Determination of Blood Groups, Bleeding Time, and Clotting Time PDF

ABO & Rh BLOOD GROUPING Dr Iram jaan; Lecturer Physiology.  On completion of the practical class, the student will be able to  Know the importance of studying blood groups (ABO & Rh)  Know how to determine blood group  Understand the clinical significance of blood grouping....

ABO & Rh BLOOD GROUPING Dr Iram jaan; Lecturer Physiology.  On completion of the practical class, the student will be able to  Know the importance of studying blood groups (ABO & Rh)  Know how to determine blood group  Understand the clinical significance of blood grouping.  ABO Blood grouping and Rh blood grouping - Principle  The red blood cell has on its surface different types of agglutinogens.  To determine the blood group of a subject, the red cells are allowed to react with sera containing known agglutinins.  If the RBCs agglutinate, it indicates the presence of the antigens respective for the antibodies  Rh blood group  The Rh factor was first discovered in the Rhesus monkey.  It is present in 85% of human beings. The most common Rh antigen is D.  Rh +ve persons have the Rh antigen on the red cells.  Rh -ve persons have NO Rh antigens on the red blood cells ABO Blood grouping and Rh blood grouping - Requirements  Anti A sera, Anti B sera, Anti D sera  Glass Slides  Dropper  Gauze swab  3 Applicators  Blood sample  Gloves  ABO Blood grouping and Rh blood grouping - Procedure  The slide is placed on a piece of white paper.  A drop of Anti A and a drop of Anti B and a drop of anti D is placed in the slide respectively.  Indicate the placement of each by making a note on the paper.  A drop of blood sample is added to each slide.  ABO Blood grouping and Rh blood grouping - Procedure  The serum and the blood in each slide is mixed thoroughly with an applicator  Wait for 5 -10 minutes and the slide is examined to see whether agglutination takes place. ABO Blood grouping and Rh blood grouping- Interpretation AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS OF VARIOUS BLOOD GROUPS  Significance of blood grouping  Important in blood transfusion for treatment purposes  Determination of Rh incompatibility  Genetic studies  Medicolegal uses Learning resources  Textbook: CL Ghai The Textbook of Practical Physiology 8th edition. Jaypee; 2013. ISBN-978-93-5025-932-0 , Chapter 1-18, Page no.98 to 111 Determination of Bleeding Time Learning objectives On completion of the practical class, the student will be able to  Understand the importance of Bleeding time in various hemorrhagic disorders.  BLEEDING TIME – Duke’s Method  What is Bleeding time?  It is the time interval between commencement of bleeding till the arrest of bleeding.  The bleeding time test is a tool to test the capillary integrity, number of the platelets and platelet plug formation.  BLEEDING TIME – Requirements & Procedure  REQUIREMENTS Filter paper Lancet Alcohol swab  The finger is sterilized with an alcohol swab and allowed to dry  A deep prick is made with a lancet and the blood starts flowing.  BLEEDING TIME - Procedure  Blood collected on the fingertip is removed by touching it with a filter paper every 15 seconds.  The blood spots on the filter paper gets smaller each time  And finally no trace of blood is left on the filter paper that is bleeding has finally stopped  BLEEDING TIME – Interpretation of the result  The number of spots on the paper is counted and the bleeding time is expressed in minutes. [12 spots x 15 seconds = 180 seconds = 3 minutes]  Normal bleeding time = 1 - 4 minutes  If the bleeding time prolongs it is mainly due to: Deficiency of platelets (Thrombocytopenia) or Functional disability of platelets (Thrombasthenia) Learning resources  Textbook: CL Ghai The Textbook of Practical Physiology 8th edition. Jaypee; 2013. ISBN-978-93-5025-932-0 , Chapter 1-19, Page no. 111 to 127 Determination of Clotting Time Learning objectives On completion of the practical class, the student will be able to  Understand the importance of clotting time in various hemorrhagic disorders. Learning resources  Textbook: CL Ghai The Textbook of Practical Physiology 8th edition. Jaypee; 2013. ISBN-978-93-5025-932-0 , Chapter 1-19, Page no. 111 to 127