CWTS Lesson 1-16.5 PDF

Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) Meaning of Service This program component is designed to provide students with activities co...

Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) Meaning of Service This program component is designed to provide students with activities contributory to the general welfare and it is doing something for the benefit of others. betterment of life of the members of the community the action of helping or doing work for someone. especially those developed to improve social welfare it can be VOLUNTARY. services. The Traditional Filipino Service Literacy Training Service (LTS) BAYANIHAN - This tradition among Filipinos shows This program component is designed to train students in community participation, democracy and cooperation. teaching literacy and numeracy skills to schoolchildren It may be for the benefit of an individual member of the and out-of-school youths. The hope is to continue community or the community as a whole. learning on a peer - to - peer interaction. Spanish Colonial Administration Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) Polos y servicios – During the Spanish period, these This program component is designed to provide military policy or practice were used to compel the Filipinos to education and training for students to mobilize them for work in public works. The polistas constructed churches, national defense preparedness. This is also a glimpse for casas reales, roads, and built or repaired ships. Able- young people to see how military life is and encourage bodied men 16-60 years of age were obliged to render them into service. services as polistas. The Constitutional Mandate Graduates of the ROTC program component are The prime duty of the Government is to serve and organized into the Citizen Armed Force, while graduates protect the people. The Government may call upon the of the LTS and CWTS program components are organized people to defend the State and, in fulfillment thereof, all into the National Service Reserve Corps(NSRC) citizens may be required, under conditions provided by administered by the Department of National Defense, law, to render personal military or civil service. (1987 the Commission on Higher Education and Technical Constitution, Article 2, Section 4) Education and Skills Development Authority. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their There have been several legal precedents to the National physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well- Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. These being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and include: nationalism and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs. (1987 Constitution, Article 2, Section Commonwealth Act No. 1, otherwise known as the 13) "National Defense Act of 1935", was enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines on 21 December 1935. It provided for obligatory military service for all Through the above legal provisions, national service male citizens of ages between 18 and 30. comes into existence specifically NSTP The National Presidential Decree No. 1706, otherwise known as the Service Training Program (NSTP), is a civic education "National Service Law", was signed into law on 8 August and defense preparedness program students instituted 1980. It made national service obligatory for all Filipino by the Government of the Philippines on 5 January 2000 citizens and specified three categories of national by virtue of Republic Act 9163, otherwise known as the service: civic welfare service, law enforcement service "National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001." and military service. Under the NSTP Program, both male and female college Republic Act 7077, otherwise known as the "Citizen students of any baccalaureate degree course or Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act", was technical vocational course in public or private enacted by the 8thCongress of the Philippines on 27 June educational institutions are obliged to undergo one of 1991. The Reservist Act provided for organization, three program components for an academic period of training and utilization of reservists, referred to in the Act two semesters. as "Citizen Soldiers". The primary pool of manpower for The students, however, are free to choose which the reservist organization are graduates of the Reserve particular program component to take. The three NSTP Officers' Training Corps basic and advance courses. Program components are: Lesson 2 - Philippine Constitution, Preamble and Bill 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial and of Rights adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution “We, the 12. Any person under investigation for the commission of sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right God, in order to build a just and humane society and to remain silent and to have competent and independent establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and counsel preferably of his own choice. aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and 13. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the develop our patrimony, and secure ourselves and privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. posterity the blessings of independence and democracy Excessive bail shall not be required. under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, 14. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and offense without due process of law. promulgate this constitution”. 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be Bill of Rights (from Article III of 1987 Phil. Constitution) suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it. 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy without due process of law, nor shall any person be disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi- denied the equal protection of the laws. 2. The right of the judicial, or administrative bodies. people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of himself. whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, 18. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue political beliefs and aspirations. upon probable cause to be determined personally by the 19. Excessive fine shall not be imposed, nor cruel, judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither complaint and the witnesses he may produce, and shall death penalty be imposed, unless for compelling particularly describing the place to be searched and the reasons involving heinous crime, the Congress hereafter persons or things to be seized. provide for it. 3. The privacy of communication and correspondence 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non- shall ne inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, payment of a poll tax. or when public safety or order requires otherwise as 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of prescribed by law. punishment for the same offense. 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the enacted. people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances. Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino citizens Among 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of others, the more important duties and obligations of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. every citizen in a democratic society are the following: 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except 1. To be loyal to the Republic. This means faith and upon lawful order of the court. confidence in the Republic and love and devotion to the 7. The right of the people to information on matters of country. The citizen must be proud of his country, its public concern shall be recognized. custom, traditions, language, and institution. He must 8. The right of the people, including those employed in share in its glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. the public and private sectors, to form unions, 2. To defend the state. Since the citizens of the Republic association, or societies for purposes not contrary to law receive benefits and protection from the State of which shall not be abridged. they are apart, in return, it is their primary and honorable 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use duty to defend it against any peril, whether from within or without just compensation. from without. 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. 3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. This should be the concern of every citizen for he will be the first to enjoy the benefits thereof. He can contribute to the development and welfare of the state by c. Political rights – rights conferred by the state to the paying taxes willingly and promptly, by cooperating in its people so that they may participate in government activities and projects such as the preservation of peace Example: right to citizenship, right to suffrage, and order, conservation of the natural resources and the freedom of speech promotion of social justice by patronizing local products d. Constitutional rights – rights recognized and and trades and by engaging in the productive work. protected by the constitution and part of the fundamental law of the land 4. To uphold the constitution and obey laws. Since the Example: freedom from slavery, freedom to choose constitution is the expression of the sovereign will of our one’s residence people. e. Statutory rights – rights conferred by statutes or 5. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. law promulgated by a lawmaking body and can be abolished by the same body 6. To exercise rights responsible and with due regard Example: right to inherit property, right to minimum for the rights of others. wage, right to go to strike for higher wages 7. To engage in gainful work. Every citizen must consider his own responsibility and should strive to become a Lesson 3 - United Nations Principles on Human useful and productive member of society to assure not Rights only himself but, more importantly, his family a lot worthy Universal Declaration of Human Rights of human dignity. Every citizen should bear in mind that The issue of human rights remains relevant as of this day. only hard and sustained work can mend a nations live Every individual is entitled to his rights in consonance and survive. with the existing laws and policies of his ethnicity. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted and 8. To register and vote. It is through suffrage that the will proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the people is expressed. The quality of public officials which was translated into 360 languages – the most and the policies of government, the success or failure of translated document in the world. Although the government depend, directly and indirectly, upon the declaration does not guarantee that no human rights voters. Voters must be discriminating in evaluating the abuse will happen, it serves as guide to every country in credentials of candidates and not be satisfied with only crafting their laws and policies concerning human rights. their physical attributes and data. It is composed of thirty articles from which the world Duties and Rights of the Filipino People based its decision to discern what is right and what is wrong. 1. Duties of the People The people of the Philippine Republic must understand Thus, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is that they have certain duties or obligations to perform. defined as a common standard of achievement for all These duties are the price of freedom and of the rights peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual which people enjoy and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration a. to vote honestly and wisely constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and b. to obey the laws of the land education to promote respect for these rights and c. to respect public authority freedoms and by progressive measures, national and d. to be loyal to the Republic international, to secure their universal and effective e. to defend the Motherland recognition and observance, both among the peoples of f. to pay taxes to the government Member States themselves and among the peoples of g. to take active interest in local, national and territories under their jurisdiction. Preamble Whereas international affairs recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and 2. Rights of the People inalienable rights of all members of the human family is a. Natural rights – rights conferred upon human the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the beings by God which cannot be taken away Example: world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights right to life, right to love, right to marry b. Civil rights – have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the rights granted by the State for the promotion of conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in common welfare of individual citizens which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and Example: right to own property, right to seek justice in belief and freedom from fear and want has been the courts proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common Article 8 - Everyone has the right to an effective remedy people, by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be law. compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion Article 9 - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, against tyranny and oppression, that human rights detention or exile. should be protected by the rule of law, Article 10 – Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair Whereas it is essential to promote the and public hearing by an independent and impartial development of friendly relations between nations, tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have and of any criminal charge against him. in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental Article 11- (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty person and in the equal rights of men and women and according to law in a public trial at which he has had all have determined to promote social progress and better the guarantees necessary for his defence. standards of life in larger freedom, (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on Whereas Member States have pledged account of any act or omission which did not constitute themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United a penal offence, under national or international law, at Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at Whereas a common understanding of these the time the penal offence was committed. rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the Article 12 - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary full realization of this pledge. interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and Article 1 - All human beings are born free and equal in reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and law against such interference or attacks. conscience and should act towards one another in a Article 13 – (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of spirit of brotherhood. movement and residence within the borders of each Article 2 - Everyone is entitled to all the rights and State. freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, his own, and to return to his country. Article 14 – (1) political or other opinion, national or social origin, Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no countries asylum from persecution. distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of jurisdictional or international status of the country or prosecutions genuinely arising from non- political crimes territory to which a person belongs, whether it be or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any the United Nations. other limitation of sovereignty. Article 15 – (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. Article 3 - Everyone has the right to life, liberty and (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality security of person. nor denied the right to change his nationality. Article 4 - No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; Article 16 – (1) Men and women of full age, without any slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the forms. right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to Article 5 - No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. dissolution. Article 6 - Everyone has the right to recognition (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and everywhere as a person before the law. full consent of the intending spouses. Article 7 - All are equal before the law and are entitled (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. of society and is entitled to protection by society and the All are entitled to equal protection against any State. discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against Article 17 – (1) Everyone has the right to own property any incitement to such discrimination. alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Article 18 – Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. in community with others and in public or private, to Article 26 – (1) Everyone has the right to education. manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and worship and observance. fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be Article 19 – Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion compulsory. Technical and professional education shall and expression; this right includes freedom to hold be made generally available and higher education shall opinions without interference and to seek, receive and be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. impart information and ideas through any media and (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of regardless of frontiers. the human personality and to the strengthening of Article 20 – (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It peaceful assembly and association. shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall Article 21 – (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the further the activities of the United Nations for the government of his country, directly or through freely maintenance of peace. chosen representatives. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of (2) Everyone has the right to equal access to public education that shall be given to their children. Article 27 service in his country. – (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to authority of government; this will shall be expressed in share in scientific advancement and its benefits. periodic and genuine elections which shall be by (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret and material interests resulting from any scientific, vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Article 22 – literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social Article 28 – Everyone is entitled to a social and security and is entitled to realization, through national international order in which the rights and freedoms set effort and international cooperation and in accordance forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29 – with the organization and resources of each State, of the (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for the free and full development of his personality is his dignity and the free development of his personality. possible. Article 23 – (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions shall be subject only to such limitations as are of work and to protection against unemployment. determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of equal pay for equal work. others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable public order and the general welfare in a democratic remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an society. existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be necessary, by other means of social protection. exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions United Nations. for the protection of his interests. Article 30 - Nothing in this Declaration may be Article 24 – Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any including reasonable limitation of working hours and right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed periodic holidays with pay. at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set Article 25 – (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of forth herein. living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and Issues of Human Rights in the Philippines medical care and necessary social services, and the right 1. Philippine War – Drug Campaign - human rights groups to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, and activists are accusing the Duterte government of disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood extra-judicial killings. in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Death Penalty – many representatives filed bills Laguna, Batangas and Cavite) that revolt and fought for seeking to reinstate the Death Penalty which were independence from the Spanish-rule. strongly opposed by the Catholic Church 3. Lowering the Age of Criminal Liability – the constitution The flag was conceptualized by Emilio Aguinaldo. The provides that children are 18 years below. Lowering the first flag was sewn in Hongkong by Marcela Agoncillo, her criminal liability is a violation of children’s rights. daughter Lorenza, and Dona Delfina Herbosa de 4. Freedom of Expression – the closure of ABS-CBN and Natividad, niece of Jose Rizal. The flag is displayed with veteran journalist Maria Ressa were categorized by their the blue field on the top in times of peace, and with red supporters as violation of human rights. field on top in times of war. The flag is unique in the sense 5. Rights of the members of the LGBTI Community – the that it can indicate a state of war when the red field is controversial SOGIE Bill divided the opinions of Filipinos displayed on top or on the observer’s left when the flag is about human rights. displayed vertically, with the white equilateral triangle at the top end. Additional Information of the Human Rights in the Philippines Flag Construction 1. Human rights can be classified as individual, The flag’s length is twice its width, which translate into an collective, civil, political, economic, social and cultural. aspect ratio of 1:2. The length of all sides of the white 2. Article III of the 1987 Constitution also called as the Bill triangle is equal to the width of the flag. Each star is of Rights provides Filipino citizen’s rights, protection and oriented in such manner that one of its tips points privileges. towards the vertex at which it is located. 3. In 2014, nearly 75,000 people filed for recognition as victims of human rights violations during the Flag Protocol implementation of the Martial Law The flag should be displayed in all government buildings, Lesson 4 - Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines official residence, public plazas, and schools every day throughout the year. The days of the 28th of may (national Salient Feature of RA No. 8491 of 2002 (Flag and Flag day) and 12th, of June 9Independence day) are Heraldic Code of the Philippines) designated as flag days, during which all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government, business Philippine Flag establishments, institutions of learning and private Our national flag is the symbol of our country. It shows homes are enjoined to display the flag. In Section 9 of RA our unity as a people. It stands for our high ideals and 8491, the Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted noble heritage. Therefore, when you show respect for the and illuminated at night at the following locations: flag, you also show respect for our country and people. 1. Malacaňang Palace One way to show respect is to handle the flag properly. 2. The Congress of the Philippine buildings (Senate and A flag is a sacred and respected feature of the nation House of Representatives) which it represents. Each nation’s flag has a specific way 3. Supreme Court of the Philippine Building in which it should be displayed and folded. 4. The Rizal Monument The Philippine national flag is said to be the primary 5. Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite symbol of the nation’s camaraderie, sovereignty, 6. Barasain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan solidarity and unity. It is therefore, the symbol of 7. Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers in La Union, Libingan ng nationalism and patriotism in our country. mga Bayani in Makati) 8. Mauseleo de los Veteranos de la Revolucion Flag History 9. All international ports of entry The national flag of the Philippine is a horizontal bicolor 10. All other places as may be designated by the National with equal bands of blue and red, and white equilateral Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) triangle based at the hoist side, at the center of the triangle is a golden yellow sun with eight primary rays Half-mast (which signifies eight provinces) each containing three The flag may be flown at half-mast as a sign or mourning. individual rays; and at each corner of the triangle is a five- Upon the official announcement of the death of the pointed golden yellow stat. The sun with eight rays in the president or a former President, the flag should be flown Philippine flag represents the first eight provinces at half-mast for 10 days. The flag should be flown at half- (Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, mast for seven (7) days following the death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, the president of the Senate 4. As part of merchandise or in any advertisement or or the speaker of the House of the Representatives. infomercial; and 5. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the vehicles. death of other persons to be determined by the NHCP, for a period less than seven days. The flag shall be flown at Other Rules on the Display of the Philippine Flag 1. On half-mast on all the buildings and places where the board naval vessels, the flag shall be displayed on the decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the flagstaff at the stern when the ship is at anchor. The Flag day of interment of an incumbent member of the shall be hoisted to the gaff at the aftermast when the ship Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of is at sea. Representative, and such other persons as may be 2. On all aircraft with Philippine registry, the Philippine determined by the NHCP. Flag shall be prominently displayed horizontally on its When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoisted fuselage with the hoist side pointing the forward to the peak for a moment then lowered to the halfmast direction. position. It should be raised to the peak again before it is 3. The flagpole must not be of equal height or higher than lowered for the day. Folding the Flag the Independence Flagpole at the Rizal Park, Manila (107ft). 1. Hold the flag at each of its four corners and pull it taut. Lesson 5 - Good Citizenship Values The folder holds the corners at the end with the blue and Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen red fields. in a political society, which membership implies, 2. Fold the flag in half, lengthwise, with red field covering reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part member and the blue field. Pull it taut again making sure the open duty of protection on the part of the State. side’s edges are flush with one another. 3. Fold it in half again, the closed side over the open side, A citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is again maintaining the flattening tension and parallel, a member of a democratic community who enjoys a full flush edges on the open side. The blue field should now civil and political rights and its accorded protection be displayed face up. inside and outside the territory of the State. 4. Take the closed side’s blue field corner and fold it over the open side such that what was the bottom edge is now Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution identifies parallel and flush with open side forming a right triangle the following as citizens of the Philippines: (with 90 degree) 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of 5. At the right angle, fold the flag again such that a new the adoption of said Constitution; right triangle is formed, still keeping the open edges 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the parallel. ). Philippines; those born before January 17, 1973, of 6. Fold the right –angled corner of the new triangle over Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon such that it forms a new right triangle with what had been reaching the age of majority; and the bottom edge now flush with the side of the flag below 3. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. it 7. Continue this sequence of folds creating right triangle Great ideal in the life of every citizen until the flag is completely folded into right triangle The greatest ideal in the life of every citizen must be bundle. The white field and yellow sun should now patriotism or love of country. This achieved through the predominate in the visible areas of the flag. exercise the positive nationalism and the defense of our sovereignty when it is threatened by outside and inside Prohibited Acts In Section 34 of RA 8491, the flag forces. cannot be used in the following rationales: Next to loyalty to God is loyalty to country which is 1. Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the flag as a sealed by a pledge of allegiance such loyalty is neither salute, or adding additional marks on the flag; 2. As a through compulsion of force, as motivated by certain drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or as part of a material considerations. costume or a uniform; 3. As a trademark or for commercial or agricultural labels Filipino citizen’s loyalty or designs;  As a citizen, we have several objects of loyalty in our country. The will of the people, then, will be best country, superiors or duly constituted authorities, expressed in clean, orderly and honest election. principle, our flag, our word of honor. Filipino may differ in physical features but they are 4. Who are qualified to vote in Philippine elections? a) bound by their love for the country they call their own. Citizens of the Philippines; They are proud of the cultural heritage and prouder still b) Those who are 18 years old and above on the day of to belong to a race of people known for their courage and elections; love of freedom. c) A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city Loyalty must be inspired by the respect and faith in the or municipality wherein he/she proposes to vote for at cause to which we subscribe. It should not be servility or least six months before the elections. fanaticism. Loyalty is based on love of country, respect for superiors, belief in the cause and principle, reverence 5. Who are qualified to vote under the Overseas Absentee for national symbols and loyalty to one’s world of honor. Voting Law? a) Filipino citizen abroad Acquiring Citizenship b) Those who are 18 years old and above on the day of 1.There are two principles of citizenship in the world, “jus elections solis” (by blood) and “jus sanguinis” (by birth). 2. A baby c) Immigrants with affidavit to resume residence in the who was born within the air space or within 12 nautical Philippines miles from the boarder of the United States will d) Permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume automatically have US citizenship regardless of the residence in the Philippines. parent’s nationality 3. Commonwealth Act No. 473 provides the 6. Who are disqualified by law to vote in Philippine qualifications and processes for acquiring Filipino elections? citizenship a) Persons sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than Lesson 6 – Voter Citizenship Education one year The Filipino citizen-voter education cover the political b) Persons who committed rebellion, sedition, violation and electoral system, human rights, and governance that of the anti-subversion and firearms law, or any crime serve to contribute to efforts at developing matured and against national security or disloyalty to the government informed political attitudes and decisions of Filipino c) Insane or incompetent persons citizen-voters. 1. What is election? Election is the means by which the 7. How often are the elections held? people choose their officials for definite and fixed a) Every 2nd National and local elections are held on the periods second Monday of May every third year starting 1992. The presidential and vice presidential elections are held 2. What are the different types of electoral exercises? every six years. Election Days in which the president and The two (2) types of electoral exercises are: vice president and barangay officials are not elected are a) regular elections (national, local, barangay, ARMM, called "midterm elections"; Election Days in which the SK) president and vice president are elected are called b) special elections (plebiscite, referendum, initiative, "presidential elections". Barangay-level officials, recall) although are currently elected in the same year as the other officials, are elected separately the succeeding 3. What is the right of suffrage? Suffrage is the human months. Monday of May for national and local election right to vote to which, in the Philippines, is embodied in b) Every last Monday of October, every 3 years for three documents: barangay and SK officials Barangay-level elections, a) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) starting from 2007, are to be held every three years during b) The International Covenant on Civil and Political the last Monday of October, although these elections are Rights; and frequently postponed (and incumbents' terms are c) The 1987 Philippine Constitution. These documents all extended) as a cost-saving measure. call for universality of the right; equality in access to c) Every 3 years from March 1993 – ARRM elections public service; and secrecy of voters. Elections for the positions in the Bangsamoro The political choice and decision you make will Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), determine the kind of government that will serve the starting from 2011, are to be held every three years during  Proclamation of winning candidates e) Citizen-voter the second Monday of May. participation in Political affairs  Initiation and Referendum Through the system of 8. What are the actions points for citizen-voters in initiative and referendum, the people can directly exercising the right of suffrage? propose, exact, and reject laws at the local level. a) Before elections Prepare to exercise the right of Citizens may directly propose amendments to the suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice. Constitution by a petition of at least 12% of the total  Register during the period allowed for voter number of registered voters where three (3) % of registration. registered voters in each legislative district are  Be informed of the issues, platforms, and personalities presented of the political candidates.  Plebiscite Through plebiscite, the people approve or  Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders reject the call for a Constitution, approve or reject in terms of the candidate’s social affiliations and proposed changes in the Constitution and, at the local interests, competence, lifestyle, and performance level, express their will on certain local issues.  records. Sectoral Representation The party-list system of  Conduct/participate in public debates that would representation gives sectors the chance to be inform citizens and gain the commitment of the represented in Congress together with candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and Congressmen/women or Representative. The welfare of the citizen in their program of government. b) Constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code During elections Exercise vigilance and the right to vote. (LGC) allow for representation of sectors in the local  Vote according to your conscience legislature or Sanggunian.  Protect the integrity of your own vote from any other  Local special Bodies Ordinary citizens are called to undue influence sit in local special bodies such as the local health  Volunteer in organizations that work for clean and boards, school boards, peace and order councils, and peaceful elections development councils for consultation. The barangay  Watch out for instance of cheating in the elections and assembly has the power to hear and judge the report inform authorities and the rest of the electorate of such of Sangguniang Barangay’s (SB) performance. activities.  Absentee Voting system Republic Act 9189 or the c) After elections Practice continued vigilance and Absentee Voting Law provides for a system which participate in governance. allows qualified Filipinos abroad to vote in national  Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes  elections in the Philippines. Attend consultations and public hearings, and participate in local special bodies. Lesson 7 - Drug Education  Legislate advocacy – s process where citizens talk with Legal Bases for Drug Education lawmakers and other implementers in the government to Republic Act (R.A.) 9165 is an act instituting the ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, repealing public are included in the discussion and making of laws. RA No. 6425 known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972. d) The Election process These are the steps in the This Act serves as guide in the implementation of election process: dangerous drug prevention and control in the country. It  Registration day guides in the right approach towards issues geared  Revision day against drug activities. RA 9165, Article IV mandates the  List of votes following: 1. Provide continuing in service training for teachers on  Casting of votes the effective utilization and support to instructional  Counting of votes materials and on teaching strategies on drug education  Preparation of election returns and other reports  2. Continuously monitor and evaluate the effectiveness Distribution of election returns and overall impact of drug education Board of Canvassers (for President and Vice 3. Secure funds from local and foreign donors for the President implementation of drug education programs. Board of Canvassers (for Senators) Board of Canvassers (for Provincial/City/District/Municipal) Drug Education The number of drugs used today is vast and is steadily 5. Unusual effort made to cover arms in order to hide increasing as new drugs are developed and new uses are needle marks found for old drugs, several drugs still used by the doctor 6. Association with known drug abusers such as the active principle in aspirin, have been used 7. Stealing items that can be readily sold for cash (to clinically for many hundreds of years. support a drug habit) 8. Change in mood, depending on the drug taken Drug - It is a substance that affects the function of living cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure, prevent the Classifications of drugs and their Effects occurrence of diseases and disorders and prolong the 1. Alcohol liquor, which is extracted from chemical life of patients with incurable conditions. compound as ethyl and hydrocarbon, is a dangerous Since 1990, the availability of new and more effective chemical substance that triggers the central nervous drugs such as antibiotics, which fight bacterial infections system and may damage vital human organs. and vaccines, which prevent diseases caused by Effects of Alcohol Use bacteria and viruses, has increased the average of Give a feeling of relaxation and loss of inhibition Filipino’s life span from about 60 years to about 75 years. A sense of excitement due to the release of inhibitions Drugs have vastly improved the quality of life. Today, Disrupted motor activity, motor skills and coordination drugs have contributed to the eradication of once Deep intoxication that causes disturbance in bodily widespread and sometimes fatal diseases such as processes poliomyelitis and smallpox. Dilated superficial blood vessels causing warm feeling Deep intoxication that can lead to “coma” and “death” Drug abuse is the overuse of a drug without due regard Warning consciousness, causing mental dullness to accepted medical practice resulting in the individual’s Loss of self-control resulting in violent behavior physical, mental, emotional or behavioral impairment. 2. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa), is annual plant that Drug dependence is a compulsive behavior brought grows wild in many temperate parts of the world. about by drug abuse. In 1987, the American Medical Effects of Marijuana Association declared all drug dependencies to be Throat intoxication and coughing Increased heartbeat diseases. When chemical dependencies are viewed as and pulse rate diseases, their treatment and understanding are Reddening of the eyes, dizziness, bodily incoordination facilitated. Such a view also reduces the guilt and blame Sleepiness and decreased physical activity traditionally associated with chemical dependency Possible chronic bronchitis and asthma Feeling of excitement and friendliness Drug user is another term for “drug addict” which refers Distortion of time and space perception to an individual who is dependent on a certain drug or Disturbance of brainwave activity, causing of drugs. Smith et al. (1986) define addiction as a impairment of skills leading to abnormal behavior pathological process involving a compulsion to use a psychoactive drug, loss of control over use of the drug 3. Stimulants are drugs used to increase mental activity, and continued use of the drug despite adverse relieve fatigue, increase alertness and offset drowsiness. consequences. a) Amphetamines b) Cocaine Common signs of drug abuse c) Shabu (methamphetamine, HCL) 1. Change in attendance at work or school 2. Change from normal capabilities (work habits, Effects of Stimulants efficiency, etc.) Feeling of being stronger, more decisive and self- 3. Poor physical appearance, including in attention to possessed dress and personal hygiene Extended wakefulness and increased mental alertness 4. Constant wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times May include irritability, anxiety and fear (for instance, indoors or at night not only to hide dilute or Loss of appetite resulting in decreased body weight constricted pupils but also to compensate the eyes’ Pregnant women who abused “shabu” can cause inability to adjust to sunlight). Marijuana causes mental retardation to their unborn babies bloodshot eyes Loss of sexual desire and interest towards work  “Schizophrenia” or split personality, leading to violent Elevated or increased blood pressure behavior Increase activity of the body due to the effect of the Loss of memory by chronic users brain Chronic snorters from irritation of the nose leading to Enlarged or dilated pupils of the eyes frequent nose bleeding Increased body temperature Injecting “shabu” using dirty needles can lead to Paleness of the face and skin of the body various infections such as Hepatitis B, blood poisoning and AIDS 8. Tranquilizer is a drug used to treat nervous disorders, calm psychotic patients. They are not habit-forming but 4. Cough syrups are also called over the counter when taken in large numbers will produce deep colds/cough preparations. unconsciousness, a drop in blood pressure and finally a) Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine and respiration stops leading top death phenylproppanolamine for nasal decongestion While the margin of safety associated with these drugs is b) Clorophenamine maleate for allergic asthma, considerable, overdose can occur and continuous use nocturnal cough can lead to dependence. c) Dextromethorphan is cough suppressant; codeine has a) Meprobamate an anti-tussive effect b) Diazepam 5. Depressants are usually known as “downers”. These Effects of Tranquilizer drugs act on the nervous system, promoting relaxation Physical weakness and sleepiness and sleep. Induced mental and psychological dullness a) Barbiturates It calms the nerves and relieves tension and anxiety b) Mathaqualone Overdose can lead to “coma”, respiratory failure and death Effects of Depressants A usual dose of barbiturates causing a calming, relaxing Narcotics, in medicine, refer to opium, morphine, effect that promotes sleep. Other notable reactions are codeine, heroin and hydromorphone. given. Relief of anxiety and excitement Effects of Narcotics Reduce mental and physical activity Reduced size of the pupils of the eyes and reduced A marked decreased in breathing vision Drowsiness and decreased physical activity 6. Barbiturates are used to reduce the frequency of Nausea, vomiting and difficulty in breathing if taken in convulsions in epileptics. An overdose of barbiturate larger dosage produces the following reactions. “Tolerance”, which finally leads to “drug dependence” Unconsciousness and decrease in breathing Induced “come” with slow, shallow respiration Deepening unconsciousness leading to “coma” Convulsions, followed by the stopping of breathing that can lead to death if overdosed 7. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) are drugs that can produce changes in mood and behavior. They can 9. Inhalants are volatile substances derived from ether produce delusions and hallucinations. They induce a or chloroform. It is an inhalator through the nose to state of excitation of the central nervous system, shown experience intoxication. Recently, inhalation of different by changes in mood. Hallucinogens disorient the sense substances known as “glue sniffing” has become of direction, distance and time of a person. A user may popular among young people in their early teens. These speak of “hearing” colors, “seeing” sounds. substances include the following: a) Mescaline a) Quick-drying glue or plastic cement, like rugby b) LSD b) Paint remover and lacquer, such as thinner and solvent c) Psilocybin c) Gasoline and other gasoline-based products d) d) Phencyclidine Kerosene or commonly known as gaas e) Nail polish and cuticle remover Effects of Hallucinogens f) Lighter-fluid and dry-cleaning fluid Effects of Inhalants Increased heartbeat and pulse rate Unsteadiness and restlessness  Drunkenness with depression leading to The community, as a whole, must work toward unconsciousness eradicating the drug menace by: Irritability and highly agitated condition  conducting an anti-drug campaign, cooperating with Initial excitement thereby losing emotional control authorities in the arrest of the drug pushers; Irritation of the throat and nasal passages. Sometimes  helping drug users get treatment from drug inhalants contain toxic elements that are harmful to the rehabilitation centers, dismantling the drug-based heart and can cause sudden death when inhaled network existing in the community through police action;  planning a community action program involving young What are the reason behind these drugs? The most people, civic welfare, and religious organizations in common reason why drugs are abused are as follows: tackling the drug problem; and  For relief from problems – personal, family, school or  organizing worthwhile and constructive activities such work as recreational, social, and economic projects that will  To experience its effect on the mind and body serve as a positive alternative to drug abuse.  To ease depression, boredom, pain or misery  Giving in to pressures from “peers” or other drug users The role of the youth in nation building is crucial and  For curiosity, due to misinformation from important. They are problem solvers, have positive acquaintances influence in other young people and the nation, and are  For security feelings – with drugs, they have self- extremely ambitious. They have the ability to create and confidence identify themselves and move the nation forward  Some of the preventive measures for drug abuse positively. As responsible youth of today, be strong and always remember: Drug abuse must be avoided from the start before S - steadfast personality problems set in. There are several basic ways to do this, T – trustworthy in words and actions namely: R – respectable in relating with others a) Improvement in family relations. The parents and O – open-minded in facing situation children must communicate with each other and N – noble character strengthen their ties to combat drug addiction; G – gusty actions and ideals b) Direct and sincere action on the part of the government to address the growing problems of drug Ten (10) ways to say NO to Drugs abuse; 1. be vocal, just say NO to drugs and mean it. c) Clear and noticeable reforms in the environment and 2. Project an image of a clean living for yourself. economy to provide everyone with a bright future and 3. Get into sports. good life; 4. Choose your friend and influence them positively. 5. d) Strict enforcement of drug laws against violators and Get involved into community-based activities. traffickers; 6. Join organizations or youth club or form your interest e) Establishment of a dedicated judiciary so as to group (church, school or social) facilitate the delivery of aid of victims of drug abuse; f) 7. Learn how to manage stress. Complete “crackdown” against drug pusher and 8. Join seminars on anti-drug abuse prevention. syndicates; and 9. Talk to your family, listen to the problems of your g) Instituting heavy penalties, specifically the “death siblings. penalty’ for drug-related crime and serious drug violators 10. Enhance your talents and skills by taking part on workshops, trainings or seminars. Roles of school, the community, youth and parents in preventing drug abuse Parents must serve as a model to their children through the following: Every school must formulate a “drug policy “designed to  If parents use medicines improperly and in large help students and all school personnel fight drug abuse. dosages, children will imitate this bad example. This Also, the school can initiate “drug awareness” program should be avoided. and realistic prevention efforts that will benefit the entire  Parents must teach their children not to use drugs community. All students must take an active part in indiscriminately so as to develop in their children the making this program a success. correct drug attitude.  Parents should advice their children on their choice of Local Government (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for friends and inculcate the basic knowledge about drug Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department abuse. of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice  If parents discover their son or daughter is into drugs, Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of the they must face the problem and seek professional help Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice at once. Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, the  Parents must create a happy family life and maintain Director-General of the National Economic and an open communication between them and their Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice Chairperson for children. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, and the Administrator of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) as the What are some pieces of helpful and timely advice for Executive Director, and 39 members. these problems?  Maintain good physical and mental health. The members of the NDRRMC are composed of  Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when fourteen line departments (DA, DBM, DENR, DEP ED, used under medical advice. DOE, DOLE, DFA, DOF, DOH, DOJ, DPWH, DOT, DTI,  Understand your own self. Accept and respect yourself DOTC ), Office of the Executive Secretary, Office of the for what you are. Presidential Adviser on Peace Process (OPAPP),  Develop your potentials. Engage in wholesome, Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education productive and fulfilling activities. (CHED), Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), Chief, Philippine National Police  Learn to relate effectively with others. Have somebody (PNP), The Press Secretary, the Secretary General of the to whom you can communicate your problems and other Philippine Red Cross (PRC), Commissioner of the stresses without the use of drugs. National AntiPoverty Commission-Victims of Disasters  Seek professional help if you cannot cope with your and Calamities Sector (NAPC-VDC), Chairperson of the problems anymore. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women,  Develop strong moral and spiritual foundation in life Chairperson of the Housing and Urban Development Lesson 8 - Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Coordinating Council (HUDCC), Executive Director of the Management System Climate Change Office of the Climate Change Salient Provisions of Republic Act 10121 or the Commission, two government funding institution namely PDRRM Law Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine PHILHEALTH and Government Service Insurance System Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 is (GSIS) together with Social Security System (SSS) which entitled as, “An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster is a private insurance entity, five (5) local leagues such as Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for Union of Legal Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP), the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP), League of Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster Cities of the Philippines (LCP), League of Municipalities Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating of the Philippines (LMP) and League of Barangays (LMB), funds therefor and for other purposes”. four representatives from the Civil Society Organizations This was signed into law on May 27, 2010 and the who will focus on Preparedness, Response, Prevention Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) was approved and Mitigation and Rehabilitation and Recovery. There is three months later on September 27, 2010. This also one member who will represent the private sector. revolutionary law defines the disaster management The NDRRMC being empowered with policy-making, system in the Philippines coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring and evaluation functions shall carry out 17 responsibilities as 1. Section 5 provides for the creation of the National stipulated in the law. The NDRRMC Chairperson may call Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council upon other instrumentalities or entities of the (NDRRMC) which is formerly known as the National government and nongovernment and civic organizations Disaster Coordinating Council but its membership and for assistance in terms of the use of their facilities and functions have increased to cope with complexities of resources for the protection and preservation of life and disasters at present times. properties in the whole range of disaster risk reduction The NDRRMC is headed by the Secretary of the and management. This authority includes the power to Department of National Defense (DND) as Chairperson call on the reserve force as defined in Republic Act No. with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and 7077 to Assist in relief and rescue during disasters or Under the law, the RDRRMC shall establish an calamities. operating facility known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center 2. Section 8 of the law stipulates that the Office of Civil (RDRRMC OpCen) whenever necessary. Defense (OCD) shall have the primary mission of The civil defense officers of the OCD who are or may be administering a comprehensive national civil defense designated as Regional Directors of OCD serves as and disaster risk reduction and management program by chairpersons of the RDRRMCs. Its Vice Chairpersons providing leadership in the continuous development of shall be the Regional Directors of DSWD, the DILG, the strategic and systematic approaches as well as DOST, and the NEDA. The existing regional offices of the measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to OCD shall serve as secretariat of the RDRRMCs. The hazards and manage the consequences of disasters. RDRRMCs are composed of the executives of regional offices and field stations at the regional level of the The Administrator of the OCD serves as the Executive government agencies. Director of the National Council and, as such, shall have the same duties and privileges of a department 4. Section 11 provides for the organization at the Local undersecretary. All appointees shall be universally Government Level. The Provincial, City and Municipal acknowledged experts in the field of disaster Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils are preparedness and management and of proven honesty mandated to be organized at the local levels. In the case and integrity. The National Council shall utilize the of the Barangays, a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction services and facilities of the OCD as the Secretariat of and the National Council. The OCD has 19 functions, duties Management Committee which is mandated to be and responsibilities as stipulated in the law. organized and shall operate under the Barangay It is further provided for in the law that the NDRRMC Development Council (BDC). shall establish an Operations Center. This is the 24/7 The Local DRRMCs shall be chaired by the local chief facility for monitoring and coordination. It is where we executives, the Governor for the provincial level, the disseminate situation reports, alerts and mayor for the city and municipal levels and the barangay communications to all Council members and various captain for the barangay level. The members are the stakeholders. It is also a venue for us to facilitate heads of various offices assigned at the local levels effective management of the consequences of disasters. together with the four (4) members from the CSOs and one (1) private sector representative. 3. Section 10 of RA 10121 provides for the creation of the The LDRRMCs shall have the following functions: Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC), formerly known as Regional Disaster a) Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the local DRRM Plans and regularly review and test the plan consistent with other national and local planning programs; b) Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local development plans, programs and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction; Coordinating Council (RDCC). RDRRMC coordinates, c) Recommend the implementation of forced or integrates, supervises, and evaluates the activities of the preemptive evacuation of local residents, if necessary; local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils and, (LDRRMCs). The RDRRMC is responsible in ensuring d) Convene the local council once every three (3) months disaster sensitive regional development plans, in case of or as necessary. emergencies; RDRRMC shall convene the different Hence, to bring DRRM down to the grassroots, RA 10121 regional line agencies and concerned institutions and further provides for the establishment of the “DRRM authorities. Network”, or the replication of the NDRRMC from the national down to the regional, provincial, city, municipal epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized and barangay levels as shown in Figure 3. as quickly as possible. Unexpended LDRRMF shall accrue to a special trust fund solely for the purpose of 5. Section 12 provides for the Local Disaster Risk supporting disaster risk reduction and management Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO). It is also activities of the LDRRMCs within the next five (5) years. mandated that the local government units shall establish Any such amount still not fully utilized after five (5) years an LDRRMO in BatStateU - National Service Training shall revert back to the general fund and will be available Program 1 – CWTS/LTS Module 3 – Disaster Awareness for other social services to be identified by the local Preparedness and Management every province, city, and sanggunian. municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee in every barangay. The 8. Section 22 of RA 10121 provides for the National LDRRMOs shall be responsible for setting the direction, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund. development, implementation and coordination of (a) The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the disaster risk management programs within their annual General Appropriations Act shall henceforth be territorial jurisdiction. The LDRRMOs are permanent known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and offices under the office of the governor, city or municipal Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) and it shall be used for mayor and the punong barangay (barangay captain) in disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and case of the BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs have twenty-five preparedness activities such as, but not limited to, (25) functions, duties and responsibilities under this law training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and given that the local government units are the first line of capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief, defense in every disaster or emergency. Thus, they shall recovery, reconstruction and other work or services in act as front liners of all disaster risk reduction and connection with natural or human-induced calamities management plans, programs, projects and activities. which may occur during the budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year. 6. Section 15 provides for the coordination during (b) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the emergencies. The LDRRMCs are mandated to take the appropriate recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be lead in preparing for, responding to and recovering from determined upon approval of the President of the the effects of any disaster based on the following criteria Philippines in accordance with the favorable as shown in Figure 4 recommendation of the NDRRMC. 7. Section 21 provides for the Local Disaster Risk (c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) which is not thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and regular sources shall be set aside as the LDRRMF to recovery programs in order that situation and living support disaster risk management activities such as, but conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by not limited to, pre disaster preparedness programs disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex including training, purchasing life-saving rescue emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible. equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster (d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are activities, and for the payment of premiums on calamity allocated with DRRM fund shall submit to the NDRRMC insurance. The LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the their monthly statements on the utilization of DRRM use and disbursement of the LDRRMF based on the. funds and make an accounting thereof in accordance LDRRMP as incorporated in the local development plans with existing accounting and auditing rules. and annual work and financial plan. Upon the (e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of the government are hereby authorized to use a portion of sanggunian or council concerned, the LDRRMC may their appropriations to implement projects designed to transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction address DRRM activities in accordance with the of other LDRRMCs which are declared under state of guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination calamity. with the DBM. Of the amount appropriated for LDRRMF, thirty percent Notably, the special provisions for the NDRRM Fund (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) under the General Appropriations Act No. 10964, or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order provided for the aid, relief and rehabilitation services to that situation and living conditions of people in communities / areas affected by human-induced and communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, natural calamities, and repair and reconstruction of permanent structures, including other capital Administrative Region (CAR); Cagayan Valley (Region II); expenditures for disaster operation, and rehabilitation Central Luzon (Region III); CALABARZON (Region IV-A); activities with a total budget amounting to Nineteen MIMAROPA (Region IV-B); Bicol Region (Region V); Billion Six Hundred Million Pesos (P19.6 B). Western Visayas (Region VI); Central Visayas (Region VII); In addition to the NDRRM Fund, the amount of Seven Eastern Visayas (VIII); Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX); Billion Six Hundred Million pesos (P7.6B) is used for the Northern Mindanao (Region X); Davao Region (Region XI); Quick Response Fund of various agencies such as the SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII); Caraga Region (Region Departments of Social Welfare and Development, XIII); and, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao National Defense, Health, Public Works and Highways, (ARMM). Figure 1 below illustrates the map of the Education, and Agriculture, as well as National Philippine Islands. Electrification Administration and National Irrigation Administration. Release of funds for other agencies in Manila is the capital city but outside Manila there are also need of QRF shall be subject to the submission of a diverse centers of commerce and industry, culture, the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC and approval arts, and education. Meanwhile, Quezon City is the of the DBM. largest and mostpopulous city. The country has a total population of 100,981,437 based on the 2015 Census of 9. Section 23 of the law also specifies funding of the Population (POPCEN 2015). The Filipino is basically of OCD as lead agency to carry out the provisions the Malay stock with a sprinkling of Chinese, American, Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act Spanish and Arab blood, and other ethnic minorities. The of 2010. The OCD shall be allocated a budget of one system of Government is Democratic with our current billion pesos (PhP1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund President, His Excellency Rodrigo RoaDuterte. starting from the effectivity of this Act. The National Council, through the OCD, shall submit to the Office of The climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It the President, the Senate and the House of is characterized by relatively high temperature, high Representatives, within the first quarter of the humidity and abundant rainfall. It is similar in many succeeding year, an annual report relating to the respects to the climate of the countries of Central progress of the implementation of the NDRRMP. America. Temperature, humidity and rainfall are the most Lesson 9 - Geographic Profile of the Philippines important elements of the country’s weather and General Information climate. The Philippines, located in Southeast Asia (SEA), is one of the largest island groups in the world with 7,107 Based on the average of all weather stations in the islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 kms) off the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean annual coast of Vietnam. Outstanding physical features of the temperature is 26.6o C. The coolest months fall in Philippines include the irregular configuration of the January with a mean temperature of 25.5o C while the archipelago, the coastline of some 22,550 miles (36,290 warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature km), the great extent of mountainous country, the of 28.3o C. generally northward trend of the river systems, and the spectacular lakes. The islands are composed primarily of Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the volcanic rock and coral, but all principal rock formations Philippines. Rainfall distribution throughout the country are present. The archipelago has a total land area of varies from one region to another, depending upon the 120,000 sq miles (300,000 sq km) and stretches about direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location 1,150 miles (1,850 km) from north to south, and its of the mountain systems. widest east-west extent, at its southern vase, is some The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 7000 miles (1,130 km). 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Baguio City, Eastern Samar, and Eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount It is further divided into three (3) major groups of islands of rainfall while the southern portion of Cotabato namely, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Luzon is the receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos City biggest island group while Visayas is a melting pot of in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 Spanish, Chinese, and Indo-Malayan cultures; and millimeters. Mindanao where Chinese and Muslims are predominant. Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of There are 17 administrative regions, namely: National the country can be divided into two major seasons: Capital Region (NCR); Ilocos Region (Region I); Cordillera (1) the rainy season, from June to November; and (2) the dry season, from December to May. The dry of earthquakes were recorded in Mabini, Batangas season may be subdivided further into Province from April to August 2017. A major event in the (a) the cool dry season, from December to February; earthquake swarms had a magnitude of 5.5 on 04 April. and Two (2) more strong earthquakes occurred on 08 April, (b) the hot dry season, from March to May. Based on the first with magnitude 5.6, succeeded by another with the distribution of rainfall, four climate types are magnitude 6.0. On 12 April, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake recognized, which are described as follows: occurred with epicenter near Wao, Lanao del Sur. On the 29th of the same month, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake Type I- Two pronounced season, dry from November to happened offshore of Saranggani, Davao Occidental. On April and wet during the rest of the year. Maximum rain 25 May, a magnitude 5.4 earthquake happened near the period is from June to September. vicinity of San Marcelino, Zambales. Lastly, Ormoc City, Type II- No dry season with a very pronounced maximum Leyte and vicinity were shaken by the magnitude 6.5 rain period from December to February. There is not a earthquake on 06 July (PHIVOLCS Annual Report, 2017). single dry month. Minimum monthly rainfall occurs The strong ground shaking subsequently caused during the period from March to Mav. liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslides, and Type III- No very pronounced maximum rain period with damages to buildings and other infrastructures. Areas a dry season lasting only from one to three months, either transected by the active faults that moved and generated during the period from March to May. This type resembles the earthquakes were also affected by ground rupture. type I since it has a short dry season. Type IV- Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed Aside from being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire throughout the year. This type resembles type 2 since it shown on Figure 4 below, the country is also located has no dry season. along the Pacific Typhoon Belt. This explains the occurrences of different weather disturbances such as Lesson 10 - Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines typhoons. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and A. Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) reports The Philippines is prone to almost all types of natural that every year, an average of twenty (20) tropical hazards because of its geographical location and cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) geotectonic setting. and five (5) of which shall be most destructive. Tropical cyclones and its sequential effects of rain and In addition, the Philippines is situated along the highly- windstorms, as well as floods are the most prevalent seismic Pacific Ring of Fire. This is the area where the types of hydrometeorological hazards in the country. Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic Plates meet and is prone to occurrences of earthquakes, tsunamis and In fact, the Philippines can also be called “Exporter of volcanic eruptions. In fact, there are 300 volcanoes in the Typhoons”. Figure 5 below illustrates the tracks of country and 22 are active. Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Period from 1948 to 2010 based on the records of the Japan Moreover, Figure 3 presents the seismicity or the Meteorological Agency (JMA). frequency of occurrence of earthquakes, almost all parts of the country experience earthquakes. Generally, we *walang image kasi tamad aq at as if naman mababasa encounter an average of 20 earthquakes a day, per latest pa yarne figures from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Earthquake disasters are not as Between 1997 and 2007, eighty-four (84) tropical frequent as the typhoons and flooding that take place in cyclones entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility the Philippines. (PAR). These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty and more than 51 million families have Nevertheless, the impact generated on affected been affected. Economic losses due to typhoon communities is usually massive and devastating. damages in agriculture, infrastructures and private Earthquake-induced disasters were few in numbers and properties are estimated to reach P158.242-B. Some of in terms of casualties. According to the Annual Report by the most devastating floods and landslides are triggered the PHIVOLCS, in 2017, six (6) damaging earthquakes hit by these typhoons that happened also within this period. the country commencing with the magnitude 6.7 The El Nino Southern Oscillation which is a periodic earthquake in Surigao del Nor