Developing the role of leader lecture #3.pdf

Developing The Role of Leader Lecture # 2 Dr. Heyam Al-Aaraj  Objectives At end of this lecture the student will be able to: Discuss factors affecting leadership style. Identify leadership style., Identify leadership barriers. Be familiar with wa...

Developing The Role of Leader Lecture # 2 Dr. Heyam Al-Aaraj  Objectives At end of this lecture the student will be able to: Discuss factors affecting leadership style. Identify leadership style., Identify leadership barriers. Be familiar with ways of leadership development  Introduction Your effectiveness as a manager may be greatly influenced by your leadership style, the patterns of behavior you exhibit when attempting to influence and direct the activities of others. All nurses need to examine their leadership style and develop it appropriately. Factors affecting leadership style Individual characteristics constitutes one important variable that determines the type of manager a nurse might be. How does the leader view subordinates and are they basically ego-centered or other centered? Also the characteristics of the follower will also influence the style of leadership employed Factors affecting leadership style Type of institutional organization. The situation on which the nurse function. The degree to which Authority is centralized or dispersed. The way of communication and consultation occur. Sources of Managerial Power  Power: The Key to Leadership Legitimate Power – The authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in the firm. Reward Power – The ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards. – Effective managers use reward power to signal to employees that they are doing a good job.  Power: The Key to Leadership Coercive Power – The ability of a manager to punish others. Examples: verbal reprimand, pay cuts, and dismissal Limited in effectiveness and application; can have serious negative side effects. Expert Power – Power that is based on special knowledge, skills, and expertise that the leader possesses. – Tends to be used in a guiding or coaching manner  Power: The Key to Leadership Referent Power – Power that comes from subordinates’ and coworkers’ respect , admiration, and loyalty – Possessed by managers who are likable and whom subordinates wish to use as a role model  Empowerment: An Ingredient in Modern Management Empowerment – The process of giving employees at all levels in the organization the authority to make decisions, be responsible for their outcomes, improve quality, and cut costs Empowerment increases a manager’s ability to get things done Empowerment increases workers’ involvement, motivation, and commitment Empowerment gives managers more time to concentrate on their pressing concerns  Types of leadership style 1- Authoritarian or autocratic leadership. 2- Democratic or Participative leadership style. 3- Laissez-fair leadership. 4- Multicratic leadership. Authoritarian or autocratic leadership Is characterized by strong control by the manager over the work group. It is referred to directive approach. The activities of the group are primarily directive ,with activities determined by the leader and dictated by the followers.(no input from followers in decision)  Authoritarian or autocratic leadership communication flows downward and emphasis is on accomplishing the tasks. Most common on bureaucratic organization. The authority is derived from the position power that is ties to the official job title within the organization.  Authoritarian or autocratic leadership This style is appropriate when there is a need for immediate action and the manager is the individual with the best understanding of the situation. For example: type of leadership might occur in an emergency department setting. Advantages; Decision can be made expeditiously without the length time required for consultation to arrive at a collaboratively agreed-on course of actions. Disadvantages; Subordinate will feel that they are not listened to or supported ,they are less likely to have a personal stake in the achievement of managements goal it can create hostility & dependency among followers  Democratic or Participative leadership style  It focus on involving subordinate in decision making. so it called ( participative).  Democratic leaders see themselves as coworkers and teamwork. The leader may hold a position of higher authority ,this authority is not exercised in a coercive manner.  Democratic or Participative leadership style The leaders leads by providing information, suggesting direction and being supportive to the coworkers. Human relationship are important. Communication both upward &downward. This type of leadership functions best in an organization in which power is less centralized and there is less reliance on formal rules and policies. It is most appropriate  when the task or decision at hand is not one that requires urgent action. When subordinates can be expected to make meaningful contribution. When subordinates input can be taken into account. Example: medical- surgical ward  Advantages  coworkers who are consulted and who have input into decisions are more motivated to support such decision.  involvement of subordinates in data gathering ,analysis ,planning , implementation and evaluation of tasks ensures the widest possible scope & may provide information to which the manager alone would not have had access.  Disadvantage  decision-making can be lengthy process. If coworkers are not confident about their own abilities to participate in planning and decision making ,they may feel that the manager is not doing his or her job and is foisting difficult decisions off onto others who are not being paid to manage. if the decisions of the group cannot be implemented ,coworkers may feel that the time & effort invested have been wasted.  Laissez-fair Leadership  Also called permissive leadership. It is referred to as the delegating approach. Provides the least structure and control. Little or no direction is provided: coworkers develop their own goals ,make their own decision & take responsibility for their own management.  Managers concentrate on providing maximum support and freedom for coworkers ,& decision making is dispersed throughout the group. If laissez-fair approaches to leadership is inappropriate ,a leadership vacuum will occur (informal leader appear).  Advantages 1- Providing maximum freedom for individuals. 2- Increased motivation of subordinates to perform at high levels because of this independence. Ex: in patient psychiatric unit.  Disadvantages It is not possible to let each coworker arrive at an individual approach to decisions about patients. Because of the multidisciplinary nature of patients care ,there usually must be centralized decision making and agreement in following generally accepted policies & procedures.  Multicratic leadership/ Situational Each one of three styles may be used effectively ,depending on the situation involved. One of the skills of leadership is identifying which style of leadership a particular situation require this called --- multicratic style combine the best of all style mediated by the requirement at hand. This style provided a maximum structure when the situation requires it, maximum of group participation when needed, support and encouragement to group in all situations.  Transactional Leadership Transactional Leaders – Use their reward and coercive powers to encourage high performance—they exchange rewards for performance and punish failure. – Push subordinates to change but do not seem to change themselves.  Transformational Leadership A transformational leader is one who: – “commits people to action, who converts followers into leaders, and who may convert leaders into agents of change.” – Empowers staff to have a vision about the organization and trusts them to work toward goals that benefit the organization and themselves.  Transformational Leadership Are futuristic and describe where energies are to be focused. Enhances self-worth of individuals. Makes sure workers know expectations. Decisions are based on fairness, equity, and honesty. Knows one’s self, ones skills and uses them effectively.  Being a Charismatic Leader Charismatic Leader – An enthusiastic, self-confident transformational leader able to clearly communicate his vision of how good things could be – Being excited and clearly communicating excitement to subordinates. – Openly sharing information with employees so that everyone is aware of problems and the need for change. – Empowering workers to help with solutions. – Engaging in the development of employees by working hard to help them build skills.  Barriers to leadership Leadership demands a commitment of effort & time. But many barriers exist : A- False Assumption. B- Time constrains.  False Assumption Some people have false assumption about leaders & leadership: 1- Some believe that position &title are equivalent to leadership (having the title of chief officer does not guarantee that a person will be a good leader). 2- inspired & forward-moving organization often select these executives specifically because of their ability to forge a vision & leads other toward it ( good manager is not necessarily good leaders) 3- workers who do not hold official management positions cannot be leaders  Time constrains Leadership require a time commitment ,the leader must fully comprehend the situation at hand ,investigate & research options ,assume the responsibility to communicate ,….. All of these activities take time. 21st century has been described as the period of doing more with less ,every one is busy so finding time to lead is barrier for whom with inspirational ideas but lack time needed to lead effectively.  LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Several important leadership tasks that ,when used effectively will help ensure success: 1- Select a mentor. 2- Lead by example. 3- Accept responsibility. 4- Share the rewards. 5- Have a clear vision. 6- Be willing to grow. Leadership development : Select a mentor *A mentor: is someone who models behavior ,offers advice and criticism& coaches the novice to develop a personal leadership style. * A mentor should have the qualities of a teacher ,resource person, encourager , and provider of experience for day to day activities. Where do you find a mentor: - He /She is someone who has experience & more success in the leadership realm of success. Ex: clinical or in an organization. - A respected faculty member, nurse manager or director or an organizational officer. mentorship is two way street: 1- The mentor must agree to work with the novice leader & must have some interest in novice future development 2- A mentor must be close geographically to allow both observation & practices of leadership behaviors.  Mentor role  Provide advice , feedback ,and role modeling.  The mentor have right to expect assistance with projects, respect ,loyalty and confidentially.  Leadership roles – Leadership Roles Review the following roles that leaders are often expected to hold Identify and briefly describe the type of leadership roles that you are (or hope to be) responsible for  Mentzberg’s Managerial Roles Interpersonal Roles Decision-Making Leader Roles Liaison Entrepreneur Figurehead Disturbance Handler Information Resource Allocator Processing Roles Negotiator Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson  Interpersonal Roles – Leader Role Provides guidance, builds motivation, creates favorable conditions for coordinated efforts Recruits, trains, directs, praises, criticizes, promotes, and dismisses  Interpersonal Roles – Liaison Role Establishes and maintains web of relationships with outside persons and groups Makes new contacts, keeps in touch, does favors, asks favors in return  Interpersonal Roles – Figurehead Role Performs symbolic duties of a legal and social nature Signs documents, presides at special events, receives official visitors  Information processing Roles – Monitor Role Monitors internal and external forces for problems and opportunities within and outside the organization Reviews reports & memos, attends meetings & briefings, conducts observational review  Information processing Roles – Disseminator Role Informed about special information exclusive to higher level officers Interprets and edits information content, disseminates information to others  Information processing Roles – Spokesperson Role Transmits up-to-the-minute information to superiors and outside persons or groups, Promotes and lobbies on behalf of the organization, public relations representative  Decision-Making Roles – Entrepreneur Role Initiates and designs change to develop new projects, obtain new methods, or reorganize structural format Opportunistic, juggles multiple tasks intermittently with periodic bursts of energy  Decision–Making Roles – Resource Allocator Role Allocates money, personnel, material, equipment, facilities, and services Critical for task management, budget preparation, scheduling, event planning, group coordination  Decision-Making Roles – Negotiator Role Negotiates contracts or agreements with important partners, suppliers, or consultants Addresses grievances and issues involving a major commitment of resources  Decision-Making Role – Disturbance Handler Role Deals with sudden crises like interpersonal conflicts, accidents, loss of support, etc. Mediates disagreements, problem solving takes priority over all other leadership tasks  Nurse Leader Roles and Responsibilities Directing and Influencing Critical Thinking – Decision Making – Problem Solving Budgeting Staff Development Policy Development THANK YOU