د.-محمد-أبوبكر-مصطلحات-قانونية-باللغة-الإنجليزية PDF

LEGAL STUDIES AND TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLSHI 1- An introduction to the study of Law. 2- Rights and persons. 3- Civil Law. 4- Criminal Law. 5- Commercial Law. 6- International Law. 7- Selected Legal Terms and intellectual property. 8- Brief dictionar...

LEGAL STUDIES AND TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLSHI 1- An introduction to the study of Law. 2- Rights and persons. 3- Civil Law. 4- Criminal Law. 5- Commercial Law. 6- International Law. 7- Selected Legal Terms and intellectual property. 8- Brief dictionary in legal terminology. Compiled By Dr. Mohammad Khalil Yousef Abu-Baker P.HD (Lebanon State University) L.L.M (Lebanon state University) Diploma at Law (Jordan University) L.L.B (Lebanon( B.A. Art (Lebanon) Diploma at English (Jordan) Lawyer and Expert in (IP) Associate Prof – Azaytooneh University Dean Faculty of Law - Azaytooneh University 2017-2018 -1-  ‫دراسات ومصطلحات قانونية باللغة انجليزية‬ ‫(المدخل إلى علم القانون‪ ،‬الحقوق واألشخاص‪ ،‬القانون المدني‪ ،‬القانون الجنائي‪ ،‬القانون‬ ‫التجاري‪ ،‬القانون الدولي‪ ،‬مصطلحات قانونية ومصطلحات الملكية الفكرية‪ ،‬الوجيز في‬ ‫المصطلحات القانونية)‬ ‫إعداد المحامي الدكتور‬ ‫محمد خليل يوسف أبوبكر‬ ‫دكتوراه دولي في الحقوق الجامعة اللبنانية‬ ‫ماجستير قانون الجامعة اللبنانية‬ ‫دبلوم قانون الجامعة األردنية‬ ‫بكالوريوس حقوق لبنان‬ ‫بكالوريوس آداب لبنان‬ ‫دبلوم لغة انجليزية األردن‬ ‫خبير في الملكية الفكرية‬ ‫أستاذ مشارك جامعة الزيتونة‬ ‫عميد كلية الحقوق جامعة الزيتونة ‪2016-2012‬‬ ‫مساعد عميد ورئيس قسم القانون جامعة الزيتونة‬ ‫‪2018-2017‬‬ ‫‪-2-‬‬  Introduction Studying introduction to the law aims to provide students with: 1) General Juristic Principles which are necessary to study the various branches of law. 2) Special legal terminology. 3) Law aims at organizing the conduct of individuals in society. 4) And also organizing the relationships which arise in society. 5) Law is a body of rules which organize the affairs of citizens. 6) Law indicates the rights and duties of individuals towards each others in society. 7) Law protects individual activities. And also provide the student with the source of obligation the contract and proof of the right. In this book we also provide the student with selected terminology in intellectual property and at end of this book we provide the students with brief dictionary in legal terminology. So, it is necessary to study introduction to the law, to know, the nature of the law, the sources, the branches, the rights and how the law can be applied. Dr. Mohd Abu-Baker -3- Acknowledgment -4-  Table of Contents Introduction: Part one: (An Introduction to the Study of Law) Section one: Theory of law Definition and characteristic of law Section two: Classification of law and categories Of legal rules Section Three: Sources of law Section four: Application and interpretation of law Part two: (Rights and persons) Section one: Legal rights and duties Section two: Persons and things Section three: Proof of the rights Part three: (Civil Law) Section one: Source of Obligation Section two: Consequences of the contract Section three: Extinction of Obligation Section four: Legal Terminology Part Four: Criminal Law: Part Five: Commercial Law: Part Six: International Law: Part Seven : Selected Legal Terms (Authorities and Intellectual Property) Part Eight: Brief Dictionary in Legal Terminology -5- Part one: An Introduction To the Study of Law Section one: Theory of law (‫)نظرية القانون‬ Necessity and purpose of law: Legal rules appeared when man began to live in society which varies from one county to another, and which is same in namely – the law science. The purpose of law aims at organizing the individuals in the society. And the welfare of the community as a whole, it protects also the liberties and private interest of individuals. So as to live all in peace on these societies. Law ‫قانون‬ Legal ‫قانون‬ Society ‫مجتمع‬ Science ‫علم‬ Purpose ‫غاية‬ Organize ‫ينظم‬ Individual ‫الفرد‬ Welfare ‫الرفاه‬ Community ‫مجتمع‬ Protect ‫يحمي‬ Liberty ‫الحرية‬ Private ‫خاص‬ Interest ‫اهتمام‬ Definition of Law: ‫تعريف القانون‬ The term "Law" means a body of general rules that govern the behavior of individuals in society and which persons must obey, even by force, if need be. a) The characteristics of legal rules this definition indicates the essential of the characteristics of legal rules: -6-  1) The legal rules are general and abstract: general rules ‫قواعد عامة‬ govern ‫يحكم‬ behavior of individuals ‫سلوك الفرد‬ must obey ‫يخضع‬ force ‫قوة‬ essential ‫ضروري‬ characteristics ‫وصف‬ legal rules ‫قواعد قانونية‬ General ‫عامة‬ abstract ‫مجردة‬ applied ‫يطبق‬ category ‫فئة‬ equity ‫عدالة‬ citizens ‫المواطن‬ General: The legal rules is applied to every person it may be applied to a category of persons or to a single person. Like: (The employee, lawyers, Judges, Merchants) (Organizes the powers of the presidents of the state) It is general in space and permanent in time. It realizes equity among citizens 2) The legal rules are social: The legal rules exist only in the human beings, who live in a community and the relationships between the persons in this community. 3) Legal rules govern the conduct of individuals in the society: The legal rules govern the conduct of individuals through the state, or the relationships of the authorities of the state, and law organizes social of the behavior which takes place in the form of external action. Social ‫اجتماعي‬ Human beings ‫العنصر البشري‬ Relationship ‫عالقة‬ Conduct ‫سلوك‬ Individual ‫الفرد‬ Govern ‫ يحكم‬،‫ينظم‬ Authority ‫سلطة‬ State ‫الدولة‬ Behavior ‫سلوك‬ External ‫خارجي‬ Action ‫فعل‬ -7-  4) The legal rules are compulsory and are Accompanied by sanction: The persons who violate the law the public authority imposed sanction upon them. And the sanction are different from the point of nature and force: The sorts of sanction are: Penal sanction Civil sanction Administrative sanction Compulsory ‫إلزام‬ Violate ‫يتعدى‬ Imposed ‫يفرض‬ Sanction ‫عقوبة‬ Differ ‫يختلف‬ Nature ‫طبيعة‬ Force ‫قوة‬ Sort ‫نوع‬ Penal sanction ‫عقوبة جزائية‬ Civil sanction ‫عقوبة مدنية‬ Administrative sanction ‫عقوبة إدارية‬ B) imperative and complementary rules: according to the liberties of the individuals the relationships with other activities of the individuals, the force, legal rules are classified into two categories: 1) Imperative rules. 2) Complementary rules. 1- Imperative rules are: In organizing society, state sets by law certain restrictions on some of liberties and activities of the individuals and imposing on them imperative and prohibitive rules which they must obeyed and respect. Example: (Otimparative Rules) * Prohibit murder. * The age of majority shall be eighteen & solar years. -8- 2- The restriction of law is not absolute. It allows individuals in the society to enjoy certain liberty in organizing their relationships with others and which individuals can violate. Example: If two persons in a contract agree to pay the price upon delivery and they agree to delay the time of price the rules goes into effect. Imperative ‫آمره‬ Complementary ‫مكملة‬ Relationships ‫عالقة‬ Liberty ‫حرية‬ Force ‫قوة‬ Classified ‫تصنيف‬ Category ‫طائفة‬ Impose ‫يفرض‬ Abide ‫ملزم‬ Absolute ‫مطلق‬ Violate ‫مخالفة‬ Restriction ‫ تحديد‬،‫حصر‬ D) Distinction between legal rules and social rules of conduct. Legal rules: Aim to organize the relationships of the individuals in the society and if the individuals violate these rules the public authority impose sanction against them or to abide these rules. However: Other social rules which govern individuals conduct in society as: Curtsey rules, customs, tradition moral, ethical and religious commandments are: Differ from legal rules in a) The sanction: there is sanction upon those who violate legal rules. b) The purpose: of legal rules aim at security, stability in society moral rules aim at achieving ideals, aspire to man's perfection. c) Clarity and definition legal rules are defined and clear and easy to apply. -9- But moral rules are not, and different respectively. Therefore: The crucial difference between rules of law and rules of morality lies in the method of enforcement of each. Curtsey ‫االحترام‬ Customs ‫العادات‬ Tradition ‫التقاليد‬ Moral ‫األخالق‬ Ethical religious ‫التعاليم الدينية‬ Ideal ‫الكمال‬ commandments Aspire ‫يطمح‬ Perfection ‫الكمال‬ Respectively ‫على التوالي‬ Crucial difference ‫ الحاسم‬/‫الفرق‬ Clarity ‫وضوح‬ Clear ‫واضح‬ Section two: Classification of the law: Legal rules are classified into public law and private law. These is the common classification employed by the Roman. Moreover the most usual used in all over the world and Jordan. This classification depends on the existence or non existence of the state as a party in the legal relationships that govern by these rules. 1) Public Law: Public Law: 1) Regulate the constitution of the supreme and Subordinate authorities of the state. 2) Whether legislative, executive, or judicial. 3) The methods of the operation of the legislative authorities' executive authorities And judicial authorities. 4) The rules which govern the relation of the - 10 -  state authorities in an administrative capacity With private individuals. 5) The state acts as the representative of the Community as whole. Private law ‫قانون خاص‬ Public law ‫قانون عام‬ Classification ‫تصنيف‬ Most usual ‫األكثر شيوعا‬ Depends on ‫يعتمد على‬ The state ‫الدولة‬ Govern ‫يحكم‬ Regulate ‫ينظم‬ Constitution ‫دستور‬ Supreme ‫السلطات العليا‬ Authorities ‫سلطات‬ Legislative ‫التشريعية‬ Executive ‫التنفيذية‬ Judicial ‫القضائية‬ Methods ‫أساليب‬ Administrative ‫بصفته اإلدارية‬ Capacity Representative ‫يمثل‬ Community ‫المجتمع‬ However if the state in it competence as possessor of sovereignty, is a party in the legal relationship which the law govern, the legal rules in this case are termed as the rules of public law. And if the state is not considered as possessor of sovereignty in the relationship which the law organizes the legal rules this case are named as rules of private law. So the branches of law are two: (1) Public law. (2) Private law. Competence ‫أهلية‬ Possessor ‫ملك‬ Sovereignty ‫سيادة‬ considered ‫اعتبار‬ (1) Public law: a) Definition of public law: Is the body of rules that govern the relationships which the state is considered as a party that processes authority and sovereignty. - 11 - b) Branches of public law: The branches of public law are: 1) Public international law. ‫القانون الدولي العام‬ 2) Constitutional law. ‫القانون الدستوري‬ 3) Administrative law. ‫القانون اإلداري‬ 4) Financial law. ‫القانون المالي‬ 5) Penal law or criminal law. ‫القانون الجزائي‬ 6) The law of criminal procedures. ‫أصول المحاكمات الجزائية‬ 1) Public international Law: ‫القانون الدولي العام‬ Definition: 1) The public international law is the body of legal rules that organize the relationships among states and determine the rights and duties of each at times of peace or of war. 2) or: The body of legal rules which are binding upon states and other international persons in their relations with one another. Branches of Public Public international ‫فرق القانون العام‬ ‫القانون الدولي العام‬ law law Binding ‫ملزم‬ 1)Subjects of public international law: The subject of public international law are: 1) The rules that indicate at time of peace and war. 2) The rules which organizing the relationships which relating to the international institutions with each others. 3) The rules which organize the relationships with states and individuals. - 12 - 2) Constitutional law: ‫القانون الدستوري‬ Definition: Is a body of legal rules that determine regime of the state. (Its public authorities). (The competence of each). (The relationships among these authorities). (The relationships between these authorities and individuals). Or) The form of the state determines the members of its government and fixes the limits of the powers accorded to each. Subject ‫موضوع‬ Indicate ‫يظهر‬،‫يعبر‬ Constitutional law ‫القانون الدستوري‬ Regime of the state ‫أجهزة الدولة‬ Competence ‫اختصاص‬ Subject of constitutional law: 1) Determines the system (Regime) of the state. (Republican, Royal, Democratic, Dictatorial, or Parliamentary). 2) Determines the authorities of the state: a) Legislative authorities. (‫)السلطة التشريعية‬ b) Executive authorities. (‫)السلطة التنفيذية‬ c) Judicial authorities. (‫)السلطة القضائية‬ Determine ‫ يقرر‬،‫ يفصل‬،‫يحكم‬ Republican ‫جمهوري‬ Royal ‫ملكي‬ Democratic ‫ديمقراطي‬ Dictatorial ‫دكتاتوري‬ Parliamentary ‫برلماني‬ - 13 - 3) Administrative law – (‫)القانون اإلداري‬ Definition and subjects: Definition: Administrative law is the body of legal rules that concerned with the constitution and relations of those membrs of the executive which are charged with the care of those public interests which are the object of public administration and the relation of the administrative. Or: is the body of legal rules that indicate how the executive authority functions. The subjects of administrative law are: (1) The organization and functions of the supreme executive authority. (2) The organization of the military and naval established and the police. (3) The management of state property. (4) The control of irrigation. (5) The regulation of trade. (6) The organization of education and public health. (7) It indicates the relationships between the state and its employees. (8) It determines the administrative acts the necessary conditions of their validity and methods of controlling them. Law ‫القانون‬ Administrative ‫اإلداري‬ Charged with ‫الموكل إليها‬ Concerned ‫يهم‬ Function ‫مهام‬ Supreme ‫العليا‬ Indicate ‫يحدد‬ Military ‫عسكري‬ Naval ‫بحري‬ Property ‫أمالك‬ Trade ‫تجارة‬ Indicate ‫يحدد‬ Validity ‫شرعية‬ - 14 - 4) Financial law: Definition and subjects: Definition: Is the body of legal rules that govern public funds of the state its various revenues, such as taxes, dues, and loans, and the ways of collecting any spending such funds. Or: The rules which organize the budget and the taxes. The subjects of financially law are: 1) The budget. 2) The taxes. 3) Public loans. 4) The revenues of the state. 5) The expenses. Financial law ‫القانون المالي‬ Public funds ‫النفقات العامة‬ Various ‫متنوع‬ revenue ‫الدخل العام‬ Taxes ‫الضرائب‬ Dues ‫المستحقات‬ Loans ‫القروض‬ Spending ‫المصاريف‬ Budget ‫الميزانية‬ expenses ‫النفقات‬ 5) Penal law or criminal law: ‫القانون الجزائي‬ Definition and subjects of penal law: Is the body of legal rules that determine crimes and types of punishment. - 15 - The subjects of penal law are: 1) The rules that indicates the conditions of crimes and the punishment of each. 2) Types of crimes: a) Felonies (Felony). (‫)جناية‬ b) Misdemeanors. (‫)جنحة‬ c) Contraventions. (‫)مخالفة‬ Felonies ‫جناية‬ Misdemeanors ‫جنحة‬ Contraventions ‫مخالفة‬ 6) The law of penal procedures: ‫أصول المحاكمات الجزائية‬ Definition: It is a group of legal rules that indicate the procedures that must be taken from the time of the commitment of a crime till the time of inflicting punishment on the wrong-doer. the subject of the law of penal procedures are: (1) Arresting and interrogating the criminal. ‫إلقاء القبض على المخالف وأخذ إفادته‬ (2) Committing him to the trail. (3) Executing the punishment inflicted on him. Commitment ‫مخالفة‬ punishment ‫يوقع العقاب‬ Inflicting Wrong-doer ‫المخالف‬ Arresting ‫اعتقال‬ Interrogating ‫استنطاق‬ Committing ‫تقديم‬ Trail ‫العدالة‬ Executing ‫تنفيذ العقوبة‬ Punishment ‫عقوبة‬ - 16 - 2) Private law: Private law is a body of legal rules that govern the relationships among the individuals in general or between individuals on one hand and the state as an ordinary person doing ordinary acts. And not as possessor of sovereignty and authority on the other hand. The branches of private law are the following: (1) Civil law.‫القانون المدني‬ (2) Commercial law.‫القانون التجاري‬ (3) Maritime law. ‫القانون البحري‬ (4) Air law. ‫القانون الجوي‬ (5) Labor law. ‫قانون العمل‬ (6) The law of civil procedures. ‫قانون أصول المحاكمات المدنية‬ (7) Private international law.‫القانون الدولي الخاص‬ Private law ‫القانون الخاص‬ Rules ‫قواعد‬ Govern ‫يحكم‬ Relationship ‫عالمة‬ Individuals ‫افراد‬ On one hand ‫من ناحية‬ State ‫الدولة‬ Possessor ‫مالكة‬ Sovereignty ‫سيادة‬ On the other ‫من جهة أخرى‬ Hand authority ‫يد السلطة‬ (1) Civil law: ‫القانون المدني‬ Definition of civil law: Is the body of legal rules that organize the relationships among individuals except the relationships organized by other branches of private law? Subjects of civil law: ‫الحقوقية الشخصية‬ Civil law usually includes two kinds of relationships: ‫الحقوقية المادية‬ - 17 - 1) The personal status relationships. 2) Real Status. (2) Commercial law: ‫القانون التجاري‬ Definition of commercial law: Is that body of legal rules that organize the relationships arising from commercial acts. Definition ‫تعريف‬ Organize ‫ينظم‬ Commercial law ‫القانون التجاري‬ Subjects of the commercial law: It includes: 1) The duties of merchants. ‫واجبات التجار‬ 2) Various kinds of companies. ‫أنواع الشركات‬ 3) Commercial contracts. ‫العقود التجارية‬ 4) Bankruptcy. ‫اإلفالس‬ 5) Commercial acts. ‫أعمال التجار‬ 3) Maritime law: ‫القانون البحري‬ Definition of maritime law: Is that body of legal rules that organize the special relationships which arise from sea navigation? Sea navigation ‫مالحة بحرية‬ - 18 - Subjects of maritime law: It includes: 1) The rules of selling. ‫قواعد البيع‬ 2) Buying.‫الشراء‬ 3) Shipping ‫الشحن‬ 4) Insuring ships and their shipment. ‫تأمين السفينة والشحنات‬ 5) Maritime contract. ‫عقود بحرية‬ 6) The relationships between the captain and crew. Crew : ‫الطاقم‬ 7) The relationships between the captain and the crew on one hand and the ships owner on the other hand. 8) Maritime loans. ‫القروض البحرية‬ 4) Air law: ‫القانون الجوي‬ Definition of Air law: Is that body of legal rules which govern and settle all matters arising from, or relating to civil aviation Or: Air law is that body of legal rules which settle all matter arising from the use of aircraft. Subject of Air law: It includes: 1- Air aviation. 2- Rules of selling and buying. 3- Shipping and passengers. 4- Insurance. 5- Air contract. - 19 -  6- The relationships between the captain and crew. 7- Air loans. The relationships between the captain and crew on one hand and the owner on the other hand. Air Law ‫القانون البحري‬ Settles Matters ‫بفض النزاع‬ Arising from ‫ تنشأ عن‬،‫تظهر‬ Air Aviation ‫المالحة الجوية‬ 5) Labor law: Definition of labor law: Is that body of legal rules that organize the relationships which arise between the laborers and the employers. Subjects of labor law: It includes: 1- The relationships between the laborers and employers. 2- Protect laborers. Labor Law ‫قانون العمل‬ Laborers ‫العمال‬ Employers ‫صاحب العمل‬ Protect ‫يحمي‬ 6) The law of civil procedures: ‫قانون أصول المحاكمات المدنية‬ Definition of law of civil procedures: Is that body of legal rules that determine the procedures that must be taken in civil courts to protect the rights if they are subject to disputes - 20 - Subjects of civil procedures: It includes: 1- Organization of civil courts. ‫تنظيم المحاكم المدنية‬ 2- The law of evidence. ‫قواعد اإلثبات‬ 7) Private international law:‫القانون الدولي الخاص‬ Definition of private international law: Is that body of legal rules which organizes the relationships among individuals bearing of foreign elements. The subjects of private international law: If include: 1- It determines the competent court. ‫تحديد المحكمة المختصة‬ 2- The law that must be applied. ‫القانون الواجب التطبيق‬ Bearing of ‫له صلة‬ Bearing ‫صلة‬ Foreign Element ‫عنصر أجنبي‬ Section Three: Sources of law: ‫مصادر القانون‬ Definition: The sources of law means: The bodies of rules or principles according to which a judge is bound to decide cases. Either material or formal sources. Material sources are: (Those from which the substance of law is drived). These sources are numerous such as: - 21 -  1- Social. 2- Natural. 3- Geographical. 4- Political. 5- Religious facts. 6- Traditions of the nation. Formal sources are: ‫المصادر الرسمية‬ Which the legal rules derive their obligatory force they are: 1- Legislation. ‫التشريع‬ 2- Custom. ‫العرف‬ 3- Religion. ‫الدين‬ 4- Doctrine. ‫المبدأ القانوني‬ 5- Jurisprudence. ‫الفقه‬ Principles ‫مبادئ‬ Case ‫دعوى‬ Material ‫مادية‬ Formal ‫شكلي‬ The sources of Jordanian law: ‫مصادر القانون األردني‬ The sources of Jordanian law are the following: 1- Legislation. ‫التشريع‬ 2- Islamic law (Religion). ‫الشريعة اإلسالمية‬ 3- Custom. ‫العرف‬ 4- Equity. ‫العدالة‬ 5- Judicial decision. ‫السوابق القضائية‬ 6- Jurisprudence. ‫الفقه‬ Legislation is the first source of law in Jordan, and if the judge or the court shall find no provision in the legislation, they shall decide by the - 22 - rules of Islamic law, and if there is none then by the custom, and if there is none by the rules of equity the judge may refer to a judicial decision for guidance and also the juries prudence. (1) Legislation: ‫التشريع‬ Definition: Is the formulations of legal rules by a competent authority according to determined procedures in the state. Legislation is the principal source of modern law. The judge has to resort to it to settle disputes unless he can not find a provision in the original sources. Legislation plays a very important part in law-making at the present day. Legislation ‫التشريع‬ Settle Disputes ‫يفصل في النزاع‬ Provision ‫نص‬ (1) Legislation issues from the legislation authority in Jordan. It is embodied in the chamber of deputies. Sometimes: (2) Under exceptional circumstances the executive authority issued regulation. According to the competence entitled to it by the constitution. Enactment of legislation: The steps of enactment legislation: 1- initiative of legislation. ‫المبادرة بالتشريع‬ 2- the promulyation of legislation. ‫إصدار التشريع‬ 3- the publication of legislation. ‫نشر التشريع‬ 4- delay of information. ‫مهلة اإلعالم‬ 5- codification. ‫التقنين‬ - 23 - Abrogation of Law: ‫إلغاء القوانين‬ Abrogation means abolition of legislation which is not produced without posterior one. There are two kinds of abrogation: 1) Express abrogation ‫إلغاء صريح‬ 2) Tacit abrogation ‫إلغاء ضمني‬ Champers of ‫تحت ظروف‬ ‫مجلس النواب‬ Exceptional circumstances deputies ‫استئنائية‬ Executive authority ‫سلطة تنفيذية‬ Enactment of legislation ‫إصدار التشريعات‬ (2) Islamic law (Religion) ‫الشريعة اإلسالمية‬ Islamic law is considered as a principal formal source with respect to personal status, all matters that came under the title (personal status) are subject to the application of religious rules of various sects. Islamic sharia is considered as a source of law by the Jordanian law maker. Personal Status ‫األحوال الشخصية‬ Various sects ‫الطوائف المختلفة‬ (3) Custom: ‫العرف‬ Definition of custom: Is collective habit or usage that has become constant and it is considered obligatory by the public Or: Is a usage or practice of the people, which, by common adoption. And acquiescence and by long unvarying habit has become compulsory and has acquired the force of a law with respect to the place and subject matter to which it relates. Custom ‫العرف‬ Usage ‫عادة‬ Practice ‫تعامل‬ Common adoption ‫بالتبني واإلذعان‬ - 24 -  Acquiescence ‫ممارسة‬ Unvarying habit ‫غير المتغيرة‬ Compulsory ‫ملزم‬ Acquired the force of law ‫يكتسب قوة القانون‬ With respect to ‫فيما يتعلق‬ Subject ‫الموضوع‬ 4) Equity: ‫العدالة‬ Rules of equity: Equity denotes: a) The spirit and habit of fairness. b) Justness and right dealings. c) Which regulate the inter course of man with man. :‫العدالة هي‬.‫ بروح وعادة االتصاف‬-‫أ‬.‫ العدل والتعامل الصحيح‬-‫ب‬.‫ الذي ينظم تعامل اإلنسان مع اإلنسان‬-‫ج‬ Or as it is expressed by Justinian: a) To live honestly. b) To harm nobody. c) To render to every man his due. ‫حقه‬ :‫أو كما عبر عنها جستنيان‬.‫ ان تعيش برف‬-‫أ‬.ً‫ أن ال تؤذي أحدا‬-‫ب‬.‫ وأن تعطي كل ذي حق حقه‬-‫ج‬ 5) Judicial precedent or (Precedent) Or (Case law). ‫السابقة القضائية‬ Precedent plays as the most important part in law making in England. But in Jordan the judicial precedent is not interpretive source of law, formal source of law. - 25 - The judge is not bound to follow judicial precedent court may refer to it for guidance only. So, judicial precedent: 1- Should guide the judge to better apply the proper legal rules to the dispute before him. 2- Precedent can fill up the gaps in the body of existing law. :‫ استرشاد‬،‫دليل‬.‫ ترشيد القاضي نحو تطبيق أفضل للقاعدة القانونية السليمة على النزاع المعروض أمامه‬-1.‫ تسد السابقات الثغرات الموجودة في القانون النافذ‬-2 Interpretive ‫معروف‬ Bound to ‫ملزم‬ Guidance ‫ استرشاد‬،‫دليل‬ 6) Jurisprudence (‫الفقه )آراء الفقهاء‬ (Doctrine) (Scientific Opinion) Jurisprudence means: The legal opinion given by jurists and all authors who are interested in law. The legal opinion the works of such jurists as professors or lawyers. The court and the judge may refer to it for guidance only. And it is not a formal source. Jurists ‫القضاة‬ Professors ‫األستاذ‬ Lawyers ‫المحامين‬ Formal source ‫مصدر رسمي‬ - 26 - Section Four: Applicants of law: The law effected immediately and the law governs the future facts and transactions from the time it comes into force to the time of its abrogation (this means): Non-retroactive effect of the law. ‫إلغاء مبدأ األثر غير الرجعي للقانون‬ Governs ‫يحكم‬ Facts ‫حقائق‬ Transaction ‫تتحدد‬ Force ‫قوة‬ Abrogation ‫إلغاء‬ - 27 -  Questions for Part One (An Introduction to the study of Law) 1) Define Law? …………… …………… 2) There are four characteristics for Legal rules, what are they? - - - - 3) According to the force Legal rules classified into two categories, what are they? - - 4) What are the classification of the Law? - - 5) Define public Law? - 6) Define private Law? - 28 - 7) What are the branches of public Law? - - - - - - - 8) What are the branches of private Law? - - - - - - - 9) Complete these sentences: a) The subjects of financial law are: - - - - b) The subjects of civil Law are: - - - - 29 -  c) The Subject of Air Law are: - - d) The subject of Labor Law are: - - 10) There are three authorities of the state, what are they? - - - 11) There are three sorts of sanction what are they? - - - 12) What are the sources of Law in Jordanian Law? - - - - - - - 30 - 13) What means custom. - - - 14) Justinian expressed Equity as the following: a) b) c) 15) Jurisprudence means: 16) Give the meaning of these English Legal Terminology in Arabic Legal Terminology. - - - 17) Give the English Legal terminology of these Arabic Legal Terminology. - - - - - 31 -  Part Two Rights and Obligations Section One: 1) legal rights and duties: ‫الحقوق والواجبات‬ Every person has a right to enjoy personal security within the limit of the law. The nature of the right makes it necessary to impose the duty. To observe it upon all members of the community. Classification of rights: 1) Political rights: )‫(الحقوق السياسية‬ a) Right to vote. ‫حق أن ينتخب‬ b) Right to be voted.‫حق في أن ينتخب‬ c) Right given to citizens. ‫حق المواطنة‬ 2) Civil rights: )‫(الحقوق المدنية‬ a) Public rights. )‫(حقوق عمامة‬ b) Family rights. )‫(حقوق عائلية‬ c) Patrimony rights. )‫(حقوق الملكية‬ Another classification of rights Various classification of rights in general are in use: These are the best known: 1) Public and private: ‫الحقوق العامة والخاصة‬ As such: Nature personality. Membership of society. Personal freedom. Private property. Public officials. Political rights. - 32 - 2) Rights in rem and rights in person am. ‫الحقوق المطلقة والحقوق المعتبرة‬ 3) Real and personal right.‫الحقوق العينية والحقوق الشخصية‬ 4) Personal and proprietary rights. ‫الحقوق الشخصية والحقوق المالية‬ 5) Positive and negative rights.‫الحقوق اإليجابية والحقوق السلبية‬ 6) Perfect and imperfect rights. ‫الحقوق الكاملة والحقوق الناقصة‬ The subjects of rights: ‫أصحاب الحقوق‬ There are two sorts of subjects: 1) Physical persons: ‫األشخاص الطبيعيبن‬ The personality of man commences upon birth and ends upon death. To be considered a person, man must be born a live. And to distinguish every person from his fellowmen his name and his domicile. 2) Moral persons: ‫األشخاص المعنويين‬ As: Societies. ‫المؤسسات‬ Municipalities. ‫البلديات – أمانة العاصمة‬ Association. ‫الجمعيات‬ Section Two: Persons and things: ‫األشخاص واألشياء‬ 1) persons: Legal conception of personality ‫المفهوم القانوني للشخصية‬ Law is considered only with persons as holders of rights and subjects to duties. 1) Physical person. 2) Moral person or / juristic persons. In Jordan civil section (43): "Every person who attains full age enjoys his mental power and it not interdicted shall have full capacity to exercise his civil rights". - 33 - Article (47) no person shall be allowed to disown his personal freedom of capacity to amend their provision (2) Moral Persons or (juristic persons) or (Legal Person): The modern law confines the legal personality only to natural person but also attributes it to a group of person i.e companies or to amounts of many collected and specialized for the achievement of a specified objects, i.e Associations, and foundations. (3) Classification of Moral Personal. (a) Private moral persons. (a) Public moral persons. The most important of these are:- (a) Associations. (b) Societies. ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ In the Jordan Civil Code:- Section (50) legal persons are:- 1: The state, the municipalities and the public and other establishment granted legal personality by the law. 2: The religious bodies and sects whose legal personality is recognized by the state. 3: Al- Waqf 4: The Commercial and civil companies. 5: The societies and establishment established by virtue of the provision of the law. 6: Every group of persons who are proved by virtue of the provisions of the law. Section 51: From the Jordanian Civil law: A legal person shall be subject to the limitation prescribed by the law enjoy all the rights except those which attach to the natural elements of the person thus shall have: A) An independent financial obligation. - 34 - B) Capacity within the limits by the law. C) The rights of adjudication. D) An independent domicile. E) It has representatives who express its will. Legal Terminology: :‫المصطلحات القانونية‬ Person :‫شخص‬ Subject :‫يخضع‬،‫موضوع‬،‫يتمع‬،‫يطيع‬،‫يحكم‬ Term :‫مصطلح‬ Capable :‫قادر‬،‫مؤهل‬ Enjoying rights :‫يمارس حقوقه‬ Physical Person :‫الشخص الطبيعي‬ Natural Person :‫الشخص الطبيعي‬ Obligation :‫التزام‬ Personality :‫شخصية‬ Commence :‫يبدأ‬ Consider :‫محل اعتبار‬ Infant :‫طفل‬ Legal conception of personality :‫المفهوم القانوني للشخصية‬ Holder of right :‫يتحمل الحقوق‬ Subject duties :‫يمارس الواجبات‬ Signs :‫عالمات‬ Distinguish :‫تميز‬ Place of Domicile ‫مكان اإلقامة‬ Usually Residence :‫مكان اإلقامة العادي‬ Section (43): )43( ‫من القانون المدني األردني المادة‬ Every person who attains full age, enjoys metal power and is not interdicted shall have full capacity to exercise his civil rights. ‫كل شخص يبلغ سن الرشد متمتعا ً بقواه العقلية ولم يحجر عليه يكون كامل األهلية لمباشرة حقوقه‬.‫المدنية‬ Section(47): )47( ‫من القانون المدني األردني المادة‬ No person shall allow to disown his personal freedom or capacity or to amend their provision..‫ليس ألحد النزول عن حريته الشخصية وال عن أهليته أو التعديل في أحكامها‬ Moral person :‫الشخص المعنوي‬ Or Juristic person :‫الشخص القانوني‬ Legal person :‫الشخص القانوني‬ Confine :‫حدد‬ Attribute it to :‫ ينسب إلي‬،‫يوصف إلي‬ - 35 - Company :‫شركة‬ Collect :‫يجمع‬ Achievement :‫يهدف إلي‬ Specified Object :‫موضوع مخصص‬ Association :‫جمعية‬ Foundation :‫مؤسسة‬ Societies :‫شركات‬ The State :‫الدولة‬ Municipalities :‫البلديات‬ Establishment :‫ أنشأت‬،‫مؤسسات‬ Granted :‫منح‬ Religious Bodies and Sects :‫الهيئات والطوائف الدينية‬ Al- Waqf :‫الوقف‬ Commercial and Civil Companies :‫الشركات التجارية والمدنية‬ Societies :‫جمعيات‬ Establishment :‫مؤسسات‬ Virtue :‫ وفق‬،‫بمقتضى‬ Section (52) from the Jordan civil ‫) من القانون المدني األردني تنص‬52( ‫المادة‬ code. ‫على‬ A legal person shall subject to the limitation prescribed the law, enjoy all the rights except of these which attach to the natural element of the person. ‫الشخص الحكمي يتمتع بجميع الحقوق إال ما كان منها مالزما لصففة اإلنسفان الطبيعيفة وذلفك ففي‬.‫الحدود التي قررها القانون‬ Thus it shall have :‫له‬ ‫فيكون‬ A: An independent financial obligation :‫ذمة مالية مستقلة‬ B: Capacity, within limits by the law :‫أهلية في الحدود التي يقررها القانون‬ C: The rights of adjudication :‫حق التقاضي‬ D: An independent domicile :‫موطن مستقل‬ E: It have a representative who express its will ‫يكون لها من يمثلها في التعبير عن إرادتها‬ - 36 -  2) Things and Property ‫األشياء واألموال‬  Extent of the use of the right.  Abuse of use of the right.  Division of the right. (1) Things Things are the objects of rights. However, not all things are apt -‫(مالئم‬ )‫ مناسب‬to be the objects of rights. 1. Some of things are excluded by their nature such as, the sunrays. 2. Some other things excluded by the provision of low such as narcotics.)‫(مخدرات‬ Classification of things: Things are of various classifications: The most important of which are: 1. Corporal and in corporal things: ‫مادية وغير مادية‬ 2. Consumable and inconsumable: ‫المستهلكة وغير قابلة لالستهالك‬ 3. Movable and immovable: ‫منقولة وغير منقولة‬ 4. Fungible and non-fungible:‫تقبل البدل وال تقبل البدل‬ Section (53) from the Jordanian Civil Code: (Property is any things or right which has material value in dealing). ‫المال هو كل عين أو حق له قيمة مادية في التعامل‬ 2. The Rights: Section (61) Legality negates liability for damage, this whoever exercises his right lawfully not guarantee the damage that may result there from. ‫الجواز الشرعي ينافي الضمان فمن استعمل حقه استعماال مشروعا ال يضمن ما ينشأ عن ذلك‬.‫من ضرر‬ Section (62) Injury dose not justify, injury and damage shall be abated. ‫ال ضرر وال ضرار والضرر ال يزال‬ Abuse of the use of the right: Section (64) 1. Liability for damage shall be due from the person who exercises his right unlawfully. ‫يجب الضمان على من استعمل حقه استعماال غير مشروع‬ 2. The exercise of the right shall be unlawful: - 37 -  :‫ويكون استعمال الحق غير مشروع‬ a. If there is intent to aggress: ‫إذا توفر قصد التعدي‬ b. If the interest to be achieved from the act is unlawful..‫إذا كانت المصلحة المرجوة من الفعل غير مشروعة‬ c. If the benefit therefore disproportionate with the damage inflicted on others..‫إذا كانت المنفعة منه ال تتناسب مع ما يصيب الغير من الضرر‬ d. If it exceeds custom and usage..‫إذا تجاوز ما جرى عليه العرف والعادة‬ - 38 -  Division of the Right "or" Classifications of Rights are in use The following are the best known: 1. Public and private rights: Public right means: rights which enjoyed by all persons as a consequence (‫ )ما هو لصيق‬of natural personality and membership of society Thus: Rights of personal security :‫األمن‬ Rights of personal freedom :‫الحرية‬ Rights of personal reputation :‫السمعة‬ Right to vote :‫النتخاب‬ Right to sell-to lease Right to marry 2. The personal right. 3. The real right. 4. The moral right. 1. Personal rights: ‫الحقوق الشخصية‬ Is the legal relationship between a creditor and a debtor. 2. Real rights: ‫الحقوق العينية‬ Is a direct power over certain and it may be original )‫ (األصلي‬Or consequential )‫(تبعي‬ a. The original right are (i.e: ownership )‫(ملكية‬, disposition)‫(تصرف‬ User )‫(استعمال‬, residence )‫ (إقامة‬. b. Consequentional )‫ (التبعية‬real rights are (i.e.: securities confirmed by possessive mortgage )‫(الرهن الحيازي) (التوثيقات الثابتة بالرهن التأميني‬ 2. Moral rights: ‫ الحقوق المعنوية‬are those attached to non-material things i.e.: the right of author, inventor, artist, trademarks. Things and property ‫األشياء واألموال‬ Apt ‫مالئم – مناسب‬ Excluded ‫مستثنى‬ Narcotics ‫المخدرات‬ Material ‫قيمة مادية‬ Dealing ‫تعامل‬ Legality negates ‫الجواز الشرعي‬ Liability for damage ‫ينافي الضمان‬ Corporal and in corporal thing ‫أشياء مادية وغير مادية‬ Consumable and inconsumable thing ‫مستهلكة وغير مستهلكة‬ Movable and immovable thing ‫منقولة وغير منقولة‬ Fungible and non fungible thing ‫تقبل البدل وال تقبل البدل‬ Damage ‫ضرر‬ - 39 - Injury ‫إصابة‬ Abuse ‫إساءة استعمال‬ Unlawful ‫غير مشروع‬ Guarantee ‫ضمان‬ Intent to aggress ‫قصد التعدي‬ Disproportionate ‫ال تتناسب‬ Custom ‫العرف‬ Usage ‫العادة‬ Consequence of ‫لصيق بـ‬ Reputation ‫السمعة‬ Vote ‫انتخاب‬ Sell ‫بيع‬ Lease ‫إيجار‬ Marry ‫الزواج‬ Original ‫أصلي‬ Consequential ‫تبعي‬ Securities confirmed by security ‫التوثيقات الثابتة بالرهن التأميني‬ Possessive mortgage ‫الرهن الحيازي‬ Author ‫مؤلف‬ Inventor ‫مخترع‬ Artist ‫فنان‬ Trademark ‫عالمة تجارية‬ - 40 -  Section Three Proof of the Right The means of proof the right are the following: 1. Writing ‫الكتابة‬ 2. Testimony ‫الشهادة‬ 3. Presumptions ‫القرائن‬ 4. Inspection and expertise ‫المعاينة والخبرة‬ 5. Declaration ‫اإلقرار‬ 6. Oath ‫اليمين‬ General Rules of evidence: 1. The fundamental principle is freedom from liability and the creditor shall prove his right and the debtor may revoke it. 2. Certainty can not be dispelled by doubt. 3. The fundamental principle is that a thing remains as it originally and accidental matters do not exist. 4. And that which is proved to have existed at a certain time shall be adjusted to remain unless contrary proof is available. 5. That which is apparent is evidence for defense and not for entitlement. 6. Proof is due from the plaintiff and oath from him who denies. 7. Evidence is for proof of the contrary of the apparent and oath for the preservation of the original. 8. Writing, testimony, final presumptions, inspection and expertise are positive proof and declaration is proof binding only the declarant. 9. Every testimony which entails acquisition of again for the witness or the avoidance of loss by him shall be rejected. - 41 - 10.The testimony and oath of the dumb shall be accepted by his usual sign. 11.The oath by is deposer shall be accepted to prove his freedom from liability but not bind others. 12.The oath shall not be administered except on the application of the opposing party, but even though he does not apply for it. The court shall order him to swear the oath if he lays claim to an interest to an interest in a deceased person's estate or to ownership of the property of another or when he wishes to return property sold to him for any inherent defect of a judgment is to be given in a case of preemption. 13.The worlds of the trusted interpreter shall after he swears the oath before the competent authority be accepted if he know the two languages. 14.Contradiction is of no avail against proof but it shall have not effect on a Court decision if it is thereafter proved and the interested party shall be entitled to claim damage from the witness. - 42 -  ‫المعنى باللغة العربية لكل قاعدة‬ ‫‪ -1‬األصل براءة الذمة وعلى الدائن أن يثبت حقه للمدين نفيه‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اليقين ال يزول بالشك‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬األصل بقاء ما كان على ما كان كما أن األصل في األمور العارضة العدم‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬وما ثبت بزمان يحكم ببقائه ما لم يوجد دليل على خالفه‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬الظاهر يصلح حجة للدفع ال لالستحقاق‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬البينة على من ادعى واليمين على من أنكر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬البينة إلثبات خالف الظاهر واليمين إلبقاء األصل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬الكتابة والشهادة والقرائن القاطعة والمعاينة والخبررة حجرة متعديرة واإلاررار‬ ‫حجة ااصرة على المقر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬كل شهادة تضمنت جر مغنم للشاهد أو دفع مغرم عنه ترد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -11‬يعتد في شهادة األخرس وحلفه بإشارته المعهودة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -11‬تقبل اليمين ممن يؤديها في براءة نفسه ال في الزام غيره‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -12‬ال تحلررف اليمررين طال بطلررم الخصررم ولكررن تحلفرره المحكمررة يمررين االسررتظهار‬ ‫وعند االستحقاق ورد المبيع للعيم فيره وعنرد الحكرم بالشرفعة ولرو لرم يطلرم‬ ‫الخصم تحليفه‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -13‬يقبررل اررول المترررجم الموثرروق طذا كرران عالمرا ع برراللغتين بعررد حلفرره اليمررين لررد‬ ‫الجهة المختصة‪.‬‬ ‫ولكررن ال أثررر لرره فرري حكررم المحكمررة طذا مررا ثبررت بعررده‬ ‫‪ -14‬ال حجررة مررع التنرراا‬ ‫ولصاحم المصلحة حق الرجوع على الشاهد بالضمان‪.‬‬ ‫‪- 43 -‬‬  Questions on Part Two (Rights and Obligations) 1) What are the Legal persons in Article (50) From the Jordanian civil Law? - - - - - 2) What are the right which legal prerson can practice in Article (51) Form the Jordanian civil Law? - - - - - - 3) Classify the things in civil Jordanian Law? - - - 4) When the use of the right will be unlawful? - - - - - - 44 - 5) Define: a) personal rights. b) c) 6) There are way and means to proof the right what are they? - - - - - - 7) Give these English Legal terminology in Arabic Legal Terminology. 8) Give these Arabic Legal terminology in English Legal terminology. 9) Translate this passage from English to Arabic: 10) Translate this passage from Arabic to English: - 45 -  Part Three Civil Law Section one: Source of Obligation The sources of obligation are: 1) The contract. 2) Unilateral disposition. 3) The injurious act (illicit acts). 4) The beneficial acts (unlawful enrichment). 5) The law. ‫القانون المدني‬ ‫مصادر االلتزام‬ ‫) العقد‬1 ‫) التصرف اإلنفرادي‬2 )‫) الفعل الضار (العمل غير المشروع‬3 )‫) اإلثراء بال سبب (الفعل النافع‬4 ‫) القانون‬5 Sources of Obligation): One: The contract. Definition of the contract: Is the concurrence of two intents to produce a juristic effect. Or: Is the agreement of two wills to create amends or extinguish a legal or juristic relationship. Or: (Article 1151) of French civil code (An agreement by which one or more persons bind themselves in favor of one or more person to give, to do, or not to do something). - 46 - ‫ (العقد هو اتفاق بين شخص أو أكثر‬:‫) من القانون المدني الفرنسي‬1151( ‫تعريف العقد في المادة‬.‫يلزمون أنفسهم تجاه شخص آخر أو أكثر إلعطاء شيء أو لعمل شيء أو االمتناع عن عمل‬ Concurrence ‫اتفاق‬ Intents ‫إرادة‬ Produce ‫ينتج‬ Juristic effect ‫أثر قانوني‬ Agreement ‫اتفاق‬ To create ‫ينشأ‬ Amend ‫يعدل‬ Article 87 from the Jordanian civil law define the contract: Is the joining and consistence of the offer from one of the contracting parties with acceptance from the other in a manner which proves the effect thereof on the object of the contract and the obligation of each party by what he is bound with to the other. :‫) من القانون األردني‬87( ‫المادة‬ ‫ هو ارتباط اإليجاب الصادر من أحد المتعاقدين بقبول اآلخر وتوافقهما على وجه يثبت أثره في‬:‫العقد‬.‫المعقود عليه ويترتب عليه التزام بما وجب عليه لآلخر‬ The things and rights which the contract may apply to the subject of the contract may apply on the following. 1) Property. 2) Property movable and immovable. 3) Property material and moral. 4) Benefits of property. 5) Certain works. Certain service. 6) Any other thing not prohibited by a legal provision. 7) Any other thing not contrary to public order or morality. :‫يكون محل العقد وإن يرد على األموال التالية‬ ‫) األعيان‬1 ‫) األعيان المنقولة وغير المنقولة‬2 ‫) األعيان المادية والمعنوية‬3 ‫) منافع األعيان‬4 - 47 -  ‫) على عمل معين‬5 ‫على خدمة معينة‬ ‫) أي شيء آخر ليس ممنوعا بنص القانون‬6 ‫) أي شيء غير مخالف للنظام العام أو اآلداب‬7 In article (88): From the Jordanian civil law lists four subjects may apply and to be subject of the contract. 1) To property morale and immovably, material and moral. 2) To benefits of property. 3) To certain work or service. 4) To any other thing not prohibited by a legal provision or not contrary to public order or morality. Formation of contract: ‫انعقاد العقد‬ The contract must have three essential element between two parties to be requires: 1) The consent of two parties. (‫)الرضا للطرفين‬ 2) Legal object. (‫)المحل القانوني‬ 3) Legal cause. (‫)السبب القانوني‬ This element must be available and if one of these elements is not available the contract will be absolutely void. And the two parties is capable and the intent must not be vitiated. In article (90) from the Jordanian civil law (listed) or (provide): The contract shall be made as soon as the offer is joined with acceptance subject to the condition which the law in addition prescribes. ‫ينعقفد العقفد بمجفرد ارتبففاط اإليجفاب بفالقبول مففع مراعفاة مفا يقففرره القفانون ففوق ذلففك مفن أوضفاع معينففة‬.‫النعقاد العقد‬ Essential ‫عناصر رئيسية‬ Requires ‫يتطلب‬ - 48 -  Consent ‫ رضا‬، ‫قبول‬ Intent ‫النية‬ Available ‫ مناسب‬، ‫متوافر‬ Absolutely void ‫بطالن مطلق‬ Capable ‫القابلية‬ Intent ‫النية‬ Vitiate ‫باطلة أو معيبة‬ Listed ‫نصت‬ Provide ‫نص‬ Formation of the contract:‫شكل العقد‬ 1) The consent of two parties. 2) A legal object. 3) A legal cause. (1) The consent of two parties: a) The consent of the two parties and their will to create or towards the creation of obligator. And this will is: Intent must aim at creating a legal effect Of the intent may be: 1- Express declaration. 2- Tacit declaration. :‫اإلعالن عن الرضا قد يكون‬.‫ إعالن صريح‬-1.‫ إعالن ضمني‬-2 Consent ‫الرضا‬ Acceptance ‫اإليجاب‬ Offer ‫القبول‬ Offer and acceptance: ‫اإليجاب والقبول‬ Every contract or convention must be analyzed into two parts: 1- An offer (‫ )اإليجاب‬from one party (the offerer) (‫)اإليجاب‬ 2- And an acceptance (‫ )قبول‬from the other (the offeree). And the contract is complete as soon as the offeree has declared his acceptance of the offer. - 49 - The offer must be – definite (‫ – )محدد‬and final (‫)نهائي‬. Silence does not constitute acceptance. But, it is considered as acceptance in exception cases determined by the law. The acceptance shall be identical (‫ )مطابقا إليجاب القبول‬with the offer and if acceptance is attached with an additional restrictions or amendment of the offer, it shall be considered as rejection amounting to a new offer..‫إذا اقترن القبول بما يزيد في اإليجاب أو يقيده أو يعدل فيه اعتبر رفضا يتضمن إيجابا جديدا‬ B) Capacity for contract: As a general rule: Any person who attained the age of (18) years (in Jordanian Civil Law) is capable to be engaged with any contract unless his incapacity is declared by a judgment or a text of Law. Article (116) of the Jordanian Civil Law provides: (Every person has capacity to contract unless his capacity is lost or limited by virtue of the Law). C) The conscience of intent or consent: ‫تطابق الرضا‬ The consent or the conscience of intent is the coincidence of offer with identical acceptance: 1- The offer. 2- The acceptance. Defects affecting consent or (vises of consent): 1- Duress: (Fear). 2- Deceit and damage (fraud). 3- Mistake (error). 4- Incapacity. ‫عيوب الرضا‬ ‫ اإلكراه‬-1 - 50 -  ‫ التغرير – الغبن‬-2 ‫ الغلط‬-3 ‫ عديم األهل‬-4 Coincidence ‫اتفاق‬ Conscience ‫تطابق‬ Identical ‫ متحد‬/ ‫مطابق‬ 1) Duress: or Fear Definition: ‫اإلكراه‬ An act that creates fear in the other contracting party leading to contract. Violence then vitiates intent The violin is unwilling to contract his fear, which has been created by duress, fears leading him to contract. )‫(اإلكراه يبطل اإلرادة‬ The contract is null when it is concluded under duress, fear inspired by physical violence's or threats, effecting the person on his estate, his spouse his ascendants )‫(العقد باطل إذا تضمن وتم العقد تحت اإلكراه‬ Or his descendant. No distinction being made as to whether duress is the exercise of the contracting party, a third party or circumstances beyond the contractual scope. Threat ‫الخوف‬ Estate ‫أموال‬ Spouse ‫الزوج إما زوجة‬ Ascendants ‫أصوله‬ Descendents ‫فروعه‬ Distinction ‫ مستقل عن غيره‬،‫خاص‬ (Violence then vitiates (‫ )يعيب‬intent) ‫اإلكراه يبطل اإلرادة‬ Duress can be either physical or moral. The contracts can also be annulled because of violence (Duress), physical or moral according to the following conditions: (1) The contractor must believe that a serious and imminent danger is going to threaten him – his life – his person – property – or his honor. (2) The party who invokes (‫ )يفدعي‬in violence to annul the contract must be – pushed – according to the circumstances – to accept it. - 51 - To appreciate violence: it must be taken in the consideration: - If he is male or female. - His age. - His social conditions. - His health. - Any other circumstances. :‫لتقييم اإلكراه يجب األخذ بعين االعتبار األمور التالية‬.‫) إذا كان ذكر أم أنثى‬1.‫) العمر‬2.‫) الحالة االجتماعية‬3.‫) الصحة‬4.‫) أي ظروف أخرى‬5 The violence must be exercised by the other party of the contract. Definition of duress: Article (135) from the Jordan civil code: Duress is the unjustifiable obligation of a person to commit a deed without his consent and it may be material or moral..‫اإلكراه هو إجبار الشخص بغير حق على أن يعمل عمال دون رضاه ويكون ماديا أو معنويا‬ 2) Deceit and damage ‫التغرير والغبن‬ Or (fraud and lesion) ‫االحتيار والغبن‬ Fraud Definition: is using intrigues (‫ )خداع‬that trap (‫ )يوقفع‬the contracting party into error which leads him to contract. It creates the error in the mind of the contractor thus (vitiating his intent). The conditions of fraud are three in number: 1- Using fraudulent acts. 2- Fraud must be the determining factor inciting the victim to contract. 3- Fraud must arise from the other party or the latter must be aware of it. - 52 -  :‫عيب اإلرادة‬ ‫ استعمال أعمال احتيالية‬-1 ‫ االحتيال شجع على التعاقد‬-2 ‫ أن يكون الطرف اآلخر على علم بوجوده‬-3 Lesion: ‫الغبن‬ Lesion is the discrepancy (‫ )االخفتالف‬between what contracting party gives and what he takes. Definition of deceit: Article (143) of the Jordanian civil code provides: "Deceit is the deceiving of one of the contracting parties by the other trickery means whether by word of mouth or deed in order to oblige him to consent to what he would not consent to without these means". ‫التغرير هو أن يخدع أحد العاقدين اآلخر بوسائل احتيالية قولية أو فعلية محتملفة علفى الرضفا بمفا‬.‫لم يكن ليرضى به بغيرها‬ Mistake (or) error: ‫الغلط‬ (1) Mistake or error is considered as vice of consent in the following cases: 1. When it is relating essential qualities of thing, object of the contract (or nature of it). 2. Mistake in the nature of the contract it is considered essential. 3. Mistake relating to the identity or to the quality of the person. 4. Mistake in the thing – object of the contract itself. (a car instead of another car). And the cause of obligation. 5. Mistake in a matter of law. )‫(مسألة قانونية‬ 6. Mistake bearing on the essential motives. )‫(الخطأ المتعلق بقيمة الشيء‬ 7. Mistake bearing on the value of the things. - 53 - We must also say: in order that the mistake produces its effect, the two parties of the contract must be in error or at lease "error must be known or easy to be known from the other party". Definition of mistake: in article (151) of the Jordanian civil code: "Mistake shall not be material except as to the provisions of the contract or as proved by circumstance of the case, the nature of the things or custom". ‫ال يعتبر الخطفأ إال فيمفا تضفمنه صفيغة العقفد أو دلفت عليفه المالبسفات وظفروف الحفال أو طبفائع‬.‫األشياء أو العرف‬ (2) Indifferent mistake or error: 1- The secondary qualities of the things or person. 2- The value of the things. 3- The simple motives. 4- The figures on a reckoning. :‫الخطأ غير المؤثر‬.‫ الخطأ في الصفات الثانوية للشيء أو الشخص‬-1.‫ قيمة الشيء‬-2.‫ الدافع البسيط‬-3.‫ الخطأ في األرقام أو التقديرات‬-4 2) Subject matter: ‫المحل‬ Definition: Is the legal process which the two parties of the contract aim at or its objective. The condition of the object are the following in Jordanian civil law: 1- The object shall be an ascertained property: * In financial disposition shall be an ascertained property. ‫في األمور المالية أن‬ ‫يكون مقوما‬ * It may be real right. ‫يصح أن يكون حق عيني‬ - 54 - * It may be easement. ‫يصح أن يكون منفعة‬ * Any other financial right. ‫أي حق مالي آخر‬ * Performance. ‫تقديم عمل‬ * Refrained from work. ‫االمتناع عن عمل‬ 2- It shall be known to the contracting parties. 3- It shall be not prohibited dealing by the legislator or shall be contrary to public order it morals. (It must be legal) Legal process ‫إجراء قانوني‬ Aim ‫هدف‬ Objective ‫هدف‬ sufficiently and determined ‫محدد بشكل كاف‬ 3) The cause: ‫السبب‬ The cause of the contract: Definition: It is the direct purpose intended in the contract by the two parties. ‫السبب هو‬ ‫الغرض المباشر المقصود من العقد‬ In article (163) from the Jordanian civil law (the cause is the direct purpose intended in the contract). Or: the motive which held the two parties of the contract ratify the contract. Ratify ‫أبرم‬ Held ‫حمل‬ Motive ‫الدافع‬ - 55 - The condition of the cause: From article (2/165) from the Jordanian civil law: 1- The cause shall be exist. ‫موجودا‬ 2- The cause shall be valid. ‫صحيحا‬ 3- Permissible.ً ‫مباحا‬ 4- No contrary to public order or morals. ‫غير مخالف للنظام العام واآلداب‬ So, the condition of the cause must be: 1- It must be exist. ‫موجودا‬ 2- Must not be erroneous. ‫غير مضلل‬ 3- Must be legal. Legal terminology Intent ‫رغبة‬ Vitiated ‫ عيب‬/ ‫باطل‬ Public order ‫النظام العام‬ Morality ‫اآلداب‬ Declared ‫يعلن‬ The offer must be definite and final ‫يجب أن يكون اإليجاب محدد ونهائي‬ Rejection ‫رفض‬ Capacity ‫األهلية‬ Defects consent ‫عيوب الرضا‬ Declared by a judgment ‫تسلب منه بحكم القانون‬ Fear (duress) ‫اإلكراه‬ Violence ‫اإلكراه‬ Violence vitiates intent ‫اإلكراه ببطل النية‬ Duress can be either physical or moral ‫اإلكراه قد يكون ماديا أو معنويا‬ Annulled ‫باطل‬ Serious and imminent danger ‫الخطر وشيك الوقوع وبليغ‬ Honor ‫الشرف‬ Invoke ‫يدعي‬ - 56 -  Legal terminology Fraud and lesion ‫التغرير والغبن‬ Intrigues ‫خداع‬ Trap ‫يوقع‬ Vitiate ‫يبطل‬ Deceiving ‫ يخدع‬/ ‫خداع‬ Trickery ‫ خداع‬، ‫احتيال‬ Formation of the contract ‫انعقاد العقد‬ Offer and acceptance ‫اإليجاب والقبول‬ Conditions of the contract ‫شروط العقد‬ Capacity ‫األهلية‬ Vice of consent ‫عيوب الرضا‬ (Defect affecting consent) ‫التغرير والغبن‬ Deceit and damage ‫الغلط‬ Mistake and error ‫المحل والسبب‬ Subject matter and cause ‫اتفاق‬ Concurrence ‫إرادة‬ Intent ‫إلحداث اثر قانوني‬ To produce a juristic effect ‫اتفاق‬ Agreement ‫رغبة – إرادة‬ Will ‫يعمل – ينشيء‬ Create ‫يقدم – يعدل‬ Amend ‫االمتناع – ينهي‬ Extinguish ‫يلزمون أنفسهم‬ Bind themselves ‫يعمل شيء أو تقديم أو االمتناع عن‬ To give, to do, or not to do something ‫تقديم أو عمل شيء‬ Joining consistence ‫اتفاق اإليجاب‬ Obligation ‫التزام‬ Requires ‫يتطلب‬ Essential element ‫شروط ضرورية‬ Available ‫متوفر – موجود‬ - 57 -  Legal terminology Absolutely void ‫بطالن مطلق‬ In addition to ‫باإلضافة على‬ capable ‫ذو أهلية‬ Classification of Contract: ‫تصنيف العقود‬ Contracts concluded correctly, according to law, are binding on those who are party to them, they must be understood interpreted, and executed in conformity with good faith, equity and custom. (1) Classification of contract according to the mode of formation: According to the mode of formation:  Consensual contract. ‫عقود رضائية‬  Solemn contract.‫عقود شكلية‬  Real contract.‫عقود عقارية‬  Nominate and in-nominate contract.‫عقود مسماه وغير مسماه‬ (2) The contract according to elements of a contract: (a) Valid contract - If all the element so the contract is valid. According to the article (167) from the Jordanian civil law: 1- Basically and descriptively lawful. 2- Capable person. 3- Relating to an object that can be subject to its provision. 4- Having an existing valid and lawful. 5- Having description. 6- And is not subject to a vitiating condition. - 58 -  ‫العقد الصحيح‬ ‫ مشروع بأصله ووصفه‬-1 ‫ صادرا من أهله‬-2 ‫ مضافا إلى محل قابل لحكمه‬-3 ‫ له غرض قائم وصحيح مشروع‬-4 ‫ أوصافه صحيحة‬-5 ‫ ما لم يقترن به شرط مفسد‬-6 (b) Contract void: According to the article (168) from the Jordanian civil law: If the contract which is basically and descriptively unlawful in its base – subject matter purpose or the form prescribed the law for its celebration being deficient. ‫العقد باطل‬ ‫ ما ليس مشروعا بأصله ووصفه بأن اختل ركنه أو محلفه أو الغفرض منفه أو الشفكل‬/‫العقد الباطل‬.‫الذي فرضه القانون النعقاده‬ (e) Defect contract: According to the article (170) from the Jordanian civil law: "If the contract which is lawful in its base but not in its description, and if the reason for its invalidity shall be abated it shall become valid. ‫العقد الفاسد‬.‫العقد الفاسد هو ما كان مشروعا بأصله وال بوصفه فإذا زال سبب فساده صح‬ (d) The suspend contract: According to article (171) from the Jordanian civil law: "The effect of disposition shall be suspended until ratification if it is by an officious person disposing of another's property. By the owner of the property to which otters rights are attached by the owner of the property when he is - 59 - in competent and his disposition varies between benefit and harm, by a person under duress or if the law so provides. ‫العقد الموقوف‬ ‫يكون التصرف موقوف النفاذ على اإلجازة إذا صدر من فضولي في مفال غيفره أو مفن مالفك ففي‬ ‫مال تعلق به حق الغير أو من ناقص األهلية في ماله وكان تصرفا دائرا بين النفع والضرر أو من‬.‫مكره أو إذا نص القانون على ذلك‬ (e) Non obligator contract: According to article (176) from the Jordanian civil law: "'The contract shall be non-obligatory on either or both of the contract any parties in spite of its validity and effectiveness if it is subject to a term of rescission without consent or litigation. ‫العقد غير الالزم‬ ‫يكون العقد غير الزم بالنسبة إلفى أصفله عاقديفه أو لكليهمفا رغفم صفحته ونففاذه إذا شفرط لفه حفق‬.‫فسخه دون تراض أو تقاض‬ Dissolution of the contract (Termination) According to article (241) from the Jordanian civil law: If the contract shall be valid and obligatory neither of the contracting parties may withdraw from it, amend it or rescind it except by consent, litigation, or by virtue of provision in the law. ‫ إنحالل العقد‬، ‫اإلقالة‬ ‫إذا كففان العقففد صففحيحا الزمففا فففال يجففوز ألحففد العاقففدين الرجففوع فيففه وال تعدليففه وال فسففخه إال‬.‫بالتراضي أو التقاضي أو بمقتضى نص في القانون‬ The two contracting parties may after making the contract agree to terminate it..‫العاقدين أن يتقايال العقد برضاهما بعد انعقاده‬ - 60 - Two: Illicit acts or (The injurious acts) Article 256 from the Jordanian civil law: Every injurious act shall render the person who commits it liable for damages even if he is non discerning person. )‫(الفعل الضار) أو (األعمال غير المشروعة‬.‫كل إضرار بالغير يلزم فاعله ولو غير مميز بضمان الضرر‬ The legislator established the dialectal responsibility on the idea of wrong. Required concerning personal acts, the proof of wrong and presumed the existence of wrong with respect to the responsibility of other and the study will be into three parties: a) The responsibility of personal acts. Article (273). ‫الخطأ‬ b) The responsibility of the acts of the other. Article (274). ‫الضرر‬ c) The responsibility of the acts of other things Article (275) ‫عالقة السببية ما بين الخطأ والضرر‬ (a) The responsibility of personal acts: ‫جناية الحيوان‬ Three elements must be required the dialectal responsibility and to be exist:  The wrong.  The damage.  Caused connection between the damage and the wrong. (b) The responsibility of another's acts: ‫األبناء واآلالت‬ - The responsibility of the supervision for the acts done by the persons under his supervision. - The responsibility of the master or employer for the acts done by his employee. Article(288) - 61 - (c) Responsibility due to the acts of things: ‫ انهيار البناء‬/‫حارس البناء‬ Three distinction are drawn: - Responsibility due to the acts of animals. Article (289) - Responsibility due to the acts of things that require particular supervision. Article (291) - Responsibility due to the acts resulting from building. - Article (290) Three: Unlawful enrichment ‫اإلثراء بال سبب‬ (The beneficial acts): )‫(الفعل النافع) أو (الكسب بال سبب‬ Definition: The person, who, without legitimate cause has grown rich at another's expense, is held for restitution up to the amount of the enrichment. 1. Enrichment without cause: Definition: No person shall take the property of another without cause and it he takes it he shall return it. Article (293) from the Jordanian civil law. ‫اإلثراء بدون سبب‬ ‫ال يسوغ ألحد أن يأخذ مال غيره بال سبب شرعي فإن أخذه فعليه رد‬ 2. Receiving what is not due: Definition: Whoever delivers something under the impression that he has to do so and, it is thereafter ascertained he had no such obligation, may take it back from its receiver if it is excitement and its like or value if it is not. Article (296) from the Jordanian civil law. - 62 -  ‫قبض غير المستحق‬ ‫ ثفم تبفين عفدم وجوبفه فلفه اسفترداده ممفن قبضفه إن كفان قائمفا‬،‫من أدى شيا ظانا أنفه واجفب عليفه‬.‫ومثله أو قيمته إن لم يكن قائما‬ 3) Officiousness: Definition: Whoever renders a beneficial act to another without request but with licenses from the court or by necessity or as prescribed by custom, shall be considered as his representative and shall be subject to the following provision. Article (301) from the Jordanian civil law. 1) The agency rule shall be applied. 2) The officious person shall be liable for the Damage. 3) The officious person shall continue the work. 4) The officious person shall be liable from the Persons whom he delegates to them the work. 5) The officious person shall return what he has taken because of his officiousness as the agent, and in rendering and account for what He has done. Article from (302-306) from the Jordanian civil law. ‫الفضالة‬ ‫من قام بفعل نافع للغير دون أمره ولكن أذنت به المحكمة أوجبته ضرورة أو قضى به عرف فإنه‬ :‫يعتبر نائبا عنه وتسري عليه األحكام التالية‬ ‫) تسري قواعد الوكالة‬1 ‫) الفضولي مسئول عن األضرار‬2 ‫) يجب على الفضولي أن يمضي في العمل‬3 ‫) الفضولي مسئول عن العمل الذي عهده إلى أشخاص آخرين‬4 ‫) يلزم الفضولي برد ما استولى عليه بسبب الفضالة فيما يلزم بفه الوكيفل وتقفديم حسفاب مفا‬5.‫قام به‬ - 63 - 4) Settlement of the debt of another:‫قضاء دين الغير‬ Definition: Whoever settles the debt of another by his order may have recourse against him for what he has paid on his behalf, and he shall be entitled to be the subrogate of the original creditor in claiming it whether he had stipulated resource against him or not. ‫من أوف ى دين غيره بأمره كان له الرجوع على اآلخفر بمفا أداه عنفه وقفام الفدائن األصفلي‬.‫في مطالبته سواء اشترط الرجوع عليه أم لم يشترط‬ Whoever settles the debt of another without his order may not have recourse against the debtor for what he has paid except as provided in the officious section. ‫من أوفى دين غيره دون أمره فليس له الرجوع بما دفعه على المدين إال وفقا (الفضفالة) وال علفى‬.‫الدائن إال إذا أبرأ المدين من الدين ولو بعد استيفاء دينه منه‬ Or against the creditor unless he discharged the debtor from the debt even after he was paid his debt by him. Article from (309-310) from the Jordanian civil law. Four: Unilateral Disposition: Definition a promise: A promise is what a person binds himself with to another in the future but not by way of a financial obligation and it may relate to a contract or work. ‫الوعد هو ما يفرضه الشخص على نفسه لغيره باإلضافة إلى المسفتقبل ال علفى سفبيل االلتفزام ففي‬.‫المال وقد يقع على عقد أو عمل‬ Article (254) from the Jordanian civil law. The promise shall bind its maker unless the dies or becomes bankrupt. ‫ويلزم الوعد صاحبه ما لم يمت أو يفلس‬ - 64 - Five: The law. The law is the source of every obligation because by virtue of law obligations arise from facts and legal acts. Therefore it is an indirect source of obligation. Section Two: Consequences of the contract (or: effects of contract)‫آثار العقد‬ Contracts concluded correctly, according to law, are binding on those who are party to them they must be understood interpreted (‫ )تفسفير‬and executed inconformity with good faith equity and custom. A) The effect of the contract with respect to its parties: The contract is the law of the parties no one of them can revoke or modify the contract individually without their mutual consent. B) The effect of the contract with respect to the successors of the parties: Distinction must be drawn between two sort of successors. - Singular successors.‫ الخلف العام‬،‫الورثة العموميين‬ - Universal successors. ‫الخلف الخاص‬ C) The effect of contracts with respect to a third party: In principle, the contract is not operative in relation to third parties but it may create certain right in their favors, as: The relative of contracts, the exceptions of the principle of relative effective of contract promise for another stipulation for another. Revoke ‫يرفض‬ Modify ‫يعدل‬ - 65 - Section Three: Extinction of obligation Extinction of obligation are in many ways: 1- Through performance (payment). 2- Impossibility of performance. 3- Discharging prescription. 4- Confusion. 5- Waving the debt. (Release). ‫انقضاء االلتزام‬ ‫ الدفع‬-1 ‫ استحالة التنفيذ‬-2 ‫ مرور الزمن‬-3 ‫ اتحاد الذمة‬-4 ‫ التنازل عن الدين‬-5 - 66 - Section Four: Legal Terminology for Source of Obligation Legal terminology Concluded correctly ‫ أبرم صحيحا‬، ‫عقدا صحيحا‬ According to ‫وفقا لالتفاق‬ Interpreted ‫ فسر‬، ‫تفسير‬ Executed ‫ينفذ‬ Conformity ‫ مالئمة‬، ‫مطابقة‬ Good faith ‫حسن النية‬ Equity ‫العدالة‬ Mode of formation ‫طريقة أو شكل التكوين‬ Consensual contract ‫عقود رضائية‬ Solemn contract ‫عقود شكلية‬ Real contract ‫عقود عقارية‬ Nominated and unanimated contract ‫عقود مسماه وغير مسماه‬ Valid contract ‫ عقد ساري المفعول‬، ‫ عقد ملزم‬، ‫عقد صحيح‬ Descriptively unlawful ‫ تفسير غير قانوني‬، ‫صوري‬ Base subject matter ‫محل زائف أو مغشوش‬ Prescribed ‫تقادم‬ Deficient ‫عدم كفاية‬ Void contract ‫عقد باطل‬ Inval