D.El.Ed. Sem2 वर्तमान भारतीय समाज PDF
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This document appears to be lecture notes or study material on the topic of current Indian society.
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ch0Vh0lh0 f}rh; lsesLVj lS)kfUrd fo"k; & 03 orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj çkjfEHkd f'k{kk jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] m0ç0] bykgkckn 1 Downloaded From www.die...
ch0Vh0lh0 f}rh; lsesLVj lS)kfUrd fo"k; & 03 orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj çkjfEHkd f'k{kk jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] m0ç0] bykgkckn 1 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org ch0Vh0lh0 f}rh; lsesLVj eq[; laj{kd % Jh ,p0,y0xqIrk] vkbZ-,-,l-] lfpo] csfld f'k{kk] m0ç0] 'kklu] y[kuÅ laj{kd % lqJh dqeqnyrk JhokLro] vkbZ-,-,l- jkT; ifj;kstuk funs'kd] loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku] y[kuÅ funsZ'ku % Jh losUZ nz foØe cgknqj flag] funs'kd] jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn] m0ç0 leUo;u % Jh fnC;dkUr 'kqDy] çkpk;Z] jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] m0ç0] bykgkckn ijke'kZ % Jh vt; dqekj flag] la;qDr funs'kd] ¼,l0,l0,0½ jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] m0iz0] y[kuÅ ys[kd % Jherh lq"kek ;kno] Jherh uhye feJk] Jherh eatqys'k fo'odekZ] MkW0 la/;k flag] Jherh m"kk vxzoky] Jherh fugkfjdk dqekj] Jherh nhik feJk] Jherh vaf'kdk ;kno] Jh ds'ko dqekj] Jh johUnz izrki flag] Jherh vLer uhyks vUlkjh] Jherh 'kkckuk ijohu] Jherh vfuy dqekjh 'kqDyk] lqferk] Jherh v:.kk] Jherh nhfidk ;kno] Jherh lquhrk mik/;k;] Jherh t;k 'kqDyk] Jh v'kksd dqekjA dEI;wVj dEiksftax % jkts'k dqekj ;kno 2 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj çkjfEHkd f'k{kk d{kk f'k{k.k % fo"k;oLrq [k.M&d çkjfEHkd f'k{kk f'k{kk dh ladYiuk] vFkZ ¼izkphu rFkk vokZphu½ ,oa egRo f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; ,oa orZeku Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd f'k{kk ds izdkj& vkSipkfjd f'k{kk] vukSikpkfjd f'k{kk] nwjLFk f'k{kk izkjfEHkd f'k{kk dh i`f"BHkwfe izkphu dky ¼xq#dqy ,oa ckS)dkyhu f'k{kk½ e/;dkyhu f'k{kk ¼eqxydkyhu f'k{kk½ vk/kqfud f'k{kk ¼LorU=rk ds iwoZ ,oa i'pkr½ çeq[k 'kSf{kd fopkjk/kkjk,¡ ,oa fopkjd vkn'kZokn izd`frokn iz;kstuokn Hkkjrh; fopkjd& foosdkuUn] johUnzukFk VSxksj] egkRedk xka/kh] MkW0 jk/kkd`".ku] fxtwHkkbZ c/ksdk ik'pkr fopkjd& IysVks] :lks] tkWu Mhoh] Ýkscsy] ekWfj;k ekWUVsljh [k.M&[k f'k{kk vkSj lekt %& f'k{kk vkSj lekt dk vUr% lEcU/k f'k{kk ds izHkkoh dkjd&ifjokj] lekt] fo|ky;] jkT; ,oa tulapkj lk/ku f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu&lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkjd fo|ky; vkSj leqnk; ds lEcU/k&fo|ky;] lkeqnkf;d dsUnz ds :i esa mHkjrs lekt ds izeq[k eqn~ns& f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSehdj.k ,oa 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k ,oa bl ij fu;U=.k cpiu Nhurk ckyJe& fu%'kqYd o vfuok;Z cky f'k{kk esa ck/kd 3 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org tual[;k f'k{kk& vFkZ] vko';drk] egRo ,oa le;kuq:i ekuo lalk/ku dk fodkl tkfrokn] vyxkookn] lkEiznkf;drk ,oa blds nq"ifj.kke] lkekftd@ikjLifjd lkSgknZz o lejlrk orZeku vko';drk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk tylap;u& ÅtkZ ,oa Hkwfe laj{k.k Hkwe.Myh; rki o`f) ¼Xykscy okfeZax ½ ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu Hkwe.Myh;dj.k ySafxd vlekurk rFkk mldk izHkko] f'k{kk }kjk ySafxd lekurk ds izfr le> o laosnu'khyrk dk fodkl tulapkj ek/;eksa dh cus ds fy, f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vFkksZa esa leUo; djuk vko';d gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr dk lokZaxh.k fodkl gksrk gSA tks fd mlds thou dks oSKkfud vkSj lkekftd :i ls lQy cukus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA f'k{kk'kkL=h jse.V ds vuqlkj& ^^ f'k{kk ekuo thou ds fodkl dh og izfØ;k gS tks 'kS'ko ls izkSidrs gh izkIr dj ldrk gSA ppkZ fcUnq&orZeku le; esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dh vko';drk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ nwjLFk f'k{kk dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo orZeku le; ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx us f'k{kk dks izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, ,d vko';d rÙo cuk fn;k gSA ;fn O;fDr vius thou dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa fuj{kj gh jgk gS rks og izkSk tk ldrk gS& nwjLFk f'k{kk eq[;r% thou ds izkjfEHkd le; esa f'k{kk u xzg.k dj ikus okys O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gSa nwjLFk f'k{kk ?kj cSBs gh mUgsa f'k{kk xzg.k djus dk volj iznku djrh gSA :fkj[k.M ,oa mRrjk[k.M bR;kfn esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vHkh fpUrktud cuh gqbZ gSA vr% bu jkT;ksa esa nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk gSA og {ks= tgk¡ ij 'kSf{kd laLFkku miyC/k ugha gS ogk¡ fo|kFkhZ nwjLFk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe esa izos'k ikdj f'k{kk dks iw.kZ rFkk mi;ksxh cuk ldrk gSA 25 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org bl izdkj nwjLFk f'k{kk dh orZeku le; rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vR;f/kd ek¡x gSA bldh lgk;rk ls f'k{kk dks loZlqyHk] loZ& mi;ksxh rFkk jkstxkj ijd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk ds xq.k nwjLFk f'k{kk ,d vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh Nk=ksa dks leku volj rFkk p;u dh LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj iznku djrh gS blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mRrjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk tkx`r gksrh gSA fu%lUnsg vkSipkfjd f'k{kk lekt ds ,d oxZ rd gh lhfer jgh gSA ijEijkxr f'k{kk O;fDrxr lapkj ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk nwjLFk f'k{kk lapkj ds vk/kqfud izk:i ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl dkj.k nwjLFk f'k{kk orZeku esa ,sls vusd dk;Z dj jgh gS] tksfd ijEijkxr f'k{kk ugha dj ldrhA vr% nwjLFk f'k{kk esa fuEu xq.kksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS& ;g fo|kFkhZ ds izos'k esa ljyrk rFkk foHksnhdj.k dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ djrh gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk vk/kqfud le; esa f'k{kk dh yxHkx lHkh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus esa lgk;d gSA ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa leku izR;; dk fodkl djrh gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk lsokjr O;fDr;ksa ds fy, uohu f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks LFkkfir djrh gSA bl f'k{kk dks izkFkfed ls ysdj mPp Lrj rd dh f'k{kk esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds mn~ns'; rFkk vk'kkvksa dks Hkh iw.kZ djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g fo|kFkhZ ds /ku] le; rFkk xfr dk lnqi;ksx djrh gSA nks"k ;k lhek,¡ fodflr ns'kksa dh vis{kk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tgk¡ izf'k{k.k ds lhfer lalk/ku gS] ogk¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izf'kf{kr djuk ,d xEHkhj leL;k gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk esa ;g leL;k vk/kqfud 'kSf{kd fof/k ls nwj rks djus dk iz;kl djrk gS] fdUrq vYi ctV ds dkj.k ;g iw.kZr;k lEHko ugha gSA fdlh O;fDr dks dq'kyrkiwoZd] izf'k{k.k rHkh fn;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd mldk izf'k{kd mlds lkFk gksA cgqr ls ,sls izk;ksfxd fo"k; Hkh gksrs gSaA tgk¡ v/;kid ds vHkko esa fo"k; dk Kku vlEHko gh gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk esa ijEijk] lEH;rk] laLd`fr rFkk ,sfrgkfld mikxeksa ds e/; Kku dk mfpr vHkko ekuk tkrk gSA 26 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org vH;kl ç'u nh?kZ mRrjh; ç'u 1- f'k{kk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ ladqfpr vkSj O;kid n`f"Vdks.k ls bldh O;k[;k dSls dh tk ldrh gSa\ 2- f'k{kk ds egÙo ,oa mlds dk;ksaZ dks le>rs gq, vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks le>kb,A 1. nwjLFk f'k{kk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bl f'k{kk dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo ij izdk'k Mkfy,A 2. vkSipkfjd f'k{kk fdls dgrs gSa\ vkiSpkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd f'k{kk esa D;k vUrj gSa \ y?kq mRrjh; ç'u 1. f'k{kk ds okLrfod vFkZ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ 2. orZeku Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dks fyf[k,A 3. vukSipkfjd f'k{kk fdls dgrs gSa \ 4. nwjLFk f'k{kk ds xq.kksa dks fyf[k,A 5. ^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* bl lwfDr dk D;k vk'k; gS \ vfry?kq ç'u 1. f'k{kk 'kCn dh mRifRr ySfVu Hkk"kk ds fdu 'kCnksa esa gqbZ gS\ 2. f'k{kk ds dksbZ nks dk;Z fyf[k,A 3. nwjLFk f'k{kk ds fdrus ?kVd gS \ 4. o`ra ;Rusu laj{ksr lwfDr dk D;k vFkZ gS \ cgqfodYih; ç'u 1- ^^LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk efLr"d dk okl gksrk gSA** ;g dFku fdldk gS & ¼d½ gjcVZ dk ¼[k½ LisUlj dk ¼x½ gS.Vjlu dk ¼?k½ vjLrw dk 2- f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; ugha gS& ¼d½ pkfjf=d fodkl ¼[k½ Kku vtZu ¼x½ O;olk;hdj.k ¼?k½ vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl 27 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org ch0Vh0lh0 ikB~;Øe vf/kxe lkexzh çkjfEHkd f'k{kk dh i`"BHkwfe oSfnd dkyhu f'k{kk vFkZ mn~ns'; fl)kUr ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ f'k{kk O;oLFkk leh{kk iqujko`fRr ewY;kadu dk;Z 28 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org çkjfEHkd f'k{kk dh i`"BHkwfe Hkwfedk ge vki lHkh us cM+s&cqtqZxksa dks ;g dgrs gq, vo'; lquk gksxk fd ^^vkt dk ckyd dy ds Hkfo"; dk fuekZrk gksrk gSA** blls Li"V gS ckyd ds loZrkseq[kh fodkl ds fy, thou ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZ dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA 06 ls 12 o"kZ dh voLFkk lwfDr;k¡ esa ckyd vius Hkkoh thou dk f'kykU;kl djrk gS] vkSj fo|k nnkfr fou;a blesa lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS f'k{kk& tks izR;sd fo|kfoghua i'kqfHk%lekuk% jk"Vª dk lcls ifo= ,oa jk"Vªh; nkf;Ro gSA d{kk 1 ls 8 fo|k dYiyrso Kkua euqtL; r`rh; us=a rd dh f'k{kk dks izkFkfed f'k{kk dgk tkrk gSA izR;sd ns'k vkfn dky ls gh vius ukSfugkyksa ds loksZRre fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djrk jgk gS vkSj gekjk ns'k Hkkjr rks vuU; lqHkkf"kr okD;ksa ls lnk vuqiszfjr jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh lrr blh vksj vxzlj gSA oSfndkyhu f'k{kk Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk tks Lo:i izpfyr Fkk] mls oSfnd dkyhu f'k{kk ;k xq#dqy f'k{kk O;oLFkk dgk tkrk gSA tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS osn ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk ;k xq# ds ?kj ;k dqy esa izkIr dh tkus okyh f'k{kkA osn ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dk vFkZ gS ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ftldk lzksr osn gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa pkj izdkj ds osn ekus tkrs gSa& _Xosn] ;tqZosn] lkeosn] vFkoZosnA oSfnd dkyhu f'k{kk dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, vYrsdj egksn; us fy[kk gS& oSfnd ;qx ls Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z izdk'k dk og lzksr tks thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa gekjk lPpk iFk&izn'kZu djrh gSA bl izdkj f'k{kk ,d izdk'k gS fdUrq ;g iqLrdh; Kku dk i;kZ; ugha gS] D;ksafd izkphu Hkkjrh; xq#vksa dk ;g n`ls dksbZ iwNs fd f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; D;k gS rks eSa mRrj nw¡xk fd pfj= dk fodklA çf'k{kq& ppkZ djsafd csfld f'k{kk dks csfld ;k cqfu;knh f'k{kk D;ksa dgk x;k& ewY;kadu& mi;qZDr ppkZ ls geus tkuk fd fczfV'k iz'kklu esa f'k{kk dh ftl :i esa izxfr gqbZ mlls fu%lUnsg Hkkjrh; lekt dh ladh.kZrk nwj gqbZA Hkkjrh; tu ik'pkR; Kku o laLd`fr ls ifjfpr gq,A lkFk gh fons'kh oxZ Hkh Hkkjrh; lkfgR; o laLd`fr ds v/;;u ,oa vuqdj.k dh vksj vxzlj gqvkA vaxzstks ds vkxeu ls Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds fodkl dks xfr feyhA vaxzstks us izsl] pyfp= o jsfM;ksa] jsy;ku ds fodkl ij /;ku fn;k ftlls 'kSf{kd izlkj dks xfr feyhA jk"Vªh; ,oa yksdra= dh Hkkouk dk tkxj.k gqvkA 53 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org vH;kl iz'u cgqfodYih; iz'u 1- Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk tUenkrk dgk tkrk gSA ¼d½ Dykbo ¼[k½ csafVd ¼x½ dkuZokfyl ¼?k½ dksbZ ughaA 2- NukbZ dk fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k FkkA ¼d½ vkdyS.M ¼[k½ ,MefLeFk ¼x½ eSdkys ¼?k½U;wVu vfry?kq mRrjh; iz'u 1- vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj i= fdls dgk tkrk gS\ 2- izkP;oknh fopkj /kkjk ds leFkZdksa ds uke D;k Fks \ y?kq mRrjh; 1- oqM dk ?kks"k.kki= dh eq[; ckrsa D;k Fkh \ 2- g.Vj deh'ku dh flQkfj'kksa us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k \ nh?kZ mRrjh; fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kk esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds fodkl ij ldkjkRed o udkjkRed izHkkoksa dh foospuk dfj, \ l=h; dk;Z f'k{kk dk NukbZ fl)kUr dk orZeku esa iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa vkaXy Hkk"kk dh vfuok;Zrk esa dksbZ lEcU/k gS ;k ugha çf'k{kq mi;qZDr fo"k; ij izfr;ksxh Nk=ksa dk lk{kkRdkj djsa vkSj ohfM;ksfDyi rS;kj djsaA 54 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org LorU=rk i'pkr çkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds ç;kl Hkwfedk laoS/kkfud izko/kku Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1968 Mªk¶V jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1979 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 leh{kk lfefr 1990 dk;kZUo;u dk;ZØe 1992 orZeku ;kstuk,¡ ewY;kadu dk;Z 55 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org LorU=rk i'pkr f'k{kk ds ç;kl 200 o"kksZa dk yEck vUrjky fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk ds vfLrRo dks /kwfey dj nsrk gS] gekjs ns'k Hkkjr us viuh lH;rk o laLd`fr dks ftl ek/;e ls lqjf{kr j[kk og Fkh f'k{kkA LorU=rk ds ckn uohu ljdkj ds le{k ;g pqukSrh Fkh fd f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; Lo:i dSls iquthZfor fd;k tk;sA f'k{kk ds jk"Vªh;dj.k dh rjQ dne cku crs gSa \ blds izeq[k dkjdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 2- ^^f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu ykus dk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku gSA** lkekftd ifjorZu dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A y?kq mRrjh; iz'u 1- lkekftd ifjorZu dh fdUgha nks ifjHkk"kkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 2- lkekftd ifjorZu ds ik¡p dkj.k crkb,A 3- lkekftd ifjorZu ykus esa f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk Li"V dhft,A 4- lkekftd ifjorZu dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A vfry?kq mRrjh; ç'u 1- lkekftd ifjorZu dk vFkZ fyf[k,A 2- lkekftd ifjorZu dh ,d ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A 3- lkekftd ifjorZu esa ck/kk Mkyus okys nks izHkkoh dkjdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A Lo;a djus ds fy, 1- ^^f'k{kd lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh lfØ; laokgd gSA** izf'k{k.k d{k esa lgHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk lewg ppkZ djsaA 2- f'k{kk ls gekjs thou esa D;k&D;k ifjorZu gq, gSa\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A 148 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org fo|ky; rFkk leqnk; "A School is and ought to be a reflection of the life of the community. The public school in India must there fore be brought nearer to the pattern of Indian life." - Humayun Kabir fo|ky; o leqnk; ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA vr% fo|ky; dk ;g drZO; gS fd og leqnk; o lekt ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns vkSj lekt rFkk leqnk; dk ;g drZO; gS fd og fo|ky; ds fodkl esa lg;ksx djsaA çeq[k f'k{k.k fcUnq ckyd`".k tks'kh dk dFku gS fd ^^fdlh Hkh jk"Vª fo|ky; dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk dh izxfr dk fuekZ.k fo/kku lHkkvksa] U;k;ky;ksa vkSj leqnk; dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk dkj[kkuksa esa ugha oju~ fo|ky;ksa esa gksrk gSA** bl dFku fo|ky; o leqnk; dk ikjLifjd ls Li"V gksrk gS fd leqnk; ¼lekt½ esa fo|ky; dk lEcU/k egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gS vkSj fo|ky;% lkeqnkf;d dsUnz ds :i esa leqnk; dk fo|ky; ij izHkko blds }kjk fdlh Hkh lekt ds Lrj esa mUufr yk;h tk fo|ky; dk leqnk; ij izHkko ldrh gSA 'kSf{kd vkSj lkekftd fodkl esa nksuksa dk vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gSA fo|ky; dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk ^Ldwy* 'kCn dh mRifRr 'schola' ;k 'Skhole' uked ;wukuh 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS& vodk'k (Leisure)A ;g ckr dqN fofp= lh tku iM+rh gSA bldk Li"Vhdj.k djrs gq,] ,0,Q0 yhp us fy[kk gS& ^^okn&fookn ;k okrkZ ds LFkku] tgk¡ ,FksUl ds ;qod vius vodk'k ds le; dks [ksy&dwn] O;olk; vkSj ;q) ds izf'k{k.k esa fcrkrs Fks] /khjs&/khjs n'kZu vkSj mPp dykvksa ds Ldwyksa esa cny x;sA ,dsMseh ds lqUnj m|kuksa esa O;rhr fd;s tkus okys vodk'k ds ek/;e ls fo|ky;ksa dk fodkl gqvkA** tkWu M~;woh ds vuqlkj& ^^fo|ky; ,d ,slk fof'k"V okrkoj.k gS] tgk¡ thou ds dqN xq.kksa vkSj dqN fo'ks"k izdkj dh fØ;kvksa rFkk O;olk;ksa dh f'k{kk bl mn~ns'; ls nh tkrh gS fd ckyd dk fodkl okafNr fn'kk esa gksA** Vh0ih0 uu0 ds vuqlkj& ^^ fo|ky; dks eq[; :i ls bl izdkj dk LFkku ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,] tgk¡ fdlh fuf'pr Kku dks lh[kk tkrk gS] oju~ ,slk LFkku tgk¡ ckydksa dks fØ;kvksa ds mu 149 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org fuf'pr :iksa esa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gS] tks bl fo'kky lalkj esa lcls egku~ vkSj lcls vf/kd egRo okyh gSA jkWl ds vuqlkj& ^^fo|ky; os laLFkk,¡ gSa] ftudks lH; euq"; }kjk bl mn~ns'; ls LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS fd lekt esa lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ;ksX; lnL;rk ds fy, ckydksa dh rS;kjh esa lgk;rk feysA** mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ns[kus esa fo|ky; dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ Li"V gksrh gSa& 1- fo|ky; ,d fof'k"V okrkoj.k gS ftlesa ckydksa ds okafNr fodkl ds fy, fof'k"V xq.kksa] fØ;kvksa rFkk O;olk;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA 2- fo|ky; og LFkku gS tgk¡ lalkj dh egku~ ,oa egRoiw.kZ fØ;kvksa dks LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA 3- fo|ky; dks ckydksa ds Hkkoh thou dh rS;kjh gsrq LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA 4- fo|ky; dks lkeqnkf;d thou dk dsUnz fcUnq gksuk pkfg,A leqnk; dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk lk/kkj.k cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa ^leqnk;* O;fDr;ksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gS] tks feydj lkekU; mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr rFkk lkekU; thou O;rhr djus ds fy,s ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx esa jgrs gS aA vr% leqnk; ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lkekU; fgr] fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx] lkekU; thou Lrj rFkk ,drk dh Hkkouk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA oLrqr% leqnk; vfr foLr`r rFkk O;kid 'kCn gS vkSj blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd lewgksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ& ifjokj] /kkfeZd la?k] tkfr] iM+ksl] uxj] jkT; ,oa jk"Vª leqnk; ds fofHkUu :i gSaA lH;rk dh izxfr rFkk lapkj ,oa ;krk;kr ds rhoz lk/kuksa ds fodkl us fo'o ds yksxksa dks ,d&nwljs ij vf/kd fuHkZj cuk fn;k gS ftlds dkj.k leqnk; dh /kkj.kk vkSj vf/kd foLr`r gks xbZ gSA vkt ge fo'o&leqnk; dh /kkj.kk dks O;kogkfjd :i iznku djus ds fy;s iz;Ru'khy gSaA vr% leqnk; esa ,d oxZ ehy ls de dk {ks= Hkh gks ldrk gS ;k bldk ?ksjk fo'o Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;g {ks= dk ?ksjk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd blds lnL;ksa esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk jktuhfrd lekurk,¡ gksaA leqnk; ds vFkZ dks vkSj vkf/kd Li"V djus ds fy;s uhps dqN ifjHkk"kk,a nh tk jgh gSa& 1- eSdkboj& ^^leqnk; O;fDr;ksa dk ,slk lewg gS tks NksVs ;k cM+s lewgksa esa feydj jgrs gq, fo'ks"k futh fgr R;kx dj ,sls fgrksa esa lgHkkxh gksrs gSa tks brus foLr`r o iw.kZ gksrs gSa fd muds thou dk lekos'k dj ldsaA** 2- fdaXlys Msfol& ^^leqnk; lcls NksVk ,d ,slk {ks=h; lewg gS ftlds vUrxZr lkekftd thou ds leLr igyw vk ldrs gSaA** 3- ,p0MCY;w0 tksjckx& ^^leqnk; og LFkkuh; {ks= gS ftlesa euq"; ,d Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ,d lh :fk tk ldrk gS& og ckyd tks vHkh pkSng o"kZ dk ugha gqvk gS vFkkZr~ 13 o"kZ 364 fnuksa rd dk gS] etnwjh ds fy, Je djrk gS] cky&Jfed gSA bl vk;q ds ckydksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk Je xSj&dkuwuh gSA ;s ckyd cslgkjk o 'kksf"kr Js.kh ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA lk/kkj.kr;k lLrh etnwjh ds fy, cky&Jfedksa dks lsok& fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA tuojh] 2000 esa fo'o cSad }kjk izdkf'kr ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd yxHkx 6 djksM+ cky&Jfed Hkkjr esa gSa ftlesa 1-5 djksM+ ca/kqvk cky&Jfed Hkh lfEefyr gSaA cky&Jfedksa dh leL;k,¡ cky&Je vius vki esa ,d lkekftd leL;k gSA fQj Hkh] tgk¡ rd muls tqM+h leL;kvksa dk loky gS] mls fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa le>k tk ldrk gS& 1- LokLF; leL;k vf/kdak'k cky&Jfedksa dk LokLF; Bhd ugha jgrk gSA muds 'kjhj esa i;kZIr izksVhu] dkcksZgkbMsªV] olk vkSj vU; foVkfeUl rRoksa dh deh ik;h tkrh gSA vi;kZIr vkSj ikSf"Vd Hkkstu u feyus ds dkj.k vke cky&Jfed vLoLFk jgrk gSA m|ksxksa o d le>us yxrs gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa oS;fDrd fo?kVu dh leL;k mHkjrh gSA 8- lkekftd fo?kVu cky&Je dks lkekftd fo?kVu dk dkj.k o ifj.kke] nksuksa dgk tk ldrk gSA lkekftd fo?kVu dk gh y{k.k ckyJe gS fQj Hkh ftl lekt esa cky&Jfed c gks tkrk gS] rks og gkjdj vius cPpksa }kjk cky&Jfed ds :i esa vFkksZiktZu ds fy, ck/; gks tkrk gSA fu/kZurk ,oa cky&Je esa ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okys 172 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org vf/kdka'k O;fDr cPpksa }kjk f'k{kk izkIr djus dh vis{kk vkfFkZd ykHk izkIr djuk vf/kd t:jh le>rs gSaA 2- ikfjokfjd n'kk,¡ ikfjokfjd n'kkvksa dk cky&Je ds lkFk lEcU/k ns[kk tkrk gSA buesa ekrk&firk dk vlq[kh oSokfgd thou] ikfjokfjd dyg] VwVk ifjokj o vuSfrd ifjokj vkfn vkrs gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cPps fn'kkghu o vfu;af=r thou dh vksj eqM+ tkrs gSaA mudh NksVh eksVh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ Hkh vlaHko fn[krh gSA ,sls ifjokjksa ds cPps f'k{kk izkIr djus ds ctk; cky&Jfed cu tkrs gSa] rkfd mudh ekSfyd vko';drk ¼Hkkstu] oL=½ dh iwfrZ gksA 3- vf'k{kk Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh f'k{kk dh deh gSA xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou O;rhr djus okyksa esa vf/kdka'k fuj{kj gSaA fuj{kj gksus ds dkj.k O;fDr 'kkjhfjd Je ds ek/;e ls vkthfodk izkIr djrs gSaA buds fy, f'k{kk egRoiw.kZ ugha fn[krhA QyLo:i ,sls ifjokj ds cPpksa dk cky&Jfed ds :i esa vkthfodk miktZu LokHkkfod gks tkrk gSA ,d ckj mlesa vk tkus ds ckn bls NksM+ ikuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA 4- xSj&laons u'khy f'k{kk& iz.kkyh dsUnz ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkjsa pkgs tks Hkh nkok D;ksa u djsa] os izkFkfed ,oa mPp izkFkfed f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh ikjEifjd detksfj;ksa& fo|ky;h v/kksjpuk dh detksj fLFkfr] f'k{kdksa dh deh] f'k{kdksa esa vuqifLFkrrk dh Å¡ph nj vkfn ds pyrs fo|ky;ksa esa cPpksa dks vkdf"kZr djus rFkk mUgsa i ldsa fd lhfer ifjokj gh mudh O;fDrxr rFkk lekt dh lq[k le`f) dk ewy gSA 176 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org tula[;k f'k{kk ds vUrxZr Nk=x.k tula[;k o`f) dh izo`fRr] tula[;k dh fo'ks"krk,¡] tula[;k o`f) ds dkj.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk leLr jk"Vª o leLr fo'o ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk Kku izkIr djrs gSaA tula[;k f'k{kk dk lEcU/k lEiw.kZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls gSA vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd Ldwy f'k{kk] izkSus dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djukA Nk= &Nk=kvksa esa ns'k dh tula[;k uhfr rFkk tula[;k fu;U=.k lEcU/kh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh nsukA tula[;k f'k{kk dh vko';drk o egRo orZeku le; eas tula[;k f'k{kk dk fojks/k u dsoy gekjs fy, vkRe?kkrh gS oju~ blls gekjs ns'k dh lHkh izdkj dh izxfr dh vk'kk,¡ {kh.k gksrh gSaA Hkkjr ds lHkh 'kqHk fpUrd ;g vuqHko djrs gSa fd turk dks tula[;k lEcU/kh dqN f'k{kk vo'; feyuh pkfg,A egkRek xk¡/kh us lUrfr ds tUe dks e;kZfnr djus ds fy, czãp;Z ;k vkRe la;e dks ,dek= mik; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA izkphu dky esa Hkh x`gLFk vkJe esa la;e ij cy fn;k tkrk Fkk ijUrq vktdy tula[;k dks lhfer j[kus dk ,dek= mik; ifjokj fu;kstu jg x;k gSA tula[;k f'k{kk Hkh bl fn'kk esa egRoiw.k ;ksxnku ns ldrh gSA ppkZ ds fcUnq& c dj fo"k;oLrq fu/kkZfjr u djus ds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikB~;oLrq le>us esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA os tula[;k lEcU/kh ckrsa lh[kus esa #fp Hkh ugha ysrs gSaA tula[;k f'k{kk lEcU/kh 'kks/k dk;ksZa dh deh Hkkjr esa tula[;k lEcU/kh 'kks/k dk;Z cgqr izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa gSaA tula[;k o`f) ds dkj.kksa o izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa izkekf.kd tkudkjh dk vHkko gSA ns'k esa pyk, tk jgs tula[;k f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dh izHkkoksRikndrk dk O;kid ewY;kadu u gks ikus ds dkj.k tula[;k f'k{kk ds fy, mi;qDr ikB~;Øe ds fuekZ.k o bls iznku djus ds fy, mi;qDr f'k{k.k& fof/k;ksa o lkexzh dh [kkst djus esa vlqfo/kk gks jgh gSA tula[;k f'k{kk dks lQy cukus ds lq>ko@mik; vktdy turk o ljdkj us tula[;k f'k{kk dh t:jr Lohdkj dj yh gSA o"kZ 1969 esa cEcbZ esa tula[;k f'k{kk ij laxks"Bh vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA blds lq>koksa esa ls izeq[k lq>ko gSa tula[;k dh f'k{kk lekt'kkL=] LokLF; f'k{kk] Hkk"kk] xf.kr] foKku vkfn fo"k;ksa }kjk nsuk] fofHkUu f'k{kk Lrjksa ds fy, tula[;k f'k{kk dh ikB~;oLrq] f'k{k.k fof/k o ewY;kadu fof/k dk fu/kkZj.k] f'k{kdksa ds fy, fu;fer o vUr% lsok izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk] tula[;k f'k{kk ds {ks= esa 'kks/k dk;Z dks izksRlkfgr djuk] tula[;k leL;k ds ckjs izlkj Hkk"k.k ekyk dk vk;kstuA orZeku le; esa tula[;k f'k{kk ds izlkj o lQy f'k{k.k ds fy, fuEu lq>ko viuk, tk ldrs gSa& v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa esa tula[;k f'k{kk dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg, rkfd f'k{kd tula[;k f'k{kk dk leqfpr Kku izkIr dj ldsa] dk;ZØe ds izfr mi;qDr vfHko`fRr;k¡ fodflr dj ldsa o f'k{k.k ewY;kadu gsrq mi;ksxh fof/k;ksa dks tku ldsaA 180 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org tula[;k f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa o leqnk; esa laxks"Bh vk;ksftr dh tk,A tula[;k f'k{kk lEcU/kh dk;ksZa esa yxs laxBuksa ds dk;ksZa dks lefUor dj mi;ksxh lqlaxfBr dk;ZØe dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A le;≤ ij tula[;k f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk, rkfd dk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk &vlQyrk ds fy, mRrjnk;h dkjdksa dks Kkr fd;k tk ldsA tula[;k f'k{kk dks f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk vfHkUu vax cuk;k tk,A d{kk esa lwpuk,¡ nsus ek= ls fo|kFkhZ tual[;k o`f) dh leL;k dks okLro esa le> ugha ldasxsA ^m"kk lqUnjh oyh ¼1986½ ds vuqlkj Nk=ksa dks izklafxd nRrksa dk v/;;u ,oa ppkZ djus ds ckn ;g Lo;a fu'pr djus nsuk pkfg, fd ns'k ,oa lekt esa tula[;k dh fLFkfr ,d leL;k ds :i esa mHkj dj vk jgh gS] ftldk lek/kku vko';d gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa o vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa tula[;k o`f) dh nj o vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh rqyuk djokdj] tula[;k o fodkl ij thoUr ppkZ,a o okn&fookn vk;ksftr djds] vfHkxeu dk iz;ksx djds] f'k{k.k djds o ohfM;ksdSlsV dk iz;ksx tula[;k f'k{kk dh izfØ;k dks izHkkoh cuk ldrk gSA ppkZ fcUnq& tula[;k f'k{kk dks lQy cukus gssrq f'k{kd ds :i esa vki D;k iz;kl dj ldrs gSa \ bl le; tula[;k f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ds fuekZ.k o fØ;kUo;u ij vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA f'k{k.k esa uokpkjksa dk mi;ksx djds] ewY;kadu izfØ;k dks vf/kd fodflr djds] tula[;k f'k{kk ds izfr vfHkHkkodksa] f'k{kd o Nk=kas dh vfHko`fRr;ksa dks mi;qDr cuk dj ge tula[;k f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh lQyrk dk ekxZ iz'kLr dj ldrs gSaA 181 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org vH;kl ç'u foLr`r mRrjh; ç'u 1- tula[;k f'k{kk D;k gS\ blds mn~ns'; rFkk egRo ij izdk'k Mkfy,A 2- tula[;k f'k{kk dks lQy cukus ds mik; lq>kb;sA y?kq mRrjh; ç'u 3- tula[;k f'k{kk dh leL;k,¡ fyf[k,A 4- tula[;k f'k{kk dh orZeku esa D;ksa vko';drk gS \ vfry?kq mRrjh; ç'u 5- tula[;k foLQksV D;k gS \ 6- tula[;k f'k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A cgqfodYih; ç'u 7- ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ xfrd dkjd gS& ¼d½ jkstxkj esa o`f) ¼[k½ rhoz tula[;k o`f) ¼x½ lqfo/kk,¡ ¼?k½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha 8- tula[;k o`f) ij fu;a=.k dk mik; gS \ ¼d½ 'kks/k ¼[k½ vkfFkZd fØ;kdyki ¼x½ f'k{kk ¼?k½ egkekjh xfrfof/k@fØ;kdyki çf'k{k.k d{k esa izf'k{kd }kjk leLr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa gsrq tula[;k o`f) rFkk blds nq"izHkkoksa ij vk/kkfjr ukVd] iksLVj] Lyksxu ys[ku] Hkk"k.k] fucU/k ys[ku vkfn çfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk, rFkk blesa dk;Z mRd`"Vrk ds vk/kkj ij mudk ewY;kadu Hkh fd;k tk,aA 182 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org tkfrokn] vyxkookn] lkEiznkf;drk ,oa blds nq"ifj.kke tkfrokn tkfrokn tkfr& O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr ,d izeq[k lkekftd leL;k gSA tkfrokn dh Hkkouk O;fDr&O;fDr ds chp ?k`.kk] }s"k ,oa izfrLi/kkZ dks tUe çeq[k f'k{k.k fcUnq nsrh gSA tkfrokn dh Hkkouk ds fodflr gksus ls O;fDr tkfrokn dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk viuh gh tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds fgrksa dks loksZifj le>rk tkfrokn ds fodkl ds izeq[k dkjd gSA ns'k ;k lekt dk fgr mlds fy, ux.; gks tkrk tkfrokn ds lkekftd nq"ifj.kke tkfrokn dks lekIr djus ds lq>ko gSA lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ds QyLo:i vyxko okn tkfr&O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vkt vFkZ] mn~ns'; egkuxjksa esa Hkh tkfrokn dh Hkkouk dks ns[kk tk ldrk mRrjnk;h dkjd gSA uxjksa esa fofHkUu tkfr ds yksxksa us vius laxBu cuk vyxkookn ds Lo:i nq"ifj.kke j[ks gSaA fofHkUu voljksa ij bu laxBuksa dks ns[kk tk f'k{kk dk ;ksxnku ldrk gSA vkt tkfr ds uke ij LFkku&LFkku ij f'k{k.k lkEiznkf;drk laLFkk,¡] fpfdRlky; ,oa euksjatu laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k lkEiznkf;dk dh vo/kkj.kk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk gks jgk gSA tkfrxr Hkkouk ls izsfjr laLFkk,a viuh gh Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;drk tkfr ds fgrksa ds fy, dk;Z dj jgh gSa] Hkys gh blls fo'ks"krk,a ns'k dk vfgr D;ksa u gks jgk gksA dkj.k o nq"ifj.kke mUewyu ds mik; tkfrokn dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk lkekftd@ikjLifjd lkSgknZ o lejlrk] orZeku vko';drk tkfrokn ,d tkfr ds lnL;ksa dh og Hkkouk gS tks viuh tkfr ds fgr ds lEeq[k vU; tkfr;ksa ds lkekU; fgrksa dh vogsyuk vkSj izk;% guu djus dks izsfjr djrh gSA fdl izdkj dsoy viuh gh tkfr dk dY;k.k vkSj izxfr gks] ;gh fpUrk mUgsa ns'k ;k lekt ;k vU; tkfr;ksa ds lkekU; fgrksa dk /;ku ugha j[kus nsrh gSaA ekuo Hkkoukvksa dk ;g ladqfpr :i gh tkfrokn gSA MkW0 dSyk'k ukFk 'kekZ ds vuqlkj ^^ tkfrokn ;k tkfr HkfDr ,d tkfr ds O;fDr;ksa dh og Hkkouk gS tks ns'k ;k lekt ds lkekU; fgrksa dk [;ky u j[krs gq, dsoy viuh gh tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds mRFkku] tkrh; ,drk vkSj tkfr dh lkekftd izfLFkfr dks lqn`rh gS vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa dk guu djrh gS rks lekt esa ruko o la?k"kZ dks cxM+s gksrs jgrs gSa vkSj ns'k esa tku&eky dk uqdlku gksrk gSA lkEiznkf;drk ds dkj.k lkEiznkf;drk Hkkjr esa ,d dkskoksa ls lEcfU/kr dk;ZØeksa dk izlkj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ty ladV ds lek/kku o Hkwty dh xq.koRrk c