Ancient Indian Dance: Video 2 Script (PDF)

**Ancient Indian Dance: Video 2 -- 30 minutes -- Module 18** Hello students. In the last lecture, we have studied about Indian classical dance forms, the detailed information related to major dance forms of India, its role in social ceremony, education, culture, etc. We also tried to understand dan...

**Ancient Indian Dance: Video 2 -- 30 minutes -- Module 18** Hello students. In the last lecture, we have studied about Indian classical dance forms, the detailed information related to major dance forms of India, its role in social ceremony, education, culture, etc. We also tried to understand dance as a spiritual practice, meditation and its impact on mental health. We understood that Indian dance forms are not just about choreography and performances -- they are a way of life, deeply rooted in tradition and spirituality. By studying Indian dance forms, we are not only enhancing our physical skills but also connecting with a vibrant cultural heritage that spans centuries. Each movement, each gesture carries a deeper meaning, telling stories of love, devotion, and mythology. let\'s understand the societal roles in ancient India and how they influenced the development of classical dance forms. In ancient India, society was divided into four main social classes known as the varnas. These classes were the Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers and service providers). Each class had its own set of duties and responsibilities, and this hierarchical structure played a significant role in shaping the way dance was perceived and practiced. Women in ancient India played a vital role in the development of classical dance forms. While men traditionally dominated the public sphere, women found a creative outlet in dance, which allowed them to express their emotions and tell stories through movement. Female dancers, known as devadasis, were often employed in temples and royal courts where they performed intricate dances in honour of the gods. Despite the passage of time, Indian classical dance has continued to evolve and adapt to contemporary tastes and sensibilities. Many modern dancers are exploring innovative ways to incorporate traditional movements and themes into their performances, blending the old with the new to create truly unique artistic expressions. In today\'s rapidly changing world, Indian classical dance has the power to inspire social change and promote positive values. Many dancers use their art as a platform to raise awareness about social issues, advocate for gender equality, and celebrate diversity and inclusivity. By sharing their messages through the universal language of dance, these artists bring people together and foster a sense of unity. Indian classical dance continues to remain relevant in today\'s modern age, not just as a form of artistic expression but as a powerful tool for cultural preservation, spiritual connection, and social impact. ( Unit 1 ) As we have seen how society played important role in ancient times and how Indian classical dance is relevant in today's time in various ways. Now, let's understand regional classical dances and their evolution over the period of time. Firstly, lets discuss about Bharatanatyam. Bharatanatyam traces its roots back to the temples of Tamil Nadu, where it was performed as a sacred offering to the gods. It was performed by women called Devdasis. So, it was formerly known as Dasiattam. The dance form has evolved over centuries, drawing inspiration from various regional and cultural influences. Originally known as \"Sadir,\" Bharatanatyam underwent a transformation in the early 20th century, the credit goes to the efforts of visionary dancers like Rukmini Devi Arundale, who sought to elevate its status as a classical art. The revival of Bharatanatyam in the 20th century marked a turning point in its history. Dancers such as Balasaraswati and Rukmini Devi Arundale played a pivotal role in redefining the dance form and introducing new elements to its repertoire. Through their innovative choreography and rigorous training techniques, they brought Bharatanatyam to a wider audience and secured its place as a quintessential part of Indian cultural heritage. Bharatanatyam\'s influence extends far beyond the confines of Indian classical dance. Its graceful movements, intricate footwork, and expressive storytelling have inspired artists and performers across the globe. From ballet dancers in Europe to contemporary choreographers in the United States, Bharatanatyam continues to captivate audiences with its timeless beauty and profound symbolism. At the heart of Bharatanatyam are its intricate techniques and rigorous training methods. Dancers must possess exceptional flexibility, strength, and stamina to execute the complex movements and poses that characterize the art form. From the graceful \"Adavus\" i.e. the basic steps in Bharatanatyam to the emotive \"Abhinaya,\" it demands a high level of skill and dedication from its practitioners. One of the most visually striking aspects of Bharatanatyam is its elaborate costumes and jewelry. Originally, dancers adorned themselves with traditional silk sarees and gold ornaments. However, as the dance form evolved, so too did its costumes. Modern Bharatanatyam costumes feature stitched sarees with vibrant colors, and jwellery. Bharatanatyam: Who named it so?  Music plays a central role in Bharatanatyam, providing a rhythmic framework for the dancers to express themselves. Traditional Carnatic music, with its soul-touching melodies and complex rhythms, forms the backbone of Bharatanatyam performances. Instruments such as the mridangam, veena, and flute accompany the dancers, creating a harmonious blend of music and movement. Generally ,the Gurus play Nattuvangam or Talam to accompany students to maintain the accuracy of rhythm while dancing. Arangetram: Shuruthe Raju Beyond its artistic appeal, Bharatanatyam holds significant social and cultural importance. Through its themes of mythology, spirituality, and morality, Bharatanatyam serves as a vehicle for transmitting cultural values and traditions to future generations. It also provides a platform for women to express themselves and challenge societal norms, making it a powerful tool for empowerment and self-expression. Let\'s understand the details of kathak, a classical Indian dance form that has evolved over centuries to become the mesmerizing art form we know and love today.  Kathak originated in Northern India, with its roots stretching back to ancient times. *Katha kahe so kathak kaehelave.* The name \"kathak\" is derived from the Sanskrit word \"katha,\" which means story. This dance form was initially performed in temples and royal courts, where dancers told stories through their movements and expressions. Over time, kathak evolved to incorporate elements of Persian and Mughal culture, blending intricate footwork and graceful arm movements.  One of the defining features of kathak is its close association with Hindustani classical music. Dancers often perform to live musicians playing traditional instruments such as the tabla and sitar, creating a seamless fusion of rhythm and melody. The intricate footwork of kathak is perfectly synchronized with the beats of the music, adding depth and complexity to the performance. Another aspect that has evolved over time is the kathak costume. Traditionally, dancers wore elaborate lehengas and dupattas adorned with intricate embroidery and embellishments. Throughout its history, kathak has developed regional variations that reflect the cultural diversity of India. The Jaipur gharana, for example, emphasizes precise footwork and intricate spins, while the Lucknow gharana focuses on graceful and expressive movements. These different styles add depth and complexity to the art form, showcasing the versatility and creativity of kathak dancers. In recent years, kathak has undergone a revival with dancers pushing the boundaries of traditional choreography. Contemporary kathak performances often incorporate elements of fusion, blending classical movements with modern dance techniques to create a unique and captivating experience for audiences. Dancers are experimenting with new styles, music, and themes, breathing new life into this ancient art form. Now, let's explore the changes that Odissi has undergone through the ages, tracing its evolution from ancient times to the modern era.  Odissi\'s roots can be traced back to the temples of Odisha, where it was performed as a sacred offering to the deities. The dancers, known as Devadasis, were considered the essence of grace and beauty, and their performances were believed to invoke divine blessings. The dance form was characterized by its fluid movements, intricate footwork, and expressive storytelling, all of which contributed to its unique charm and appeal. During the medieval period, Odissi underwent significant changes as it began to incorporate elements from other dance forms and traditions. The influence of the Bhakti movement, which emphasized devotion and worship, brought a new dimension to Odissi, as dancers started to incorporate themes of love, longing, and spirituality into their performances. The dance form also began to be performed in royal courts and aristocratic gatherings, where it attracted a wide audience and gained widespread recognition. The colonial era marked a period of decline for Odissi, as the British Raj imposed strict regulations on traditional art forms and practices. Many temples were destroyed, and the Devadasi system was abolished, leading to a loss of patronage and support for Odissi. However, the dance form managed to survive through the efforts of a few dedicated artists and scholars who preserved its techniques and traditions in secret.  The modern era saw a revival of interest in Odissi, thanks to the efforts of pioneers such as Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra and Sanjukta Panigrahi, who worked tirelessly to bring the dance form back into the limelight. They introduced new choreographies, compositions, and techniques that revitalized Odissi and made it relevant to contemporary audiences. Today, Odissi is performed on stages around the world, captivating audiences with its beauty, elegance, and emotional depth. In recent years, Odissi has continued to evolve and innovate, as dancers explore new themes, styles, and approaches to the art form. Traditional elements such as mudras, bhavas, and talas are still integral to Odissi, but they are now being interpreted in new and creative ways. Dancers are experimenting with fusion techniques, incorporating elements from other dance forms and genres to create groundbreaking performances that push the boundaries of classical dance. [[https://youtu.be/wNbHMEA2kv0?si=-umrIbUJ3JpDACTa]](https://youtu.be/wNbHMEA2kv0?si=-umrIbUJ3JpDACTa) Manipuri has also undergone a remarkable transformation over the years.  This traditional dance form hails from the northeastern state of Manipur, where it has been passed down through generations as a sacred art form. Originally performed in temples and royal courts, Manipuri dance is characterized by its delicate movements, gentle footwork, and expressive storytelling. Over time, Manipuri dance has evolved and adapted to the changing times, incorporating new elements and influences while staying true to its roots. One of the key developments in the transformation of Manipuri dance was the revival of the art form in the early 20th century, the whole credit goes to the efforts of eminent gurus and practitioners. They worked tirelessly to preserve the authenticity and purity of Manipuri dance while also infusing it with modern sensibilities. The dancers, dressed in traditional attire adorned with vibrant colors and shimmering ornaments, bring to life ancient stories and myths through their performances. The rhythmic beats of the traditional Manipuri drum, known as the pung, accompany the dancers, adding an extra layer of depth and emotion to their movements.  [[https://youtu.be/9\_Kj8oPKwng?si=Gpx5OO1nLSnL1O7z]](https://youtu.be/9_Kj8oPKwng?si=Gpx5OO1nLSnL1O7z) The transformation journey of Manipuri dance has not only shaped the art form itself but also had a profound impact on the cultural landscape of Manipur and beyond. Through their performances and workshops, Manipuri dancers are preserving the legacy of their ancestors while also inspiring a new generation of artists to take up the mantle. The popularity of Manipuri dance festivals and competitions has further elevated the profile of this exquisite art form, attracting enthusiasts from all corners of the globe. Moving ahead, let's understand the evolution of Kathakali. Kathakali, which means \"Story-Play\" in Malayalam, originated in the southern state of Kerala, India, in the 17th century. It is a highly stylized dance form that combines storytelling, drama, music, and intricate movements to convey powerful emotions and narratives. Initially performed by male dancers, Kathakali draws inspiration from ancient Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The elaborate costumes, vibrant makeup, and dynamic choreography make Kathakali a feast for the senses and a true spectacle to behold. Over the centuries, Kathakali has undergone various transformations while staying true to its traditional roots. Initially, the dance was performed in temple courtyards and royal courts as a form of religious worship and entertainment. However, as the art form gained popularity, it started to make its way onto public stages and theatre houses, reaching a wider audience and garnering international acclaim. One of the key developments in the evolution of Kathakali was the incorporation of elements from other dance forms and theater traditions. Dancers began to experiment with new movements, gestures, and expressions, blending the traditional Kathakali style with contemporary influences. This fusion of old and new led to the creation of innovative choreographies and performances that pushed the boundaries of what Kathakali could achieve. Furthermore, the evolution of Kathakali also saw a shift in the gender dynamics of the dance. While traditionally performed exclusively by male dancers, Kathakali started to embrace female artists who brought a fresh perspective and energy to the art form. This inclusion of women in Kathakali opened up new possibilities for storytelling, character development, and emotional expression, adding depth and richness to the dance. In the modern age, Kathakali continues to evolve and adapt to the changing times while preserving its cultural heritage and artistic integrity. Contemporary choreographers and dancers are exploring new themes, styles, and interpretations in their performances, pushing the boundaries of tradition and innovation. From experimental collaborations with other dance forms to cutting-edge technology integration, Kathakali is embracing the future while honouring its past. If we take an overview, over the years, Indian classical dance forms have undergone significant changes and adaptations. While the basic vocabulary and technique remain the same, dancers and choreographers have introduced new movements, styles, and themes to keep these ancient art forms relevant in today\'s world. These changes have brought in fresh perspectives, creativity, and innovation, making Indian classical dance forms more dynamic and versatile. Dancers are now blending traditional movements with contemporary themes, music, and costumes to appeal to a wider audience. This fusion of traditional and modern elements not only attracts younger generations but also helps in keeping the art form alive and growing. With changing times, dancers from diverse backgrounds are now exploring and excelling in these art forms, challenging stereotypes and bringing inclusivity and diversity to the forefront. With the importance of changes in Indian classical dance forms, there has also been a revival of forgotten styles and techniques. These changes have not only kept these ancient art forms alive and relevant but have also brought in fresh perspectives, creativity, and innovation. ( Unit 2 and 3 ) In the last lecture we have seen that Indian classical dance has influenced global culture. Let's understand various aspects related to it in detail. Let\'s take a closer look at the history, techniques, and impact of Indian classical dance on the global stage.In recent years, Indian classical dance has gained widespread popularity on the global stage. With the rise of social media and online platforms, these dance forms have reached even more people, breaking down cultural barriers and connecting diverse communities through the universal language of dance. From the temples of India to the stages of New York, these dance forms continue to inspire and enchant audience with their rich history and mesmerizing performances. ( unit 7.1) Indian classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Odissi have a rich history that dates back centuries, rooted in ancient traditions and in contrast, Western classical dance, has its origins in the courts of Europe and has evolved over time to become a hallmark of grace and precision. During the 20th century, pioneers such as Rukmini Devi Arundale and Uday Shankar introduced Indian classical dance to Western audiences, sparking a cross-cultural exchange that would influence the future of dance.  Uday Shankar Entertainment Photo Uday \... *Rukmini devi Arundale Uday Shankar* The intricate footwork and hand gestures of Indian classical dance have inspired Western dancers to explore new ways of expressing emotion and storytelling through movement. Through this cultural exchange, dancers and choreographers have gained a deeper appreciation for each other\'s art forms.(unit 7.2) Many choreographers and dancers have incorporated elements of Indian classical dance into their own work, creating a fusion of styles that is both mesmerizing and innovative.One of the most exciting aspects of the impact of Indian classical dance on contemporary global dance trends is the rise of collaborations and cross-cultural exchange between dancers from different backgrounds. Whether it be through workshops, performances, or online platforms, dancers from all over the world are coming together to learn from each other and create new and exciting dance experiences. (unit 7.3) In recent years, the influence of Indian classical dance has transcended geographical boundaries and found its way into global cinema. From Hollywood to Bollywood and beyond, Indian classical dance has made its mark on the silver screen, enchanting audiences worldwide.One of the most important aspects of Indian classical dance is its ability to convey complex emotions and tell stories through movement and expression. In global cinema, these dance forms have been used to enhance the narrative and deepen the emotional impact of the storytelling. Beyond its storytelling capabilities, Indian classical dance also brings a visual feast to the screen. The vibrant costumes and elaborate jewellery associated with these dance forms add a visual spectacle. Through the medium of global cinema, Indian classical dance has become a bridge for cultural exchange and dialogue. Filmmakers and artists from different parts of the world have been inspired by the beauty and richness of these dance forms, leading to collaborations and cross-cultural pollination that transcend borders and boundaries. (unit 7.4 ) Indian classical dance has gained widespread recognition and popularity in international dance festivals. Dance festivals provide a platform for artists from different cultures to showcase their talents and exchange ideas. The international dance festivals provide a valuable opportunity for Indian classical dancers to connect with audiences from diverse backgrounds, promote cultural exchange, and foster mutual understanding.\ There have been many success stories of Indian classical dancers making a mark in international dance festivals. Renowned dancers such as Mallika Sarabhai, Alarmel Valli, and Shobana have performed on prestigious stages around the world, receiving critical acclaim and accolades for their exceptional artistry and skill. ( unit 7.5) Indian dances are not only a beautiful expression of culture and storytelling, but they also have a strong influence on the fashion world. The elaborate costumes, jewellery, and makeup worn by dancers have inspired fashion designers to incorporate elements of Indian dance into their own creations.One of the most iconic pieces of Indian dance fashion is the saree. The vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and luxurious fabrics of the saree have been translated into modern fashion world. The jewellery and make-up in Indian classical dance has also got popularity among modern fashion world.( unit 7.6 ) Till now we have discussed how Indian classical dance has impacted global culture. Let's understand the various initiatives to preserve Indian classical dance. Beyond the aesthetic value, traditional Indian dance have the rich cultural heritage and history of India. They tell stories of gods and goddesses, myths and legends, love and devotion, reflecting the diverse tapestry of Indian culture. By presenting these dance forms, we are not just entertaining audiences but also preserving a valuable part of our heritage for future generations to appreciate. Another key aspect of traditional Indian dance forms is the deep emotional and spiritual connection they offer. Through dance, performers are able to express a wide range of emotions by connecting with audiences on a profound level. The rhythmic patterns and music of Indian dance forms also play a significant role in creating a meditative and spiritual experience, transporting both the performer and the audience to a higher state of consciousness. This highlights the importance of preserving Indian dance forms, ( unit 8.1) The institutions that preserve and teach these ancient traditions play a crucial role in keeping the art form alive. Gurukuls, or traditional Indian schools, have played a pivotal role in the transmission of knowledge and culture in India for centuries. In the context of Indian classical dance, gurukuls have been instrumental in preserving and nurturing the art form. These institutions follow a guru-shishya parampara, where students live with their gurus and immerse themselves in the teachings and practices of the art form. Gurukuls provide a holistic learning experience that goes beyond just mastering the technical skills of the art form. The discipline, dedication, and devotion in students at gurukuls shape them into well-rounded artists who can nurture the essence of Indian classical dance.  In addition to gurukuls, educational institutes dedicated to Indian classical dance also play a significant role in nurturing talent and promoting the art form. These institutes offer structured learning programs that cater to students from diverse backgrounds and levels of expertise. From beginner classes to advanced training courses, educational institutes provide a platform for aspiring dancers to hone their skills and pursue a career in Indian classical dance. Many renowned dancers and choreographers have emerged from these institutions, making a significant contribution to the evolution and propagation of Indian classical dance on a global scale. The various examples could be Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalay, Prachin Kala Kendra, Nalanda research Centre, etc.  The collaboration of gurukuls and educational institutes not only enriches the learning experience for students but also fosters innovation and diversity in the practice and performance of Indian classical dance.( unit 8.2 ) The various initiatives taken by the Indian government to preserve and promote this rich cultural heritage. One of the most notable initiatives is the establishment of institutions like the Sangeet Natak Akademi, which is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Indian music, dance, and drama. The Akademi provides funding, scholarships, and training programs to aspiring dancers and also organizes festivals and performances to showcase these art forms to a wider audience. Image of Sangeet Natak Akademi New \... Another important government initiative is the inclusion of Indian classical dance in the school curriculum. By teaching these art forms to the younger generation, the government is ensuring that they are passed down from one generation to the next. This not only helps in preserving the traditions but also in nurturing young talent and fostering a greater appreciation for Indian culture. In addition to promoting Indian classical dance among the general public, the Indian government also provides support to established artists and practitioners. Several scholarships and grants are available to dancers to further their training and research in the field of Indian classical dance. This support not only helps in keeping these art forms alive but also in elevating the standard of artistic excellence.  Furthermore, the government encourages collaborations between Indian and international artists to showcase Indian classical dance on a global platform. These cultural exchanges not only help in raising awareness about Indian dance forms but also in fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation. ( unit 8.3 ) Private organizations also play a crucial role in providing training, education, and performance opportunities for aspiring dancers. They often have world-class facilities, experienced instructors, and regular showcases that help artists gain exposure and recognition.One such institution making waves in the Indian classical dance scene is the Kalakshetra Foundation in Chennai. Founded by the legendary dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale, Kalakshetra has been instrumental in reviving and popularizing Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. With its rigorous training programs and emphasis on tradition, Kalakshetra has produced some of the finest dancers in the country. Moving on to the impact of NGOs on Indian classical dance, these non-profit organizations play a vital role in widening access to the art form. They often work in underserved communities, offering free or subsidized classes to children and adults who may not otherwise have the opportunity to learn dance. This helps bridge the gap between urban and rural audiences, ensuring that Indian classical dance remains accessible to all. One standout NGO making a difference in the Indian classical dance world is SPIC MACAY (Society for the Promotion of Indian Classical Music and Culture Amongst Youth). Founded by Dr. Kiran Seth in 1977, SPIC MACAY aims to promote Indian culture and heritage through music, dance, and other art forms. Their numerous initiatives, including lecture demonstrations, workshops, and concerts, have sparked a renewed interest in traditional dance forms among the youth  Private institutions and NGOs also play a crucial role in preserving the rich legacy of Indian classical dance. Through their research, documentation, and archival efforts, they ensure that centuries-old dance forms are passed down from one generation to the next. This preservation work is essential in safeguarding the cultural heritage of India for future generations. For example, Nrityagram in Bangalore, a renowned dance village founded by the late Odissi dancer Protima Gauri. Nrityagram is not just a dance school, but a living, breathing community dedicated to the practice and propagation of Indian classical dance. Through their performances, workshops, and artist residencies, Nrityagram is keeping the flame of Odissi dance alive and thriving. ( unit 8.4 ) Instagram  With the rise of social media platforms like Instagram and YouTube, dancers are able to reach a global audience with just the click of a button. This has allowed artists to showcase their talent, connect with other dancers, and even collaborate on projects from different parts of the world. Going ahead, technology has revolutionized the way classical dances are taught and learned. Online classes and tutorials have made it more accessible for enthusiasts to learn from renowned gurus and experts in the field. ( unit 8.5) The internation collaboration provides opportunities for dancers and choreographers to collaborate with artists from different countries, exposing them to new techniques, styles, and perspectives. This cross-cultural exchange revitalizes the dance forms, infusing them with fresh energy and creativity. There have been numerous success stories where international cooperation has played a pivotal role in preserving Indian classical dance forms. For example, the collaboration between Indian and Japanese dancers in the production of \"The Ramayana\" brought together different artistic traditions to create a stunning multimedia performance that captivated audiences around the world. One prominent example of international cooperation is UNESCO. One of the most notable contributions of UNESCO to Indian classical dance is the recognition of certain styles as Intangible Cultural Heritage. This designation not only showcases the importance of these dance forms but also works towards their safeguarding and promotion. So far, five styles of Indian classical dance have been inscribed on UNESCO\'s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. ( unit 8.6) To maintain the impact of Indian dance on global culture and continue to preserve Indian classical dance, we need to be aware of future trends as well. Lets have a look at some future trends and challenges in the field of Indian dance. It is vital that we continue to honour and preserve the classical techniques and repertoire that have been passed down through generations. By maintaining the purity and authenticity of these dances, we ensure that their legacy will endure for years to come. By blending classical dance with contemporary music, theatre, or visual arts, dancers can create innovative and unique performances that appeal to a diverse range of audiences. In today\'s digital age, technology has become an invaluable tool for promoting and preserving Indian classical dance. Dancers can utilise social media platforms, online classes, and virtual performances to reach a global audience and connect with fellow artists around the world. Additionally, technology can be used to document and archive traditional dance forms, ensuring that their beauty and authenticity are preserved for future generations. To ensure the continued growth and appreciation of Indian classical dance, it is important to invest in education and outreach programs. By offering accessible and inclusive training opportunities, we can inspire a new generation of dancers to learn and perform these ancient art forms. Outreach initiatives can also engage with schools, community centres, and cultural institutions to raise awareness and appreciation for Indian classical dance. ( unit 9) Now, lets take a quick recap of todays lecture. In this lecture, we studied evolution of Indian dance forms and its impact on global culture. We also discussed the preservation initiatives and future challenges in Indian dance forms. Thank You ! **-Ms. Akanksha Brahme** **Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology**