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CIVIC WELFARE TRAINING SERVICE I known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act" LESSON 1 was enacted by...

CIVIC WELFARE TRAINING SERVICE I known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act" LESSON 1 was enacted by the 8th Congress of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Philippines on June 27, 1991 provided for organization, training and utilization is a civic education and defense preparedness of reservists, referred to in the Act as "Citizen program students instituted by the Government of Soldiers" the Philippines on The primary pool of manpower for the reservist enacted on January 5, 2000 by virtue of Republic organization are graduates of the Reserve Act 9163 Officers' Training Corps basic and advance National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act courses. of 2001 Both male and female college students of any LESSON 2 baccalaureate degree course or technical PREAMBLE OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE vocational course in public or private educational CONSTITUTION institutions are obliged to undergo one of three program components for an academic period of “We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of two semesters. Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals NSTP PROGRAM COMPONENTS and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) develop our patrimony, and secure ourselves and designed to provide students with activities posterity the blessings of independence and democracy contributory to the general welfare and under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom, betterment of life of the members of the love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this community especially those developed to improve constitution”. social welfare services. Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino citizens Literacy Training Service (LTS) 1. To be loyal to the Republic means faith and confidence in the designed to train students in teaching literacy and numeracy skills to school children and out-of- Republic and love and devotion to the school youths. country. graduates of the LTS and CWTS program 2. To defend the state components are organized into the National Since the citizens of the Republic receive Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) benefits and protection from the State of which they are apart, in return, it is their Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) primary and honorable duty to defend it against any peril, whether from within or designed to provide military education and from without. training for students to mobilize them for national defense preparedness. 3. To contribute to the development and welfare a glimpse for young people to see how military of the State life is and encourage them into service. by paying taxes willingly and promptly, graduates of the ROTC program component are by cooperating in its activities and organized into the Citizen Armed Force projects such as the preservation of peace and order, conservation of the natural NSTP: LEGAL PRECEDENTS resources and the promotion of social Commonwealth Act No. 1 justice by patronizing local products and trades and by engaging in the productive known as the "National Defense Act of 1935" work. enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines on December 21, 1935. 4. To uphold the constitution and obey laws. Since the Obligatory military service for all male citizens constitution is the expression of the sovereign will of our of ages between 18 and 30 people. Presidential Decree No. 1706 5. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. Known as the "National Service Law", 6. To exercise rights responsible and with due regard was signed into law on August 8, 1980 for the rights of others. national service obligatory for all Filipino 7. To engage in gainful work. citizens and specified three categories of national service: civic welfare service, law enforcement Every citizen must consider his own service and military service responsibility and should strive to become a useful and productive member Republic Act 7077 of society to assure not only himself but,  more importantly, his family a lot worthy conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of human dignity. Every citizen should of brotherhood. bear in mind that only hard and sustained Article 2 - Everyone is entitled to all the rights and work can mend nations live and survive. freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction 8. To register and vote. of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, It is through suffrage that the will of the property, birth or other status. people is expressed. Article 3 - Everyone has the right to life, liberty and Duties and Rights of the Filipino People security of person. 1. Duties of the People Article 4 - No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; a. to vote honestly and wisely slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their b. to obey the laws of the land forms. c. to respect public authority d. to be loyal to the Republic Article 5 - No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, e. to defend the Motherland inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. f. to pay taxes to the government g. to take active interest in local, national and international Article 6 - Everyone has the right to recognition affairs everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7 - All are equal before the law and are entitled 2. Rights of the People without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. a. Natural rights – rights conferred upon human beings by God which cannot be taken away Article 8 - Everyone has the right to an effective remedy Example: right to life, right to love, right to marry by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the b. Civil rights – rights granted by the State for the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by promotion of common welfare of individual citizens law. Example: right to own property, right to seek justice in the courts Article 9 - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. c. Political rights – rights conferred by the state to the Article 10 – Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair people so that they may participate in government and public hearing by an independent and impartial Example: right to citizenship, right to suffrage, freedom tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations of speech and of any criminal charge against him. d. Constitutional rights – rights recognized and protected Article 11- (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has by the constitution and part of the fundamental law of the the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty land according to law in a public trial at which he has had all Example: freedom from slavery, freedom to choose one’s the guarantees necessary for his defence. residence (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal e. Statutory rights – rights conferred by statutes or law offence on account of any act or omission which promulgated by a lawmaking body and can be abolished did not constitute a penal offence, under national by the same body or international law, at the time when it was Example: right to inherit property, right to minimum committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be wage, right to go to strike for higher wages imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. LESSON 3 Article 12 - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary Universal Declaration of Human Rights interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the In 1948, the United Nations General law against such interference or attacks. Assembly adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 13 – (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of which was translated into 360 languages movement and residence within the borders of each – the most translated document in the State. world. it serves as guide to every country in (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. crafting their laws and policies concerning human rights. Article 14 – (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy Article 1 - All human beings are born free and equal in in other countries asylum from persecution. dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non- political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the United Nations. right to equal pay for equal work. Article 15 – (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality his family an existence worthy of human dignity, nor denied the right to change his nationality. and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Article 16 – (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to unions for the protection of his interests. equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Article 24 – Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and periodic holidays with pay. full consent of the intending spouses Article 25 – (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit living adequate for the health and well-being of himself of society and is entitled to protection by society and the and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and State. medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, Article 17 – (1) Everyone has the right to own property disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood alone as well as in association with others. in circumstances beyond his control. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether Article 18 – Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to social protection. change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to Article 26 – (1) Everyone has the right to education. manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and worship and observance. fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall Article 19 – Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion be made generally available and higher education shall be and expression; this right includes freedom to hold equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and (2) Education shall be directed to the full regardless of frontiers. development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and Article 20 – (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of fundamental freedoms. It shall promote peaceful assembly and association. understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Article 21 – (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind chosen representatives. of education that shall be given to their children. (2) Everyone has the right to equal access to Article 27 – (1) Everyone has the right freely to public service in his country. participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the its benefits. authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the which shall be by universal and equal suffrage moral and material interests resulting from any and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent scientific, literary or artistic production of which free voting procedures. he is the author. Article 22 – Everyone, as a member of society, has the Article 28 – Everyone is entitled to a social and right to social security and is entitled to realization, international order in which the rights and freedoms set through national effort and international cooperation and forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights Article 29 – (1) Everyone has duties to the community in indispensable for his dignity and the free development of which alone the free and full development of his his personality. personality is possible. Article 23 – (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions everyone shall be subject only to such limitations of work and to protection against unemployment. as are determined by law solely for the purpose of  securing due recognition and respect for the rights 4. As part of merchandise or in any advertisement or and freedoms of others and of meeting the just infomercial; and requirements of morality, public order and the 5. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor general welfare in a democratic society. vehicles. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised LESSON 5 contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Citizen A citizen is a person having the title of Article 30 - Nothing in this Declaration may be citizenship. interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any He is a member of a democratic community who right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed enjoys a full civil and political rights and its at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set accorded protection inside and outside the forth herein. territory of the State. LESSON 4 Great ideal in the life of every citizen RA No. 8491 of 2002 (Flag and Heraldic Code of the The greatest ideal in the life of every citizen must be Philippines) patriotism or love of country. Flag is the primary symbol of the nation’s Loyalty must be inspired by the respect and faith in camaraderie, sovereignty, solidarity and unity. the cause to which we subscribe. It should not be The sun with eight rays represents the first eight servility or fanaticism. provinces (Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas and Cavite) Acquiring Citizenship The flag was conceptualized by Emilio 1.There are two principles of citizenship in the world, Aguinaldo. “jus solis” (by blood) and “jus sanguinis” (by birth). The first flag was sewn in Hongkong 2. A baby who was born within the air space or within Flag Protocol 12 nautical miles from the boarder of the United The flag should be displayed in all government States will automatically have US citizenship buildings, official residence, public plazas, and regardless of the parent’s nationality. schools every day throughout the year. LESSON 6 May 28 (National Flag Day) and June 12 (Independence Day) are designated as flag days Qualified to vote in Philippine elections In Section 9 of RA 8491, the Philippine flag must a) Citizens of the Philippines; be permanently hoisted and illuminated at night at the following locations: b) Those who are 18 years old and above on the day of elections; 1. Malacaňang Palace, 2. The Congress of the Philippine buildings c) A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the (Senate and House of Representatives) city or municipality wherein he/she proposes to vote 3. Supreme Court of the Philippine Building for at least six months before the elections. 4. The Rizal Monument 5. Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite Disqualified by law to vote in Philippine elections 6. Barasain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan 7. Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers in La Union, a) Persons sentenced to be imprisoned for not less Libingan ng mgaBayani in Makati) than one year 8. Mauseleo de los Veteranos de la Revolucion b) Persons who committed rebellion, sedition, 9. All international ports of entry violation of the anti-subversion and firearms law, or 10. All other places as may be designated by the any crime against national security or disloyalty to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) government c) Insane or incompetent persons Half-mast Actions points for citizen-voters in exercising the The flag may be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. right of suffrage Prohibited Acts a) Before elections In Section 34 of RA 8491, the flag cannot be used in the Prepare to exercise the right of suffrage and the right following rationales: 1. Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the flag as a to an informed and free choice. salute, or adding additional marks on the flag; Register during the period allowed for voter 2. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or as part registration. of a costume or a uniform; 3. As a trademark or for commercial or agricultural labels Be informed of the issues, platforms, and or designs; personalities of the political candidates.  Set specific guidelines in choosing government 6. Association with known drug abusers leaders in terms of the candidate’s social affiliations 7. Stealing items that can be readily sold for and interests, competence, lifestyle, and performance cash (to support a drug habit) records. 8. Change in mood, depending on the drug taken Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the commitment of the Classifications of drugs candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and 1. Alcohol liquor welfare of the citizen in their program of government. extracted from chemical compound as b) During elections ethyl and hydrocarbon, is a dangerous chemical substance that triggers the Exercise vigilance and the right to vote. central nervous system and may damage Vote according to your conscience vital human organs. 2. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) LESSON 7 annual plant that grows wild in many Republic Act (R.A.) 9165 is an act instituting the temperate parts of the world. Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, repealing 3. Stimulants RA No. 6425 known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972. drugs used to increase mental activity, This Act serves as guide in the implementation of relieve fatigue, increase alertness and dangerous drug prevention and control in the country. offset drowsiness. 4. Cough syrups Drug abuse also called over the counter colds/cough is the overuse of a drug without due regard to preparations. accepted medical practice resulting in the 5. Depressants individual’s physical, mental, emotional or usually known as “downers”. These behavioral impairment. drugs act on the nervous system, promoting relaxation and sleep. Drug dependence 6. Barbiturates used to reduce the frequency of is a compulsive behavior brought about by drug convulsions in epileptics. An overdose abuse. of barbiturate produces the following Drug user reactions. 7. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) is another term for “drug addict” which refers to are drugs that can produce changes in an individual who is dependent on a certain drug mood and behavior. They can produce or drugs. delusions and hallucinations. Reason behind drugs It disorients the sense of direction, distance and time of a person. For relief from problems – personal, family, 8. Tranquilizer school or work is a drug used to treat nervous disorders, To experience its effect on the mind and calm psychotic patients. body 9. Inhalants To ease depression, boredom, pain or misery are volatile substances derived from ether Giving in to pressures from “peers” or other or chloroform. drug users For curiosity, due to misinformation from LESSON 8 acquaintances Salient Provisions of Republic Act 10121 or the For security feelings – with drugs, they have PDRRM Law self-confidence Section 5 Common signs of drug abuse 1. Change in attendance at work or school creation of the National Disaster Risk 2. Change from normal capabilities (work Reduction and Management Council habits, efficiency, etc.) (NDRRMC) which is formerly known as 3. Poor physical appearance, including in the National Disaster Coordinating attention to dress and personal hygiene Council 4. Constant wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times (for instance, indoors or Section 8 at night not only to hide dilute or constricted pupils but also to compensate the eyes’ the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall inability to adjust to sunlight). Marijuana have the primary mission administering causes bloodshot eyes a comprehensive national defense and 5. Unusual effort made to cover arms in disaster risk reduction and management order to hide needle marks program Section 10 Section 23 creation of the Regional Disaster Risk provides funding of the Office of Civil Reduction and Management Council Defense as lead agency to carry out the (RDRRMC) provisions the PDRRM Act of 2010 (Php1,000,000,000) Section 11 LESSON 9 organization of Local Government Level Philippines has 7,641 islands and islets. Section 12 The climate of the Philippines is tropical provides for the Local Disaster Risk and maritime. It is characterized by Reduction Management Office relatively high temperature, high humidity The LDRRMOs have twenty-five (25) and abundant rainfall. functions, duties and responsibilities Distribution of Rainfall under this law given that the local government units are the first line of defense in every disaster or emergency. Section 15 provides for the coordination during emergencies Section 21 provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) which fund is not less than 5% of the estimated revenue from regular sources Any such amount still not fully utilized after five (5) years shall revert back to the general fund and will be available for other social services to be identified by the local sanggunian. Section 22 provides for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the annual General Appropriations Act shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined upon approval of the President of the Philippines in accordance with LESSON 10 the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC. Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief The Philippines is prone to almost all and recovery programs in order that situation and types of natural hazards because of its living conditions of people in communities or geographical location and geotectonic areas stricken by disasters, calamities, setting. epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be situated along the highly-seismic normalized as quickly as possible. Pacific Ring of Fire where the NDRRM Fund, provided for the aid, relief and Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic rehabilitation services to communities / areas Plates meet and is prone to occurrences affected by human-induced and natural of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic calamities, and repair and reconstruction of eruptions. permanent structures, including other capital The Philippine Atmospheric expenditures for disaster operation, and Geophysical and Astronomical Services rehabilitation activities with a total budget Administration (PAGASA), have amounting to Nineteen Billion Six Hundred developed intensity scale for Super Million Pesos (P19.6 B). Typhoon, with sustained winds of greater than 220 km per hour. Glowing Avalanche DO NOT, SHOULD NOT and CANNOT stand alone. most dangerous type of eruption which is formed have no clear starting nor ending points between when freshly erupted magma flows down the each of the aspects and overlaps are to be sides of a volcano. expected. There are some areas which are divided Magmatic eruption very thinly by gray areas. generally described as being effusive or explosive Disaster Prevention and Mitigation avoids hazards and mitigate potential impact by Phreatic Eruption reducing vulnerabilities and exposure is made up of steam-driven explosions that occur when water beneath the ground or on the surface Disaster Preparedness is heated by volcanic activity. establish, strengthen capacities of communicate to anticipate, cope, recover the negative impacts Recent Major Disasters of emergencies and occurrence of disasters. 1. Naga Landslides (September 2018) Disaster Response A landslide incident occurred in SitioSindulan, aims to provide life preservation and meet the Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu. basic needs of the affected population during or 2. Typhoon Mangkhut (September 2018) after the disasters? Locally known as Typhoon Ompong Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility restore and improve facilities, livelihood, living (PAR) on 12 September 2018 and has made conditions and organizational capacities landfall in Baggao, Cagayan on 15 September 2018. Significant Activities under the four (4) thematic areas 3. Volcanic Activity (January 2018) Per PHIVOLCS Eruption Notification, the 1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation estimated height of grayish ash plume is at 2,500 Early warning systems meter that drifted towards the Southwest. Flood forecasting and monitoring 4. Typhoon Hagupit (December 2014) Hazard and risk mappings locally known as Typhoon “Ruby” entered the Structural and non-structural interventions Philippines at 4:00AM with maximum winds of 175kph and gustiness of 210kph and is moving 2) Disaster Preparedness West Northwest at 25kph. Contingency planning 5. Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013) Prepositioning and stock-piling locally known as Typhoon Yolanda entered the Capacitating and organizing responders Philippine Area of Responsibility PAR on 6 Training, drills and exercises November 2013 and made landfall on (1) Guiuan, Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment Eastern Samar; (2) Tolosa, Leyte; (3) Daanbantayan, Cebu; (4) Bantayan Island, Cebu; 3) Disaster Response (5) Conception, Iloilo; and finally (6) Busuanga, Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis Palawan and left the Philippines on Nov 9, 2013. (RDANA) 6. Earthquake in Central Visayas (October 2013) Issuance of advisories and situation reports Activation of Response Clusters and Incident 6. An earthquake of tectonic origin with 7.2 Command System (ICS) magnitude occurred in Region VII on 15 October Mobilization of responders 2013 at about 8:12AM with an epicenter at Humanitarian assistance (e.g. relief distribution) Sagbayan, Bohol and recorded 3,198 aftershocks Provision of financial assistance and 94 of which were felt. Management of evacuation centers 7. Taal Volcano Eruption (January 2020) a phreatomagmatic eruption from its main crater 4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery that spewed ashes across Calabarzon, Metro Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) Manila, and some parts of Central Luzon and Enhancement of policies and plans Ilocos Region, resulting in the suspension of Reconstruction using “build back better” approach school classes, work schedules, and flights in the Resettlement area. Provision of new sources of livelihood LESSON 11 LESSON 12 Four Thematic Areas PDRRM Disaster management is very important to survive in the case of a natural or a major human-induced mutually reinforce each other and are disaster interoperable.  the role of the youth or the students in disaster resuscitation (CPR) to maintain life until a preparedness and management are very important victim recovers or advanced life support is in their respective school and community. available. Cardiac arrest victims have a good chance of Thus, disaster management plays a major role and surviving if CPR is started within four (4) youth plays a vital role in responding in time of needs. minutes of the arrest and advanced cardiac life 1. They can spread awareness to all about the support is received within eight (8) minutes of precautions to be taken at times of disasters. the heart stoppage. 2. They can help to minimize the potential risks by First Aid developing early warning measures. It helps to This is the immediate care given to an injured or prepare and implement developmental plans to suddenly ill person. provide flexibility to such disasters and also to Scene Survey mobilize activities including communication and The first step in any emergency situation is to do medical services. a scene survey. 3. Keep other students or youth informed. Students Victim Assessment are often the best source of information for other After sizing up an emergency situation initially students. The student disaster management team and deciding if it safe to provide first aid for the can put together information to pass on to other victim there, the first aider can then find out what students and create posters to hang in the school is wrong and how serious it is by following a hallways reminding students of rules and systematic approach. emergency exits. Victim assessment of an injured or an ill person consist of: OTHER ROLES OF THE YOUTH ▪ Initial assessment ▪ Physical exam and history The basic role of the student is AWARENESS of what to Physical examination – check the victim from head to do before, during and after disasters. toe. Head and neck. Check the scalp for bleeding or 1. Students could create pamphlets and fliers that spell out deformity proper emergency procedures and why they should be Eyes. Notice whether pupils are constricted or dilated. followed. Chest. Check the chest for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and embedded objects. 2. Hold workshops to inform and teach others ways to Abdomen. Check for penetrating objects and protruding avoid crisis situations or how to diffuse a high-stress organs. Ask the victim to point to where it hurts. situation. Extremity assessment. Check the arms and legs by feeling and looking for injury, deformity, and tenderness. 3. Youths could also set up information booths during lunchtime to answer questions about crisis management LESSON 14 and provide further information about their program. Environmental education must be a) action-oriented 4. Involving in conducting drills. Students can prepare for b) Experiential disasters by holding drills. Students could distribute c) future-oriented information informing the school about drills and how to d) globally-oriented properly act or evacuate. During these drills, students can e) holistic assist teachers by retrieving or delivering class lists, f) interdisciplinary taking attendance and helping maintain order. g) issue-oriented 5. Students can also assist in disaster cleanup and Classifications of Pollution preparations for continuing classes elsewhere while the building returns to normal. Air Pollution It has become a worldwide phenomenon. If left 6. Organize mock camps in holidays in neighboring unabated it can cause major health problem and villages to train people to cope-up with disasters like even death. earthquakes Water pollution 7. Be part of ’emergency rescue teams’ – mostly the defined as the physical or chemical changes in the training goes side by side along with some military surface and ground water caused by pollutants training programs. that can adversely affect living organisms. Solid Wastes/Land Pollution referred to the presence in land of any solid waste LESSON 13 in such quality, of such nature and duration, and Basic Life Support under such conditions that would injurious to an emergency procedure consists of recognizing human health or welfare, animal or plantlike or respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the property. proper application of cardiopulmonary Solid Waste and its Disposal For each EP, the first phraseology gives the scientific concept. The second is more layman, more graphic and is Landfills –designed to reduce the amount of waste that the mode that is easier to grasp and remember. The third leaks out into the environment phraseology, in our native language, stirs emotive response and is more appropriate for certain groups. For Incineration – reducing solid waste by burning it first and purposes of this course, the discussion below will utilize this causes fly ash, gases and particulate matter to the air. the second phraseology. The 7 EPs are explained in a Ocean dumping – about 50 million tons of waste a year summary from the Environmental Education continuum are discharge into the ocean; 300 kilometers offshore. prepared by Miriam College Public Education and Disease-causing organisms and heavy metals have Awareness Campaign for the Environment (Miriam destroyed numerous fisheries. P.E.A.C.E) “Four R’s” 1. Nature Know best This principle is the most basic and in fact encompasses ▪ To reduce means to reasonably limit or conserve all the others. Nature has built – in mechanism to the use of materials for more important projects. maintain balance, a phenomenon known as homeostasis. ▪ To reuse is to “use again” the materials that are non-degradable, reusable and recyclable 2. All forms of life are important ▪ To recycle is to reuse after the materials had been Each organism performs a fundamental role in nature. reprocessed either to new products or similar functional products. 3. Everything is connected to everything else ▪ To repair is to reconstruct/restructure and From the community of Organisms associated with one reinstall equipment/appliances/gadgets that are single tree to the community in an ecosystem to processes still repairable to its functional state. among ecosystems to the global community of life and the air, water and land that support it, the interactions are The school-community can spend as much money intricate and far – reaching. disposing its trash as it does on buying textbooks. The amount of trash created in community has grown steadily 4. Everything changes as marts and canteens have switched to serving more and Nature is constantly changing but the changes are like a more meals and snacks on paper and plastics and throw coordinated symphony. away plastics, styrofoam plates and cups instead of reusable conventional tablewares, glass, forks, and 5. Everything must go somewhere spoons. The environment – air, water land- has the ability to absorb waste and recycle them to LESSON 15 become useful resources. The seven (7) environmental principles (EPs) or core 6. Ours is a Finite Earth messages are an encapsulated explanation of Non- renewable resources are finite in amount. environmental phenomena, issues and problems. Renewable resources are finite in the rate at which they can be renewed. Below are the 7 EPs, articulated in 3 similar ways. 1. Balance of Nature 7. Nature in Beautiful and We are Stewards of God’s Nature Knows Best (Ang Kalikasan ang Mas Creation Nakakaalam) Sometimes there is no other practical reason why we 2. Biodiversity should protect a piece of nature except that it is beautiful. All forms of Life Are Important (Ang Lahat ng May Buhay ay Mahalaga) LESSON 16 3. Interconnectedness Everything is Connected to Everything Else (Ang Urban Forestry is a specialized ‘branch’ of forestry that Lahat ng Bagay ay Magkakaugnay) deals with the cultivation and management of trees and 4. Change other plants forms for their present and potential Everything Changes (Lahat ay Nagbabago) contribution to the physiological, ecological, aesthetic 5. Materials Cycles and economic well- being of urban society. Everything Must Go Somewhere (Ang Lahat Ay May Patutunguhan) The Master Plan for Forestry Development of the 6. Finiteness Department of Environment and Natural Resources Ours is a Finite Earth (Ang Lahat Ay May (1990) defines Urban Forestry as: Hangganan) 7. Stewardship The establishment and management of forests in urban Nature is Beautiful and We All Stewards of God’s environments for the physiological and psychological Creation (Ang Kalikasan ay Maganda at Tayo ang well- being of the people. Tagapangaalaga ng Nilikha ng Diyos) A deliberate process of cultivating trees, shrubs, or ornamental plants to affect the effects of pollution and at the same time provide aesthetic and scenic surroundings With all these benefits, there is really a need to establish in an otherwise drab and dreary landscape of concrete and urban forest to improve physiological, sociological and steel structures, asphalt roads, walks parking lots, and economic well-being of the urban society. The various shanties along railroad tracks; benefits that can be derived from Urban Forestry may be A forest park, a nature center, a green belt, a boulevard grouped under the following categories. lined with trees or flowering plants or even coconuts; a 1. Climatic Amelioration street with trees and other plants in the island or 2. Engineering uses sidewalks; and vacant lot planted to trees and other green 3. Architectural uses plants, a school or hospital or a factory yard with trees; or 4. Aesthetic uses A greening movement a people – oriented forestry designed to raise the quality of the environment of the Climatic Amelioration. Trees, shrubs and grass people in Urban centers ameliorates air temperature by controlling solar radiation. Leaves of trees intercept, reflect, absorb and History of Urban Forestry in the Philippines transmit solar radiation 1988 – President Corazon C. Aquino issued Memorandum Oder No. 198 establishing the LESSON 17 Metro Greening Program and known as the “Luntiang Kamaynilaan” Program. Sources of Water Pollution 1989 – The “Hardin ng Bayan” was Water pollutants generally come from the five sources. conceptualized. It was primarily created to These are: transform Metro Manila into a four (4) persons 1. domestic sewage, per tree for the more 8 million Metro Manilans. 2. industrial wastewater, Subsequently, the first “Hardin ng Bayan” was 3. agricultural run-off, inaugurated in the Freedom Park, Makati. 4. storm–water run-off and 1992 – President Fidel V. Ramos launched the 5. naturally- occurring sources Clean and Green Program thru Memorandum Circular No.5 These water pollutants can be either be point or on-point 1993 – President Fidel V. Ramos also launched sources. Point source pollution is defined as those the Ecological Revolution (EcoRev 93- 98). entering the entering environment from a fixed source. Executive Order No. 199 was also issued Water pollutants of point sources are more manageable directing all government offices and agencies to because these are normally concentrated limited to a few adopt a street/park nationwide in all urban centers points and can be treated prior to discharge. Non-point and assume the responsibility of greening them. sources are those which continuously deposit extraneous 1993 – The Department of Education, Culture and materials into watercourses from a widely spread area. Sports (DECS) launched their nationwide tree planting drive mobilized millions of grade and Domestic sewage is defined as wastewater discharged high school students from more than 33,000 from residential commercial, institutional, recreational public and private schools throughout the and industrial facilities where wastes are generated country. through the use of dining facilities, shower rooms and 1988 – Secretary Antonio H. Cerilles launched toilets. the Let’s Go Green Program with the component projects such as OPLAN SAGIP PUNO and the Industrial wastewater, a principal example of a point Green Scout Movement. source, is discharged by industries after water has been Issuances related to Environmental Protection- utilized in production processes. P.D 953 which require planting of trees and other Agricultural and storm-water run-off are examples of plants in certain places and penalizing and unauthorized cutting, destruction, damaging and non-point sources. Agricultural run-off is wastewater injuring of trees, plants and vegetation. from farms which often carries fecal materials, soil particles, fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates), and Benefits derived from Urban Forestry pesticides. Storm-water run-off results from rainfall and A lot of benefits can be derived from the introduction of may cause turbidity and contamination of receiving water forest in Urban communities. In general, it makes the city bodies. environment a better place to live in. Benefits include: modification of temperature, protection from wind, Surface Water Quality Issues and Concerns erosion control, watershed protection, abates, noise, protection from gas and particulate pollutants, control 1. Untreated domestic sewage: a leading contributor to glares and reflection of solar radiation, screens water pollution. While it is true that many industrial objectionable views from the landscapes like junkyards discharges are also to blame for water quality and slums; and privacy control which secludes a deterioration, several studies show that domestic sewage is the biggest water pollution problem the country is particular area from its surrounding. Raw materials derived from the wood is also beneficial. facing today. 2. Industrial wastewater pollution. Pollution from industrial wastewater is another major contributor to surface water pollution. This type of wastewater comes saps public resources, undermines the morale of the civil mainly from manufacturing processes. service and affects the delivery of quality basic services. 3. Threats from non-point pollution sources. Non-point 7. Severe calamities cause serious food shortages and sources are those contribute extraneous materials into hoarding and profiteering resulting in hunger, disease and watercourses from an extensively wide area thus making deprivation. it much harder to control. Examples of non-point sources 8. Persistent environment degradation poses a long- are agricultural and forest run-off and urban storm water term security threat. run-off. 4. Inefficient solid waste management. A serious External Threats concern from inefficient solid waste management is its 1. The multilateral dispute over Spratly Islands and other contribution to water quality deterioration. The islands in the West Philippine Seais a source of indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes particularly in intermittent tensions, owing to the building of structures, urban areas creates aesthetic, nuisance and health believed to be military-oriented by some claimant problems countries in the area. 2. The smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal LESSON 18 migration, and the occasional movement of foreign terrorists through the porous borders of our southwestern The Philippines’ national security according to National frontier have elicited transnational concern. Security Council (NSC) is “a state or condition where our 3. The serious economic disparity between rich and the most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of poor nations keeps the world in a state of instability and life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare virtually on the brink of war in many places. and well-being as a nation and people are permanently 4. Ethnics, religious and cultural conflicts pervade many protected and continuously enhanced” (Banloi, 2010). regions and nations, including in the country. The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) 5. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction defines national security as “the state or condition (WMD) is a threat to global security. Nuclear materials wherein the people’s way of life and being are protected and technologies are more accessible now than before. and/or advanced”. It is the primary concern of the state to 6. Transnational organized crime has proliferated in the ensure the welfare and well-being of every Filipino era of globalization. 7. Natural disaster and environment issues will continue Functions of National Security Council to pervade the global security agenda. 8. Cybernetic crime is a growing global threat, as The NSC’s function is to advise the President with respect experienced with computer viruses such to the integration of domestic, foreign and military as Melissa and Chernobyl, which have attacked isolated policies relating to national security. The NSC also serves or networked information systems through the internet or as the President’s principal arm for coordinating these through software carriers and devices. policies among various government departments and agencies in matters involving national security. Role of schools in promoting peace for national security Internal and External Threats 1. Peaceful pedagogies or strategies in teaching 2. Disarmament education, discourage parent from Internal Threats buying war toys. 1. The main internal threat arises from the Moro Islamic 3. Avoid sexist education, language curriculum Liberation Front (MILF), Abu Sayaf Group (ASG) 4. Encourage students’ cooperative and collaborative which, in open rebellion against the government, has the activities rather than competitiveness. avowed 5. Encourage students to discuss the roots of conflict so objective of establishing an independent Islamic state in they can prepare alternative ways of the Southern Philippines. solving them peacefully. 2. The Communist Part of the Philippines/New People 6. Encourage students to undertake activities that promote Army/ National Democratic Front (CCP/NPA/NDF) intercultural dialogue to develop continue to pose a serious threat to national security, intercultural understanding and tolerance. although presently weakened in comparison with their peak strength in the last two decades. 3. Organized crime is a national security concern. The challenge of illegal drugs, in particular, has grown into major threat to the national community. 4. Grave incidence of poverty is also a serious threat to national security which breeds and abets rebellion, crime, and dissidence. Poverty incidence affects about one-third of Filipino families nationwide. 5. Economic sabotage undermines the market economy, the financial system, and the nation’s resources. 6. Graft and corruption has become another threat to our national security by virtue of the huge scale by which it