Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common component of elixirs that is responsible for providing sweetness?
What is a common component of elixirs that is responsible for providing sweetness?
- Alcohol
- Preservatives
- Artificial sweeteners (correct)
- Glycerin
Which of the following is NOT a step in the preparation of elixirs?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the preparation of elixirs?
- Completing to volume with an appropriate solvent
- Dissolving components separately in alcohol and water
- Combining aqueous and alcoholic solutions
- Storing in a glass container at room temperature (correct)
When diluting a medicated elixir to create a non-medicated elixir, which factor must be equally maintained?
When diluting a medicated elixir to create a non-medicated elixir, which factor must be equally maintained?
- The color of the elixirs
- The volume of preservatives used
- The alcohol content (correct)
- The flavor intensity of the elixir
Which of the following is essential for flavoring agents in elixirs?
Which of the following is essential for flavoring agents in elixirs?
What characteristic of the storage container for elixirs is critical?
What characteristic of the storage container for elixirs is critical?
Which of the following is an example of a buffering agent used in solid oral dosage forms?
Which of the following is an example of a buffering agent used in solid oral dosage forms?
What is the primary purpose of tonicity adjusters?
What is the primary purpose of tonicity adjusters?
Which of the following best describes single-phase liquid systems?
Which of the following best describes single-phase liquid systems?
What is a notable disadvantage of single-phase oral systems?
What is a notable disadvantage of single-phase oral systems?
Which single-phase liquid form is characterized as having drug substances dissolved in a suitable solvent?
Which single-phase liquid form is characterized as having drug substances dissolved in a suitable solvent?
What is one key feature of solutions in single-phase liquid systems?
What is one key feature of solutions in single-phase liquid systems?
What percentage of aspirin is un-ionized in the stomach at pH 1 if its pKa is 3.5?
What percentage of aspirin is un-ionized in the stomach at pH 1 if its pKa is 3.5?
Which of the following is NOT typically a concern with single-phase oral systems?
Which of the following is NOT typically a concern with single-phase oral systems?
Which agent is commonly used as a tonicity adjuster for injectable products?
Which agent is commonly used as a tonicity adjuster for injectable products?
At what pH is a weak acid almost completely ionized?
At what pH is a weak acid almost completely ionized?
Which statement accurately describes the behavior of NH3 in relation to pH and ionization?
Which statement accurately describes the behavior of NH3 in relation to pH and ionization?
What happens to a weak acid like acetic acid (CH3COOH) when the pH is decreased significantly?
What happens to a weak acid like acetic acid (CH3COOH) when the pH is decreased significantly?
When considering weak bases, what occurs when the pH is 2 units below the pKa?
When considering weak bases, what occurs when the pH is 2 units below the pKa?
Which factor does NOT affect the ionization of weak acids and bases?
Which factor does NOT affect the ionization of weak acids and bases?
What is the relationship between pH and pKa for weak acids and bases?
What is the relationship between pH and pKa for weak acids and bases?
If the pH of a solution is increased significantly, what would happen to a weak acid?
If the pH of a solution is increased significantly, what would happen to a weak acid?
Which of the following compounds has the highest solubility in water based on the given data?
Which of the following compounds has the highest solubility in water based on the given data?
What is the relationship between Ka and Kb in conjugate acid-base pairs?
What is the relationship between Ka and Kb in conjugate acid-base pairs?
Given the formula pKA = -log10(KA), what is the pKA of NH4+ if its KA is 5.75 x 10^-10?
Given the formula pKA = -log10(KA), what is the pKA of NH4+ if its KA is 5.75 x 10^-10?
Which statement is true regarding weak bases?
Which statement is true regarding weak bases?
What characterizes a strong base in terms of Kb?
What characterizes a strong base in terms of Kb?
Which functional groups are typically characteristic of weakly basic drugs?
Which functional groups are typically characteristic of weakly basic drugs?
What does a larger [HA] and smaller Ka indicate about a weak acid?
What does a larger [HA] and smaller Ka indicate about a weak acid?
Which type of ammonium salt is not classified as a weak base?
Which type of ammonium salt is not classified as a weak base?
What is the primary function of thickeners in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the primary function of thickeners in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dye-free formulations?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dye-free formulations?
Which colorant is an example of a synthetic dye that may cause allergic reactions?
Which colorant is an example of a synthetic dye that may cause allergic reactions?
What role do solubilizing agents play in formulations?
What role do solubilizing agents play in formulations?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an acidifying agent?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an acidifying agent?
Buffer systems in liquid preparations serve what primary purpose?
Buffer systems in liquid preparations serve what primary purpose?
What is a common example of a natural thickener used in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is a common example of a natural thickener used in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which statement about colorants is true regarding their relationship with flavor?
Which statement about colorants is true regarding their relationship with flavor?
What is a characteristic that typically distinguishes elixirs from syrups?
What is a characteristic that typically distinguishes elixirs from syrups?
What should one assume when encountering the term 'elixir' on a product label?
What should one assume when encountering the term 'elixir' on a product label?
What is one of the major disadvantages of using alcohol in elixirs?
What is one of the major disadvantages of using alcohol in elixirs?
How do 'iso-alcoholic elixirs' differ from traditional elixirs?
How do 'iso-alcoholic elixirs' differ from traditional elixirs?
What is a common marketing practice regarding alcoholic elixirs that have been reformulated?
What is a common marketing practice regarding alcoholic elixirs that have been reformulated?
What happens when a supersaturated solution is disturbed by shaking or adding a seed crystal?
What happens when a supersaturated solution is disturbed by shaking or adding a seed crystal?
What is the classification of a solute that dissolves less than 1 part in 1 part of solvent?
What is the classification of a solute that dissolves less than 1 part in 1 part of solvent?
Which expression correctly describes solubility?
Which expression correctly describes solubility?
Which of the following shows the correct calculation for determining the percentage concentration (%w/v) of a NaCl solution?
Which of the following shows the correct calculation for determining the percentage concentration (%w/v) of a NaCl solution?
Which term best describes a solute that has a solubility of more than 10,000 mL to dissolve 1 mg of substance?
Which term best describes a solute that has a solubility of more than 10,000 mL to dissolve 1 mg of substance?
How is molarity expressed in a solution?
How is molarity expressed in a solution?
What is the significance of the information provided by USP/NF regarding solubility?
What is the significance of the information provided by USP/NF regarding solubility?
If a solute's defined solubility is less than 1 part in 1 part of solvent, what term can be used to describe it?
If a solute's defined solubility is less than 1 part in 1 part of solvent, what term can be used to describe it?
What is one significant advantage of formulating drugs as salts of weak bases?
What is one significant advantage of formulating drugs as salts of weak bases?
How should different salts of the same active drug be treated in terms of their properties?
How should different salts of the same active drug be treated in terms of their properties?
Which of the following is a common issue faced with weak bases like amines?
Which of the following is a common issue faced with weak bases like amines?
In a buffer solution, what does a higher concentration of sodium borate relative to boric acid indicate?
In a buffer solution, what does a higher concentration of sodium borate relative to boric acid indicate?
What is the effect of a drug being formulated as a hydrochloride salt?
What is the effect of a drug being formulated as a hydrochloride salt?
When calculating the ionization of a weak base, what does the formula reveal at a pH lower than its pKa?
When calculating the ionization of a weak base, what does the formula reveal at a pH lower than its pKa?
Which of the following borate compounds is typically used for buffering?
Which of the following borate compounds is typically used for buffering?
What could be an implication of choosing a less soluble salt for oral calcium supplements?
What could be an implication of choosing a less soluble salt for oral calcium supplements?
What is the primary purpose of selecting different salt forms of the same drug?
What is the primary purpose of selecting different salt forms of the same drug?
Which factor is most likely to change when a weak base is converted to its salt form?
Which factor is most likely to change when a weak base is converted to its salt form?
What is the primary purpose of polyhydric alcohols in syrup formulations?
What is the primary purpose of polyhydric alcohols in syrup formulations?
When is the solution with heat method typically preferred for preparing syrups?
When is the solution with heat method typically preferred for preparing syrups?
What is a disadvantage of using heat in syrup preparation?
What is a disadvantage of using heat in syrup preparation?
What is the main characteristic of the agitation without heat method in syrup preparation?
What is the main characteristic of the agitation without heat method in syrup preparation?
Which of the following is considered a buffering agent in solid oral dosage forms?
Which of the following is considered a buffering agent in solid oral dosage forms?
Which process involves allowing purified water to pass through crystalline sucrose?
Which process involves allowing purified water to pass through crystalline sucrose?
Which of the following methods for syrup preparation is the most time-consuming?
Which of the following methods for syrup preparation is the most time-consuming?
What is the primary role of tonicity adjusters in pharmaceutical products?
What is the primary role of tonicity adjusters in pharmaceutical products?
What is the main effect of using thickeners in syrup formulations?
What is the main effect of using thickeners in syrup formulations?
Which of the following represents a disadvantage of single-phase oral systems?
Which of the following represents a disadvantage of single-phase oral systems?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of single-phase liquid systems?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of single-phase liquid systems?
What risk is associated with incorporating heat-labile substances into syrup during preparation?
What risk is associated with incorporating heat-labile substances into syrup during preparation?
In what context are boric acid and sodium chloride typically used?
In what context are boric acid and sodium chloride typically used?
Which component is crucial for achieving a stable syrup without heat?
Which component is crucial for achieving a stable syrup without heat?
What purpose do solubilizing agents serve in syrup formulations?
What purpose do solubilizing agents serve in syrup formulations?
Which of the following is an advantage of single-phase oral systems?
Which of the following is an advantage of single-phase oral systems?
What is a common characteristic of solutions within single-phase liquid systems?
What is a common characteristic of solutions within single-phase liquid systems?
What type of liquid preparations includes solutions, syrups, and tinctures?
What type of liquid preparations includes solutions, syrups, and tinctures?
Which of the following is NOT true about single-phase oral systems?
Which of the following is NOT true about single-phase oral systems?
Which ingredient serves as a tonicity adjuster but can also act as a buffering agent in formulations?
Which ingredient serves as a tonicity adjuster but can also act as a buffering agent in formulations?
What is the primary reason weak electrolytes only partially ionize in solution?
What is the primary reason weak electrolytes only partially ionize in solution?
Which statement best describes the role of a co-solvent in a solution?
Which statement best describes the role of a co-solvent in a solution?
What property of a solvent is primarily influenced by temperature changes?
What property of a solvent is primarily influenced by temperature changes?
Which of the following best describes a primary function of taste masking agents in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of the following best describes a primary function of taste masking agents in pharmaceutical formulations?
How does temperature typically affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
How does temperature typically affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
Which characteristic of an electrolyte determines its strength in solution?
Which characteristic of an electrolyte determines its strength in solution?
Which factor contributes to the effectiveness of a buffer in maintaining pH levels?
Which factor contributes to the effectiveness of a buffer in maintaining pH levels?
What is the primary purpose of an excipient in a buffered solution?
What is the primary purpose of an excipient in a buffered solution?
What is the likely taste of a drug prepared as a free base?
What is the likely taste of a drug prepared as a free base?
What is one potential advantage of using a co-solvent system for oral dosage forms?
What is one potential advantage of using a co-solvent system for oral dosage forms?
When preparing a solution requiring a small volume of an ingredient, such as 0.2 mL of peppermint oil, what is the most efficient measuring approach if only larger measuring devices are available?
When preparing a solution requiring a small volume of an ingredient, such as 0.2 mL of peppermint oil, what is the most efficient measuring approach if only larger measuring devices are available?
Which of the following statements regarding weak electrolytes is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding weak electrolytes is accurate?
What is the correct classification of sodium phenytoin?
What is the correct classification of sodium phenytoin?
Which of the following best describes the behavior of strong bases in terms of their dissociation in water?
Which of the following best describes the behavior of strong bases in terms of their dissociation in water?
Which of the following substances is recognized as a weak base?
Which of the following substances is recognized as a weak base?
What is the expected pH of a 0.1 M solution of potassium acetate given that Ka = 1.75 x 10^-3?
What is the expected pH of a 0.1 M solution of potassium acetate given that Ka = 1.75 x 10^-3?
Which property of solvents plays a critical role in the solubility of substances?
Which property of solvents plays a critical role in the solubility of substances?
When the concentration of a weak acid decreases, how is the ionization affected?
When the concentration of a weak acid decreases, how is the ionization affected?
What is the expected solubility of caffeine at 25^o^C if its solubility at 80^o^C is 0.167 g/ml?
What is the expected solubility of caffeine at 25^o^C if its solubility at 80^o^C is 0.167 g/ml?
Which statement about the properties of solvents is true?
Which statement about the properties of solvents is true?
Which agent may be used to mask taste by anesthetizing the taste buds?
Which agent may be used to mask taste by anesthetizing the taste buds?
What are two potential advantages of using a co-solvent system to prepare solution dosage forms?
What are two potential advantages of using a co-solvent system to prepare solution dosage forms?
How does the solubility behavior of electrolytes differ from that of non-electrolytes in solutions?
How does the solubility behavior of electrolytes differ from that of non-electrolytes in solutions?
What is the expected solubility of caffeine if its solubility is 0.167 g/ml at 80°C and must be evaluated at 25°C?
What is the expected solubility of caffeine if its solubility is 0.167 g/ml at 80°C and must be evaluated at 25°C?
Which of these characteristics describes exothermic materials in relation to drug solutions?
Which of these characteristics describes exothermic materials in relation to drug solutions?
In the context of a 75:25 water:glycerin co-solvent system, what is the maximum solubility achievable for a drug with solubility of 2.5 mg/ml in water and 20 mg/ml in glycerin?
In the context of a 75:25 water:glycerin co-solvent system, what is the maximum solubility achievable for a drug with solubility of 2.5 mg/ml in water and 20 mg/ml in glycerin?
When preparing a drug solution in a 50:25:25 water:glycerin:Alcohol, USP co-solvent system, how does the solubility of the drug change based on the solvent composition?
When preparing a drug solution in a 50:25:25 water:glycerin:Alcohol, USP co-solvent system, how does the solubility of the drug change based on the solvent composition?
Which option best describes the solubility behavior of electrolytes when mixed in different solvent systems?
Which option best describes the solubility behavior of electrolytes when mixed in different solvent systems?
What is a common advantage of utilizing co-solvent systems in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is a common advantage of utilizing co-solvent systems in pharmaceutical formulations?
With a solubility of 1.4 mg/ml in water and 91 mg/ml in ethanol, what percentage of ethanol must be used to achieve a 1.5% solution of phenobarbital?
With a solubility of 1.4 mg/ml in water and 91 mg/ml in ethanol, what percentage of ethanol must be used to achieve a 1.5% solution of phenobarbital?
Which of the following properties should be considered when choosing solvents for drug formulation?
Which of the following properties should be considered when choosing solvents for drug formulation?
In a mixture of glycerin and water, how is the overall dielectric constant estimated if glycerin is at 40% concentration?
In a mixture of glycerin and water, how is the overall dielectric constant estimated if glycerin is at 40% concentration?
What conclusion can be drawn about the effectiveness of solvents based on their solubility levels for specific drugs?
What conclusion can be drawn about the effectiveness of solvents based on their solubility levels for specific drugs?
What is the pH of a 0.5 M solution of sodium phenytoin given its pKa is 4.61?
What is the pH of a 0.5 M solution of sodium phenytoin given its pKa is 4.61?
For a buffer system consisting of 0.5 M acetic acid and 0.25 M sodium acetate, how would the pH compare to a buffer of higher concentrations?
For a buffer system consisting of 0.5 M acetic acid and 0.25 M sodium acetate, how would the pH compare to a buffer of higher concentrations?
Given the pKb of trimethylamine is 4.2, what would be the expected pH of a 0.05 M trimethylamine solution?
Given the pKb of trimethylamine is 4.2, what would be the expected pH of a 0.05 M trimethylamine solution?
What is the final pH of a buffer if NaOH is added resulting in a 0.02 unit increase in pH?
What is the final pH of a buffer if NaOH is added resulting in a 0.02 unit increase in pH?
What is the definition of buffer capacity?
What is the definition of buffer capacity?
If acetic acid has a pKa of 4.76, how can the concentrations of acetic acid and acetate in a buffer at pH 4.5 be calculated?
If acetic acid has a pKa of 4.76, how can the concentrations of acetic acid and acetate in a buffer at pH 4.5 be calculated?
What is the resulting pH when mixing 0.05 M NaOH with a solution that has a pH of 6.0?
What is the resulting pH when mixing 0.05 M NaOH with a solution that has a pH of 6.0?
Which of the following statements about buffer solutions is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about buffer solutions is NOT true?
What concentration of hydrogen ions corresponds to a pH of 4.5?
What concentration of hydrogen ions corresponds to a pH of 4.5?
In the presence of a strong base like NaOH, what effect does it have on a weak acid buffer solution?
In the presence of a strong base like NaOH, what effect does it have on a weak acid buffer solution?
What defines a weak acid in terms of its ionization in solution?
What defines a weak acid in terms of its ionization in solution?
What is the primary function of a buffer in a pharmaceutical formulation?
What is the primary function of a buffer in a pharmaceutical formulation?
Which of the following accurately describes a saturated solution?
Which of the following accurately describes a saturated solution?
Which factor is most likely to decrease the solubility of a drug in solution?
Which factor is most likely to decrease the solubility of a drug in solution?
When using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, what does an increase in pH typically indicate for a weak acid?
When using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, what does an increase in pH typically indicate for a weak acid?
What is the self-preserving concentration of alcohol in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the self-preserving concentration of alcohol in pharmaceutical formulations?
What role do preservatives serve in pharmaceutical formulations?
What role do preservatives serve in pharmaceutical formulations?
In the context of liquid dosage forms, which vehicle is known for having mild osmotic laxative qualities?
In the context of liquid dosage forms, which vehicle is known for having mild osmotic laxative qualities?
Which of the following statements about solubility is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about solubility is TRUE?
What is a potential problem associated with excipients that act as osmotic laxatives in dosage forms?
What is a potential problem associated with excipients that act as osmotic laxatives in dosage forms?
Which of the following best defines a suspension in the context of liquid dosage forms?
Which of the following best defines a suspension in the context of liquid dosage forms?
What distinguishes medicated syrups from non-medicated syrups?
What distinguishes medicated syrups from non-medicated syrups?
What is one key disadvantage of using xylitol as a sweetener?
What is one key disadvantage of using xylitol as a sweetener?
Which term describes the process of separating active constituents from plant material through a solvent?
Which term describes the process of separating active constituents from plant material through a solvent?
What are elixirs primarily characterized by?
What are elixirs primarily characterized by?
What defines a multi-phase system in liquid dosage forms?
What defines a multi-phase system in liquid dosage forms?
What is a common characteristic of spirits in liquid preparations?
What is a common characteristic of spirits in liquid preparations?
What is the main concern with the disulfiram (Antabuse) reaction related to certain excipients?
What is the main concern with the disulfiram (Antabuse) reaction related to certain excipients?
What distinct advantage do single-phase liquid dosage forms have compared to multi-phase formulations?
What distinct advantage do single-phase liquid dosage forms have compared to multi-phase formulations?
Study Notes
Chlordiazepoxide Solubility
- Chlordiazepoxide solubility in water varies significantly with salt form.
- For example:
- The base form has a solubility of 2.0 mg/mL H2O.
- The hydrochloride salt has a solubility of 0 to finite.
Acid-Base Theory (Brønsted-Lowry)
- Weak acids have a finite Ka value.
- The less dissociated a weak acid, the larger the [HA] concentration and the smaller the Ka value.
Weak Bases
- Weak bases only partially dissociate in water.
- They exist in solution in two forms:
- Uncharged, un-ionized species.
- Positively charged ions.
Typical Weakly Basic Functional Groups
- Aliphatic amines.
- Aromatic amines.
- N-heterocycles including pyridine and imidazole.
Relationship between Ka and Kb
- Ka x Kb = Kw = 10^-14.
- pKW = -log10Kw = 14.
- pKA = -log10KA.
- pKB = -log10KB.
- pKA + pKB = pKW = 14.
Practice Problem: Aspirin Un-ionization
- Aspirin, a weak acid with a pKa of 3.5, is predominantly un-ionized in the stomach (pH = 1).
- Approximately 99.7% of aspirin is un-ionized in the stomach.
pH and pKa Relationship
- Weak acids are largely un-ionized when the pH is 2 units below their pKa.
- Weak acids are largely ionized when the pH is 2 units above their pKa.
- Weak bases are largely un-ionized when the pH is 2 units above their pKa.
- Weak bases are largely ionized when the pH is 2 units below their pKa.
Drugs as Salts of Weak Acids and Bases
- Salt forms of weak acids and bases may be preferred for pharmaceutical elegance.
Colorants
- Artificial colorants in pharmaceuticals are regulated by the FDA.
- Some patients may have allergies or sensitivities to artificial colorants.
Thickeners
- Thickeners are viscosity-inducing agents and provide physical concealment of the drug.
- Examples include celluloses (methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose) and natural polymers (acacia and xanthan gum).
Solubilizing Agents
- Surfactants can solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs.
- Surfactants form micelles.
- Examples include Tweens (polysorbates) and sodium oleate.
pH Adjusters
- Acidifying agents provide an acidic medium for product stability.
- Alkalinizing agents provide an alkaline medium for product stability.
Buffer Systems
- Buffer systems resist changes in pH when small quantities of acid or base are added.
- Examples include citric acid buffer, phosphoric acid buffer, and boric acid.
Tonicity Adjusters
- Tonicity measures the effective osmotic pressure gradient.
- Tonicity agents are used to render a solution similar in osmotic pressure to physiological fluids.
- Examples include sodium chloride, dextrose, boric acid, and mannitol.
Single-Phase Liquid Systems
- Solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, tinctures, aromatic waters, and fluid extracts are all single-phase liquid systems.
- They are all variations of solutions, meaning that the drug is completely dissolved and evenly dispersed throughout the solvent.
Single-Phase Oral Systems
- Advantages of single-phase oral systems include ease of swallowing, flexible dosing, and rapid onset of action.
- Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential taste issues, drug instability in solution, and potential for inaccurate dosing.
Solutions
- Solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more drug substances dissolved in a suitable solvent.
Common Components of Elixirs
- Active ingredient
- Water
- Alcohol
- Sweeteners
- Adjunct solvents (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol)
- Flavoring agents
- Coloring agents
- Preservatives
Elixirs: Preparation and Storage
- Alcohol-soluble and water-soluble components are generally dissolved separately in alcohol and water, respectively.
- The aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution.
- Elixirs should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers protected from excessive heat.
Non-Medicated Elixirs
- Non-medicated elixirs can be used for extemporaneous preparations, such as dilution of a medicated elixir.
- The alcohol content of the non-medicated elixir should be similar to the medicated elixir being diluted.
- Flavor and color should not conflict with the medicated elixir.
Weak Electrolytes
- Only partially ionize in solution
Phosphate Ion
- Acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base, accepting a proton to form HPO4-2
Acids and Bases
- Acid: proton donor
- Base: proton acceptor
Weak Base
- Ammonia (NH3)
Sodium Phenytoin
- Salt of a weak acid (phenytoin)
Strongest Base
- A drug having a Kb of 1.74x10^-4
pH of Potassium Acetate
- pH = 6.38
pH of Sodium Phenytoin
- pH = 9.15
pH of Atropine Sulfate
- pH = 10.6
pH of 0.05 M NaOH Solution
- pH = 12.7
False Statements about Buffers
- A buffer containing 0.05 M acetic acid and 0.05 M sodium acetate will have the same pH as one containing 0.5 M acetic acid and 0.5 M sodium acetate (pH depends upon the ratio of the components, not their concentration)
pH of Acetic Acid / Sodium Acetate Buffer
- pH = 4.46
Buffer Capacity
- 0.83 M
Hydrogen Ion, Acetate Ion, and Acetic Acid Concentrations in a Buffer
- [H+]= 3.16x10^-5 M
- [Acetic acid] = 0.194 M
- [Acetate] = 0.106 M
Taste of Free Base
- Bitter
Co-Solvent Advantages
- Increase solubility of poorly soluble drugs
- Enhance stability of drug solutions
Flavoring Aliquot
- Use 29.4 mL dilution, with 4.2 mL aliquot containing 0.6 mL flavoring
Peppermint Oil Aliquot
- Use 45 mL dilution, with 3 mL aliquot containing 0.2 mL peppermint oil
Exothermic Drug
- Releases heat when dissolving
Solvents
- Alcohol, USP has a lower dielectric constant than water
- Fixed oils are not water-miscible
- Glycerin is often used as a humectant within otic solutions
Taste Bud Anesthesia
- Local anesthetics can mask taste by anesthetizing the taste buds
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Description
Test your knowledge on acid-base theory, focusing on weak acids and bases, their solubility in different forms, and the key relationships between pKa and pKb. This quiz includes practice problems to apply these concepts effectively.
