Liquids Monophasic Objectives PDF

**Ionization, Acid-Base Theory and Buffers** 1. Define: - Strong electrolyte - Weak electrolyte - Ionization - Weak acid - Weak base - Salt 2. Given the salt formed, recognize if a drug is a weak acid or a weak base. 3. Describe the effect of pH on ionization; using the...

**Ionization, Acid-Base Theory and Buffers** 1. Define: - Strong electrolyte - Weak electrolyte - Ionization - Weak acid - Weak base - Salt 2. Given the salt formed, recognize if a drug is a weak acid or a weak base. 3. Describe the effect of pH on ionization; using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate fraction ionized/un-ionized given ***pH*** and ***pK~a~***. 4. Describe the concept of a buffer. 5. Identify reasons why buffers would be included in different dosage forms, esp. ophthalmics and injectables. **Solubility** 1. Define and describe the following terms: - Solubility - Solvent - Solute - Saturated solution - Unsaturated solution - Miscibility 2. Explain why solubility is important for drug absorption. 3. Predict solubility on the basis of the 6 main rules given. 4. Predict the effect on solubility when chemical structure or physical conditions are changed (stirring speed, temperature, presence of foreign substances, etc.) - **Vehicles for Liquid Dosage Forms** 1. Identify and describe the 3 allowed methods of preparing purified water USP. 2. Describe the general properties of vehicles for oral liquid dosage forms as listed in the table below: Vehicle Preservative qualities? Osmotic laxative? Sweet taste? --------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- Alcohol Yes No No Glycerin Yes Yes (mild) Yes (in high amounts) Propylene glycol Yes No No Polyethylene glycol (PEG) No Yes No Sorbitol solution, USP No Yes Yes **Additional Components in Liquid Dosage Forms** 3. Define the various excipient categories used in liquid dosage forms and describe their function (you do not need to know the specific examples unless another objective lists them specifically). 4. Explain when and why preservatives are necessary in pharmaceutical formulations, and be familiar with selection criteria for preservatives. 5. Explain why preservatives may be necessary in syrups. Identify what concentration of sucrose is self-preserving. 6. Identify what concentration of alcohol is self-preserving. 7. Identify advantages and disadvantages of sucrose, sugar alcohols and non-caloric sweeteners. Recall the specific contraindications listed for xylitol and aspartame. 8. Explain why excipients that act as osmotic laxatives pose a potential problem in dosage forms. 9. Define blending and overshadowing. **Oral Liquids** 10. Be able to define: - Single-phase systems - Solutions - Syrups - Elixirs - Spirits - Fluid extracts - Aromatic waters - Tinctures - Multi-phase systems - Suspensions - Emulsions - Microemulsions - Gels - Magmas - Milks 11. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of single-phase and multi-phase liquid dosage forms and be able to identify differences between the two types. 12. Define and compare extraction by percolation and extraction by maceration. **Single-Phase Systems** 13. List advantages and disadvantages of syrup formulations. 14. Distinguish between medicated and non-medicated syrups; identify pharmaceutical use of non-medicated syrups. 15. Describe the specific disadvantages of elixirs discussed in class. 16. Identify the components and alcohol content of the three non-medicated elixirs discussed in class. 17. Define the disulfiram (Antabuse) reaction and identify dosage forms containing excipients that could trigger the reaction. 18. Compare and contrast the morphine content in Laudanum and Paregoric. Explain why the Institute of Safe Medical Practices urges particular caution when dispensing these medications.