceive others discourage him from being as threats and nonthreats. So, this unruly. scenario is very evolutionary or In this situation, she’s trying to reduce otherwise known as ethological the frequency of a behaviour by theories/perspective. presenting an aversive stimulus. WHAT DOES THE DIFFERENT This is what you call a positive SITUATIONS TELLS US? punishment. These tells us that we can interpret TEST TAKING SKILLS: ELIMINATING behaviours in different ways. “It depends” since the explanation that we SAMPLE: have depends on the theories that we 8. Observing how your brother are using. interacts with his daughter, you A theory can explain something, that notice how he constantly scolds another theory can also explain. It just her for little things or dropping a depends on the perspective or theory toy or chewing too slowly you that we are using. Different phenomena think that this kind of discipline are perceived differently by different will not be very effective for your theories. thesis development. What theoretical perspective are you Sample questions in behavioural most likely using? perspective In this scenario, which behaviour are 5. 8. If you attend a mass with observing? We are looking directly at the mommy, we won’t go to the brother and how he’s parenting the dentist today. What kind of child. So, this theory would tell you that reinforcement is this? it’s quite environmental. It’s not focused This is a negative reinforcement. on the individual itself, meaning to say You’re trying to reinforce a behaviour by it’s not an organismic perspective. taking away something that is aversive. Because the organismic perspective is usually contained within the individual. 6. 9. Everytime Vienesse says It does not necessarily look into other please, her mother praises her environmental factors. and pats her head. Next is ethological which focus on this situation depicts a positive evolution. Which in this case, wala reinforcement- continuous schedule naman tayong nakikitang concepts of Variable Ratio: the number of reward survival or reproduction so we would changes remove the ethological perspective PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Psychodynamic, hindi din. Since we are looking at how the brother parent, not the child. This will lead us to the behavioural perspective, since in the scenario, the brother is actually giving constant punishments. 9. Human babies behave BEHAVIOURAL; ECOLOGICAL significantly different than other Specifically, Pavlov and Skinner views animal babies. They are less development as something very grown when they come out of the mechanistic. Something that is triggered womb, they are very dependent by the environment. It’s not initiated by on caregivers, they seek to form the person. Meaning to say, sino yung attachments, and they mag fafacilitate ng development? It is communicate through crying and other factors, outside of a person. facial expressions. Environmental determinants, specifically: reinforcing, associating, These are all evolutionary according to John Boldy. It is engraved in our DNA for punishing. a better chance of survival. Thus, this is So, development is a function of learned an ethological perspective. behaviours. The thing about learning is that you can UNLEARN a behaviour. But Ethological perspective: these two, Skinner and Pavlov, their development is a process of concept of learning is very unconscious. adaptation a. The geopolitical conflicts This is not something a child does occurring around the consciously but rather they learn globe may potentially through reinforcement and association negatively impact the unconsciously. Hindi proactive ang development of children learning when i2t comes to these two in the Philippines, which BANDURA on the other hand is more on of the following the proactive side. May mga cognitive perspectives best aspects ang view niya sa learning. explains this cascading effect? This is a very systematic way of looking at development which is line with Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory or other wise known as systems theory PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA The ecological perspective tells us that A. Sexual drive with the mouth ad you cannot isolate a person from their the erogenous zone. You are environment, a child is developing with being satisfied for example in its environment breastfeeding PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES B. Aggressive drive starts to develop once transitioning to bottle happens. Oral sadistic phase starts. You become sadistic in a sense like for example you bite the nipple of the bottle, thumb sucking and crying. According to Freud when adults get Oedipus complex applies to both males orally fixated, they stimulate their and females mouths whenever they get anxious. Castration complex: males. This also Ex: kain ka ng kain, dada ka ng dada, you applies to females, but this is what we smoke, you bite your nails, sarcasm etc. call penis envy. ANAL STAGE 1-3 Electra complex on the other hand is a Erogenous zone: anus concept by Carl Jung. Early anal stage- aggressive drive 10. Petra is called burara by her mother. She doesn’t bother Late anal stage- fascination keeping her things tidy and clean Anal retention- too strict; leads to Anal This is a fixation in the anal phase. triad; orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy or too stubborn. You hold too much According to Freud, how does one get control. fixated in a psychosexual stage? Anal expulsive- too permissive; leads to 11. Fixation occurs when there is too inorganization and messiness when much as well as too little gratification. growing up. PHALLIC STAGE 3-6 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL Erogenous zone: genetalia STAGES When a child starts to explore their bodies in a sexual manner ORAL STAGE 0-1 Males Females Erogenous zone: mouth 1.feelings 1. castration Oral stage is divided into two parts. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA 2. complex 2. feelings longer directed to your parents, it is now directed to your peers. 3. castration 3. Complex The genital phase or the latency phase I want to be my dad, and I want to have is now the integrations phase. All your my mom, thus creating an Oedipus erogenous zones become integrated complex in a child but the thought that into one being. Hindi ka na controlled by they may be castrated by their father for just your mouth or your anus or genitals. having incestuous feelings breaks their It is now integrated as a person, as a Oedipus complex. Mawawala yung whole. So, the genitalia becomes your feelings nila for the mother and they will primary erogenous zone and your mouth re-identify themselves to their father. and anus becomes your secondary or *According to Freud, homosexuality is auxiliary erogenous zones. Meaning to unresolved Oedipus complex. Hindi say, you cannot derive pleasure in any Nawala yung feelings for the mother, part of your body or in any experience this will lead to preference for feminine that you have. qualities. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF For female, it starts with envy. They DEVELOPMENT blame their mother for not having a penis. They develop hostility towards the mother for not giving birth to them with a penis. They develop incestuous feelings for the father, if it’s inside me, it’s mine, if I gave birth to a son, I metaphorically have one. *Homosexuality in females comes around since hindi tuluyang nawawala 12. Erikson’s autonomy vs shame yung feelings sa father which is a and doubt crisis is directly preference for muscular qualities which related to which of Freud’s they introject into themselves. psychosexual stages LATENCY STAGE 7-12 Erikson’s theory is neo-freudian. So, Dormant phase, since exhausted na ang kung ano yung second stage ni freud, drives sa phallic stage. yun din second stage ni Erikson. No erogenous zones, instead, 13. Why is the proper resolution of you direct your energy to different the identity vs role confusion things. crisis crucial to a person’s What reawakens your sexual drive is development. your puberty, but your sex drive is no PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Erikson took charge of his identity AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND because he believed that the search for DOUBT identity is so crucial to development. EARLY CHILDHOOD: 2-3 YEARS OLD Because if you do not have a Also talks about control like sa second stable identity, it may ruin your stage ni Freud chances in the other stages. You will have poorer outcomes. Your Autonomy and control in your body BUT second to the last, or last stage sometimes. I lose control over my body. would be very difficult for you to Example, naiihian mo yung bed, or di ka overcome. umabot sa CR you pooped in your pants. “Hala, I feel ashamed, di ko TRUST VS MISTRUST nacontrol yung poop ko, yung ihi ko” INFANCY: 0-18 MONTHS Both of those must be experienced by the child in order to develop a sense of Each stage has a crisis that you need to will. resolve and every stage there is a core pathology and a virtue. CORE VALUE: WILL Syntonic- positive element e.g. Trust If they do not develop enough will, they Dystonic negative element e.g. mistrust develop compulsion, you just go when you feel it. Wala kang sense of control. For Erikson you need to experience the negatives and the positives, e.g. the CORE PATHOLOGY: trust and mistrust to develop a sense of COMPULSION hope. INITIATIVE VS GUILT CORE VALUE: HOPE PRESCHOOL: 3-5 YEARS OLD Hindi ako pinakain ngayon, merong If you exert control over your body, you magpapakain sakin mamaya. now need to exert control over your environment. This is now INITIATIVE. If they did not develop hope, they will develop WITHDRAWAL. Ex. Pipili ako ng sarili kong toys. Kung ano yung gusto kong laruin, yun yung CORE PATHOLOGY: lalaruin ko. WITHDRAWAL But if you exert too much control, When you say withdrawal, they do not inagaw mo yung laruan ng kalaro mo. respond to any kind of stimulation from You now feel a sense of GUILT. the caregiver. Whether you feed them or do not feed them. Wala lang. Very Initiative vs Guilt is all bout withdrawn baby, wala siyang controlling the environment. Just attachements sa caregiver. enough Initiative over the environment or too much control in the environment. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA If you succeed in both, you will develop Both should be present for you to a sense PURPOSE. I cannot only control develop FIDELITY. When you say fidelity, my body; I can also control the it’s loyalty to an identity, pinapanindigan environment. mo kung sino ka. CORE VALUE: PURPOSE CORE VALUE: FIDELITY Pag kulang ka ng purpose you will now Because of you LACK fidelity you will develop INHIBITION. Inhibited kang have a ROLE REPUDIATION- iba kang bata. “Ayaw ko” maghihintay ka nalang tao, depende sa kaharap mo. Wala kang ng sasabihin sayo. stable sense of identity which according to Erikson isvery dangerous, because CORE PATHOLOGY: INHIBITION this will lead to very negative outcomes INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY further on into your life. SCHOOL AGE: 6-11 YEARS OLD CORE PATHOLOGY: ROLE REPUDIATION Pag nasa school ang important daw na gawin ng bata is to succeed and to fail. Ang significant people here are your This builds COMPETENCE in you. When friends that’s why Erikson advised that you say competence kasi, alam mo you choose your friends very wisely, yung kaya mong gawin, alam mo yung because they influence your identity mga di mo kayang gawin. Thinking back nung high school kayo, CORE VALUE: COMPETENCE were they the right people to be around at that time IF NOT then you’ll have a sense of INERTIA. You’re just an object that’s still. Important ang identity sa next stage, You’re very complacent. You’re not which is love. Intimacy vs isolation. pushing your boundaries; you’re not seeking your limitations as well as your INTIMACY VS ISOLATION strengths. You’re stuck in a single place. YOUNG ADULTHOOD: 19-40 YRS. OLD CORE PATHOLOGY: INERTIA INTIMACY -ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PEOPLE. INDENTITY VS IDENTITY ISOLATION – SOLID RELATIONSHIP CONFUSION WITH YOURSELF. You don’t necessarily ADOLESCENCE: 12-18 YEARS OLD need someone all the time. Most important stage for Erikson. If you’re a person who is uncomfortable You should know about yourself, and be in being alone, you might not have sure about some things but also be experienced isolation enough in your confused about something. young adulthood. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Ang sinasabi ni erikson, you should generative- accepting things or time have enough relations with others but passing also with the self. Can you sit with stagnation- resisting change yourself alone and can you be with others and have a healthy relationship. You accept things that are changing but So if you have both, you will know what you also stick true to some parts of true love is. That love is something for yourself that is being stagnate or the self, but also for others because if moving. Experiencing both lead to the you Lack the SENSE of LOVE, You will sense of CARE. DEVELOP EXCLUSIVITY. Sakin lang ang CORE VALUE: CARE sarili ko, i will not share my identity with other people. Care for whom? Care for the younger generation, your children, your CORE VALUE: LOVE community. CORE PATHOLOGY: EXCLUSION Significant relation: household. Ex: masyadong focus sa career, nag girl boss too hard. They do not entartain Rejective: you lack a sense of care for relationship even if it’s positive to the the younger generation. “nung bata kami point na sila na yung nagiging red flag. wala naming depression, gawa gawa You’re too exclusive to yourself. Too niyo lang yan” protective CORE PATHOLOGY: REJECTIVITY What will happen if you do not have a EGO INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR stable sense of self, and you seek out relations? You do not have fidelity and MATURITY: 65 YEARS OLD- DEATH naghanap ka ng love? In old age you are face with your life as Hahanapin mo yung identity mo well as your death. sa ibang tao. Integrity- if you looked back in your life, Eto yung mga wala silang identity pag di do you respect your life, your nila kasama yung significant other nila. experiences, are you happy with it? Or “I’m nothing without you” “you madami kang regrets. And when you complete me” that is you did not think about death, do you have a sense establish your identity in your of fear? So both those experiences adolescence, you know look for your having respect for your life and fearing identity in other people which can be death will actually lead to a sense of dangerous. WISDOM and appreciation in life. CORE VALUE: WISDOM GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: 40-65 YRS. OLD Pag kulang ka sa wisdom, you become very bitter. Sila yung full of disdain “I did CONCERN: LEGACY PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA not reach for my dreams because I have A neutral stimulus only becomes a to take care of you.” conditioned stimulus if it elicited a response without the presence of CORE PATHOLOGY: DISDAIN unconditioned stimulus. Criticism with ericson: Not updated Ex: neutral stimulus- Jiniper anymore, yung adolescence ni erikson, we need to extend it to young Unconditioned stimulus- Chanel#5 adulthood, or emerging adulthood. “di Unconditioned response: sneezing ni ko pa nga naalagaan sarili ko, pano ako Jifirson sa Chanel #5 mag-aalaga ng ibang tao. It doesn’t fit our modern-day standards anymore. Conditioned response: Jifirson still Esp na mas career focused ang people sneezes if Jiniper passes by even tho these days and they don’t marry young. she doesn’t wear the perfume anymore BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE Conditioned Stimulus: Jinifer now becomes the conditioned stimulus, 14. A child is afraid of going to the because Jifirson sneezes whenever she doctor, since he associates the passes by. doctor with vaccines and injections. In this scenario the LIMITATIONS: very unconscious. doctor is what? salivating, twitching, blinking etc. These actions are very unintentional. The doctor is a neutral stimulus that when associated with sharp objects like KEY POINT: Conditioning only occurs if the needle becomes conditioned to the unconditioned stimulus is no longer elicit fear. present, and the neutral stimulus can elicit the same response. 15. In school, Annie was thought to line up and stand straight when the bell rang. While walking with her mom, an ice cream vendor passes and rings the bell. Annie stops walking and stand straight. Pavlov is a Russian psychologist that This is called stimulus generalization. came up with CLASSICAL Annie was conditioned in the school CONDITIONG. bell. The ice-cream bell sounds the same, thus she generalized her Classical conditioning is learning experience to the ice cream bell. through association. You’re learning to associate two stimuli to elicit a Stimulus Discrimination: She will not response. stop when hearing an ice cream bell PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Stimulus Extinction: mawawala yung 17. Which of the following sneezing ni Jifirson kay Jinipier if she statements is least likely to discontinues using Chanel #5. regarding operant conditioning? Spontaneous Recovery: nakabili uli si When teaching new behaviours, it’s Jinipier ng Chanel #5, pwedeng bumalik better to reinforce continuously. But yung sneezing ni Jifirson. pag matagal na, and you want to retain learning you can now do intermittent schedules. Baka yung learning nila “maging ah mag thank you ako, para may reward ako.” Shaping: small achievements or steps para magawa niya yung full process. 16. Why is it better to reinforce good behaviour rather than to punish Ratio: number of times it is rewarded or bad behaviour? reinforced Punishing behaviour has dire Interval: length of time the consequences. It is not a definite way reinforcement or reward is given for learning. a) Punishment does not correct the behaviour; it merely Fixed: determined na supresses the behaviour. b) It Variable: paiba-iba conditions negative feelings. c) It spreads its effects. E.g. Hindi lang yung -------------------------------------------------- behavior nayun yung isu-surpress niya. Pwedeng they won’t tell their troubles to you any longer. “bakit di na ako kinakausap ng anak ko?” baka naman you’re very punishing. Reinforcement: increase behaviour Punishment: decrease behaviour Bandura put together behaviourism and cognitive theory. Learning for bandura Positive: presenting/ giving something is CONSCIOUS. Negative: taking away something Observational learning also known as Vicarious learning. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Modelling: conscious, gusto mo bang And the last step for observational gawin to or hindi. learning ay dapat may motivation ka to repeat the behaviour. Very cognitive din Attention: you have to pay attention to to. the model, kung ano yung ginagawa niya, ano yung mga steps na tinetake niya etc. We attend to people who are around and perceive as someone we look up too. After paying attention, you have to store it in your memory. Memory is very cognitive. That is now representation. ORGANISMIC THEORIES Paying attention has to be represented Assimilation: add it into your schema in your memory in some way. Behaviours patterns must be represented in memory may it be visual, auditory etc. Dapat maalala mo yung nakita mo and after you pay attention, and put it in your memory, there must be production of that behaviour. Accommodation: modify something to your existing schema. Piaget is organismic because according to him, the person has it in them to want to understand the world. In here you are testing it out. Hindi pa ito full learning. There should be self- It is natural for us to seek out information because we are in the state monitoring here about a certain level of of DISEQUILIBRIUM. We are in the state self awareness. Am I doing too fast, of ignorance, we don’t understand the slow, wrong or right? world. So, in order for us to regain PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA equilibrium, we have to assimilate and but it is because of the influence of the accommodate. environment. “Sino yung mga nagtuturo sayo, ano yung mga resources mo, ano itsura ng environment mo?” SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT According to Piaget, in order for our mind and cognition to have homeostasis, we need to assimilate and accommodate. And all of that is natural, it’s already in us. We facilitate this Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory on process. cognitive development tells us that cognitive development is facilitated by the environment of the child by the resources they have access to. So, para sa kanya, you will develop cognitively if maraming resources that will give you opportunities to learn, to practice your skills. For him, it’s useless that you have cognitive ability, but do not have the opportunity to learn. It is society’s responsibility to help children grow cognitively. ECOLOGICAL THEORIES Behaviorist: Pavlov, Skinner, unconscious learning. Organismic: Piaget, inherent desire to learn. Pag madaming resources ang bata, Ecological: Bronfenbrenner, Vygotsky, syempre malawak yung ZPD niya. development is not necessarily caused Madaming pwedeng tumulong sa kanya. by reinforcement or association, not And pag alam na niya at di na siya need necessarily because inherent desire, turuan, mas lumalaki yung inner circle PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA niya, because the child can now do it on INFORMATION-PROCESSING their own. THEORY So, the goal of ZPD is to enlarge the circle so a child can do more things by himself. The opposite happens pag kunwari the child grew up in poverty. Wala siyang resources. Hindi lumalawak ZPD niya and the inner circle gets narrower. This looks at the brain like a machine. IPO input-process-output. Wherein the brain is what facilitates cognitive development. Very neurological. So, cognitive development is seen in what a child can do Ex: can a child have memory? Short term long term, sensory memory. Can a child pay attention. Can a child do ZPD (zone of proximal development) decision making and goal setting. - what a child cannot do/ learn BRONFENBRENNER’S alone. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM - Kaya nilang gawin, pero dapat maturuan muna sila. Harry has microsystem with Ron, and he also has microsystem with Hermione Scaffolding- supporting learning by being a SME (subject matter expert). Mesosytem- 2 units in your Such that you are helping the child do microsystem interacts. something Outer circle: Kahit may facilitation, we cannot learn. Eg. Flying. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Macrosystem- culture, societal laws. Exosystem- Our development is also affected by things that you don’t have direct contact with, but someone you know or around you has contact with. Ex: mandatory overtime tatay mo, thus hindi ka niya nasundo sa school. According to Bronfenbrenner, we are surrounded in systems that we influence and in return, influences us. Chronosystem - has something to do with events that happen that affect our Hormonal changes will cease the development ex. sudden loss of loved menses one. Divorce of parents, events like the pandemic or the typhoon Day 1- conception. 1st week- Zygote continuously divides DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF while travelling to the uterine wall. DEVELOPMENT Pag successful yung attachment at hindi nalaglag, dun lang mag sto-stop yung menses. Pag naka attach na siya, the zygote is now called a blastocyst. If the blastocyst reaches the third week, we now call it an embryo. Germination- start out as cell. And the embryo contains many cells that has different germ layers, now Embryonic- rapidly dividing and these layers will form the different developing cell. systems of the body. Fetal- start of organ functioning (human Ectoderm-outer layer, forms skin and form) nervous system. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Mesoderm- middle, muscle and Addicted baby- teratogens that skeletal system. permeates the placenta. The baby can manifest the effect of the drug. Ex. Endoderm-inner layer will form Cocaine. The baby can have bloodshot digestive and respiratory systems. eyes, agitated etc. SUMMARY... Germinal stage is all about cell division The embryonic stage is all about organ and system development. Fetal period is all about organ and system functioning. As well presence of As your layers and systems some senses and reflexes. develop, your placenta also forms and develops. TERATOGENS Teratogens still can’t affect the Human placenta rots very baby during germinal stage, since quickly when its outside of the the baby isn’t formed yet, and it body. is still a clump of cells. 2 births, first the baby, second the But it greatly affects na during the placenta, it needs to be pushed our embryonic and fetal stage since discarded immediatley since it will rot developing na tayo non. when exposed to oxygen or air and become toxic to the mother. PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  in the UK, but however Nakita nila na ba’t paglabas ng babies nila madami silang deformities. Phocomelia- penguin baby, flippers ang kanyang limbs We still use thalidomide today but for cancer treatments nalang. Pain killers in general, we need to be cautious about it. The skin of the child comes in contact with the skin of the Overuse of vitamins can cause mother that was infected. deformities. Especially when the birth is done Taking contraceptive while pregnant normally (birth canal, vagina) causes negative effects to the baby. AIDS Most important vitamins for pregnant women. Folic acid and iron. Worst teratogens. Kahit isang bottle lang. THALITOMIDE- pain reliever in the early 1700s, to reduce morning sickness. Developed in Germany, but very popular PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA Coffee is possible but in small amounts disappearance (TAD) and as lang. About 200 ml adults we develop different kind of reflexes. Muscles elongate vertically and expand horizontally as children grow. Our muscles develop into two directions. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DISCUSSION NOTES: Due to obstetrics dilemma, unlike animals, we come out not fully grown. The fontanelle (soft cranial muscles) is due for you not to break your mother’s cervix and pelvis. We, as bipedals, doesn’t have a wide pelvis compared to animals that walks on fours. They can give birth to their offsprings fully formed. The bones that harden the fastest are the one that gives a lot of movement like the hand and the legs. Since for children, the muscles are still developing, it is easier for them to heal injuries compared motor development occurs to adults. simultaneously with physical development. Reflexes are not permanent behaviors, but they ensure survival of an individual especially during infancy. Our reflexes have time of PREPARED BY: AALIYAH LAGUARDIA  Statistics found out that Filipino Darwinian reflex- A primitive children that’s being born got reflex, also called the grasping shorter and shorter, compared to reflex. It is called Darwinian older generations. since this is also observed in other great apes. According to Chronic malnutrition and lack of John Bowlby, this reflex produces education. We are in a down trend when a sense of nurturance to adults, it comes to development in the wanting to