Current Psychotherapies- Danny Wedding- Raymond J. Corsini-11ed.pdf

www.acetxt.com Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  www.acetxt.com...

www.acetxt.com Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  www.acetxt.com Fit your coursework into your hectic life. Make the most of your time by learning your way. Access the resources you need to succeed wherever, whenever. Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio textbooks, and take quizzes. Review your current course grade and compare your progress with your peers. Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn wherever you are. Break Limitations. Create your own potential, and be unstoppable with MindTap. MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU. cengage.com/mindtap Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com Current Psychotherapies 11e Editors Danny Wedding Raymond J. Corsini Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com Current Psychotherapies, Eleventh edition © 2019, 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Danny Wedding, Raymond J. Corsini Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or Product Manager: Julie Martinez by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without Content Developer: Alexander Hancock the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Product Assistant: Ali Balchunas Marketing Manager: Zina Craft For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Photo and Text Researcher: Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Lumina Datamatics, Inc. or support.cengage.com. Production Management and Composition: MPS Limited For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at Art Director: Vernon Boes www.cengage.com/permissions. Internal Designer and Cover Designer: Jeanne Calabrese Cover Image: FerhatMatt/E+/Getty Images Library of Congress Control Number: 2017962920 ISBN: 978-1-305-86575-4 Cengage 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, visit www.cengage.com. To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01   Print Year: 2018 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com Dedication To Karen Jo Schwaiger Harrington My last and greatest love, with gratitude for the wonderful life you have given me. In memory of Raymond J. Corsini (1914–2008) Courtesy of Dr. Kleo Rigney Corsini Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com Core Structure Rational Emotive Client-Centered Psychoanalytic Interpersonal Multicultural Mindfulness Integrative Existential Cognitive Behavior Adlerian Positive Gestalt Family Overview 22 60 102 158 200 238 274 310 350 392 430 482 528 562 Basic Concepts 22 60 102 158 200 238 274 310 350 392 430 482 528 562 Other Systems 25 64 106 162 201 240 278 313 353 397 432 483 530 569 History 27 66 112 164 202 242 278 315 354 398 436 485 532 570 Precursors 27 66 112 164 202 242 278 315 354 398 436 485 532 570 Beginnings 27 67 112 165 204 242 279 317 356 399 437 486 532 570 Current Status 31 69 115 165 205 243 280 319 357 400 438 486 534 573 Personality 34 70 116 167 206 245 281 319 359 404 440 487 536 575 Theory of Personality 34 70 116 167 206 245 281 319 359 404 440 487 536 575 Variety of Concepts — 73 119 171 207 247 282 322 360 405 446 488 536 576 Psychotherapy 37 74 122 173 209 252 286 326 361 407 448 489 537 577 Theory of Psychotherapy 37 74 122 173 209 252 286 326 361 407 448 489 537 577 Process of Psychotherapy 41 76 125 175 210 254 288 330 362 409 451 500 541 578 Mechanisms of 44 79 126 182 211 257 294 332 370 414 454 506 543 582 Psychotherapy Applications 47 82 129 183 212 257 298 335 371 415 456 510 545 584 Who Can We Help? 47 82 129 183 212 257 298 335 371 415 456 510 545 584 Treatment 47 83 132 184 214 258 298 336 373 416 464 514 546 584 Evidence 48 86 135 186 223 262 300 338 374 418 468 515 546 588 Psychotherapy in a 49 88 141 188 226 264 301 341 380 420 471 516 549 589 Multicultural World Case Example 50 89 142 192 227 264 302 342 382 421 473 517 550 589 Summary 53 94 149 194 230 268 305 344 384 423 474 519 556 592 Annotated Bibliography 54 95 150 195 232 269 305 345 385 424 476 520 556 593 Case Readings 54 96 150 196 233 269 306 346 386 424 477 521 557 593 References 55 96 151 196 233 270 306 346 386 425 477 522 558 594 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com Contents Contributors x Acknowledgments xiv Preface xv 1 Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies / Frank Dumont 1 Evolution of this Science and Profession 2 Psychotherapy-Related Science in the 19th Century 4 The Impact of the Biological Sciences on Psychotherapy 6 Cultural Factors and Psychotherapy 9 Negotiating Fault Lines in the EBT Terrain 11 Manualization of Treatment 13 Obstacles to a Science of Psychotherapy 14 Sources of Hope 14 Industrializing Psychotherapy 15 Who Can Do Psychotherapy? 15 Conclusion 16 References 18 2 Psychodynamic Psychotherapies / Jeremy D. Safran, Alexander Kriss, and Victoria Kaitlin Foley 21 Overview 22 History 27 Personality 34 Psychotherapy 37 Applications 47 Case Example 50 Summary 53 Annotated Bibliography 54 Case Readings 54 References 55 3 Adlerian Psychotherapy / Michael P. Maniacci and Laurie Sackett-Maniacci 59 Overview 60 History 66 Personality 70 Psychotherapy 74 Applications 82 Case Example 89 Summary 94 Annotated Bibliography 95 Case Readings 96 References 96 | v Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com 4 Client-Centered Therapy / Nathaniel J. Raskin, Carl R. Rogers, and Marjorie C. Witty 101 Overview 102 History 112 Personality 116 Psychotherapy 122 Applications 129 Case Example 142 Summary 149 Annotated Bibliography 150 Case Readings 150 References 151 5 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy / Albert Ellis and Debbie Joffe Ellis 157 Overview 158 History 164 Personality 167 Psychotherapy 173 Applications 183 Case Example 192 Summary 194 Annotated Bibliography 195 Case Readings 196 References 196 6 Behavior Therapy / Martin M. Antony 199 Overview 200 History 202 Personality 206 Psychotherapy 209 Applications 212 Case Example 227 Summary 230 Conclusion 232 Annotated Bibliography 232 Case Readings 233 References 233 7 Cognitive Therapy / Aaron T. Beck and Marjorie E. Weishaar 237 Overview 238 History 242 Personality 245 Psychotherapy 252 Applications 257 Case Example 264 Summary 268 Annotated Bibliography 269 vi | Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  www.acetxt.com Case Readings 269 References 270 8 Existential Psychotherapy / Irvin D. Yalom and Ruthellen Josselson 273 Overview 274 History 278 Personality 281 Psychotherapy 286 Applications 298 Case Example 302 Summary 305 Annotated Bibliography 305 Case Readings 306 References 306 9 Gestalt Therapy / Gary Yontef, Lynne Jacobs and Charles Bowman 309 Overview 310 History 315 Personality 319 Psychotherapy 326 Applications 335 Case Example 342 Summary 344 Annotated Bibliography 345 Case Readings 346 References 346 10 Interpersonal Psychotherapy / Helen Verdeli and Myrna M. Weissman 349 Overview 350 History 354 Personality 359 Psychotherapy 361 Applications 371 Case Example 382 Summary 384 Annotated Bibliography 385 Case Readings 386 References 386 11 Family Therapy / Irene Goldenberg and Mark Stanton 391 Overview 392 History 398 Personality 404 Psychotherapy 407 Applications 415 Contents | vii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Case Example 421 Summary 423 Annotated Bibliography 424 Case Readings 424 References 425 12 Mindfulness and Other Contemplative Therapies / Roger Walsh and Frances Vaughan 429 Overview 430 History 436 Personality 440 Psychotherapy 448 Applications 456 Case Example 473 Summary 474 Annotated Bibliography 476 Web Sites and Other Resources 477 Books for Learning to Meditate 477 Case Readings 477 References 477 13 Positive Psychotherapy / Tayyab Rashid and Martin Seligman 481 Overview 482 History 485 Personality 487 Psychotherapy 489 Applications 510 Case Example 517 Summary 519 Annotated Bibliography and Web Resources 520 Additional Clinical Books 521 Nonclinical Books with Practical Resources 521 Case Readings 521 References 522 14 Integrative Psychotherapies / John C. Norcross and Larry E. Beutler 527 Overview 528 History 532 Personality 536 Psychotherapy 537 Applications 545 Case Example 550 Summary 556 viii | Contents Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Annotated Bibliography and Web Resources 556 Case Readings and Videotapes 557 References 558 15 Multicultural Theories of Psychotherapy / Lillian Comas-Díaz 561 Overview 562 History 570 Personality 575 Psychotherapy 577 Applications 584 Case Example 589 Summary 592 Annotated Bibliography 593 Case Readings 593 References 594 16 Contemporary Challenges and Controversies / Kenneth S. Pope and Danny Wedding 599 The Mental-Health Workforce 600 Physicians, Medications, and Psychotherapy 602 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM -5), The International Classification of Diseases (ICD -11), and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) 604 Empirically Supported Therapies 605 Phones, Computers, and the Internet 608 Therapists’ Sexual Involvement With Patients, Nonsexual Physical Touch, and Sexual Feelings 612 Nonsexual Multiple Relationships and Boundary Issues 615 Accessibility and People with Disabilities 617 The American Psychological Association, the Law, and Individual Ethical Responsibility 619 Detainee Interrogations 619 The Goldwater Rule 621 Cultures 622 Annotated Bibliography 625 References 626 Glossary 629 Name Index 639 Subject Index 647 Contents | ix Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contributors Martin M. Antony Therapy. He teaches Gestalt therapy nationally Martin M. Antony, PhD, is Professor of and internationally and has numerous related Psychology at Ryerson University, Toronto, publications. He is a Gestalt trainer, psychotherapist Canada, where he conducts research on the and business consultant in Indianapolis, Indiana. nature and treatment of anxiety disorders Lillian Comas-Díaz and perfectionism. The author of more than Lillian Comas-Díaz, PhD, is a clinical psychologist 250 scholarly publications, Dr. Antony has in full-time private practice and a Clinical Professor coauthored or edited 30 books, including Behavior at the George Washington University Department Therapy and the Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Lillian has Related Disorders. Dr. Antony has received many published extensively in psychology and serves career awards for his contributions to research and on several editorial boards. She is the author of training, and he also has served as president of the Multicultural Care: A Clinician’s Guide to Cultural Canadian Psychological Association. Competence. Her most recent book is Womanist Aaron T. Beck and Mujerista Psychologies: Voices of Fire, Acts of Aaron T. Beck, MD, founded Cognitive Therapy. He Courage (coedited with T. Bryant Davis). currently directs the Psychopathology Research Unit Frank Dumont in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Frank Dumont, EdD, Professor Emeritus, McGill Pennsylvania, where he is an emeritus professor. Dr. University, Montreal, Canada, was Director of Beck is the recipient of numerous awards, including the PhD program in counseling psychology at the 2006 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research McGill, where he served as department chair. Award for developing Cognitive Therapy. He published widely on inferential processes in Larry E. Beutler psychotherapy, collaborated with Raymond Corsini Larry E. Beutler, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at on The Dictionary of Psychology, and most recently the University of California–Santa Barbara and the authored A History of Personality Psychology. William McInnes Distinguished Professor Emeritus Albert Ellis (1913–2007) at Palo Alto University. He is past editor of the Albert Ellis, PhD, wrote more than 80 books and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology and the more than 800 articles, but he is best known for Journal of Clinical Psychology. He is past president developing and championing Rational Emotive of two APA divisions (the Society of Clinical Behavior Therapy (REBT). He was consistently Psychology and the Society for Advancement of ranked as one of the most influential psychologists Psychotherapy) and author or coauthor of 29 books of the 20th century. In addition to his writing, Al and more than 500 scholarly papers and chapters on trained and supervised practitioners, and he helped psychotherapy and assessment. He is the developer thousands of clients in his clinical practice. Dr. Ellis of Systematic Treatment Selection (STS) and the was posthumously awarded the 2013 Award for associated website (www.innerlife.com). STS is Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology an evidence-based integrative psychotherapy that by the American Psychological Association. identifies principles of therapeutic change that are associated with effectiveness. Debbie Joffe Ellis Debbie Joffe Ellis, MDAM, is a licensed psychologist Charles Bowman and mental health counselor, author, and presenter Charles Bowman is Co-President of the who conducted public and professional workshops Indianapolis Gestalt Institute and a past president with her husband, Albert Ellis, until his death in of the Association for the Advancement of Gestalt 2007. Debbie currently maintains a clinical practice x | Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  and travels around the world presenting on Rational New School for Social Research in New York City Emotive Behavior Therapy. and completed internship training at Columbia Victoria Kaitlin Foley University Medical Center in 2014. Dr. Kriss Victoria Kaitlin Foley is a doctoral student and Prize currently works in private practice in New York Fellow in clinical psychology at The New School City and is a clinical supervisor at the City College for Social Research in New York, New York. She of New York and The New School. received her MA in Psychology from The New Michael P. Maniacci School in 2017 and her BA in English and Political Michael P. Maniacci, PsyD, is a licensed Science from Vanderbilt University in 2011. clinical psychologist in private practice in Irene Goldenberg Chicago and Naperville, Illinois. He teaches Irene Goldenberg, EdD, is a Professor Emerita in the at numerous institutions and consults with Department of Psychiatry, University of California several organizations. He has written more at Los Angeles. She has trained generations of than 50 articles or book chapters and authored, psychiatrists and psychologists in family therapy, coauthored, or edited five textbooks. and she coauthored Family Therapy: An Overview, John C. Norcross now in its eighth edition. Currently, Irene is in John C. Norcross, PhD, ABPP, is Distinguished independent practice in Los Angeles, California. Professor and former Chair of Psychology at the Lynne Jacobs University of Scranton, Adjunct Professor of Lynne Jacobs, PhD, cofounded the Pacific Gestalt Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute in Los Angeles, where she continues to and a clinical psychologist in part-time practice. practice. She is also a training and supervising Author of more than 400 publications, Dr. Norcross analyst at the Institute of Contemporary has cowritten or edited 25 books, including Psychoanalysis, and she maintains a private practice Psychotherapy Relationships That Work, Handbook in Los Angeles. Lynne has numerous publications of Psychotherapy Integration, Insider’s Guide to and teaches Gestalt therapists internationally. Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology, and the five-volume APA Handbook Ruthellen Josselson of Clinical Psychology. John also has served as Ruthellen Josselson, PhD, is a professor of clinical president of the APA Society of Clinical Psychology, psychology at the Fielding Graduate University APA Division of Psychotherapy, and the Society for in Santa Barbara, California, and a practicing the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration. psychotherapist. She is author of many books and articles, including Playing Pygmalion: How People Kenneth S. Pope Create One Another, The Space Between Us: Kenneth S. Pope, PhD, is a licensed psychologist Exploring the Dimensions of Human Relationships, and diplomate in clinical psychology whose works and, most recently, Paths to Fulfillment: Women’s include more than 100 articles and chapters. Search for Meaning and Identity. She is codirector The most recent of Ken’s 12 books are Ethics in of the Yalom Institute of Psychotherapy, and she Psychotherapy and Counseling: A Practical Guide has received both the Henry A. Murray Award (6th ed.) (coauthored with Melba J. T. Vasquez) and the Theodore R. Sarbin Award from the and Five Steps to Strengthen Ethics in Organizations American Psychological Association. and Individuals: Effective Strategies Informed by Alexander Kriss Research and History. A Fellow of the Association Alexander Kriss, PhD, is a clinical psychologist for Psychological Science (APS), Ken provides free and writer. He received his doctorate from The psychology and disability resources at kpope.com. Contributors | xi Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Tayyab Rashid Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis, Dr. Tayyab Rashid, (www.tayyabrashid.com), is a and past president of the International Association licensed clinical psychologist and associate for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. faculty at the University of Toronto, Canada. He is the author of numerous books, including Dr. Rashid‘s expertise includes positive psychology Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Therapies. based clinical interventions, postdramatic growth, Martin E. P. Seligman resilience, and self-development of emerging Martin Seligman, PhD, is the Zellerbach Family adults. He is the current president of Clinical Professor of Psychology and Director of the Positive Division of the International Positive Psychology Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania. Association (IPPA) and recipient of IPPA’s Seligman cofounded the field of positive psychology Outstanding Practitioner Award for 2017. in 1998 and has since devoted his career to Nathaniel J. Raskin (1921–2010) furthering the study of positive emotion, positive Nathaniel J. Raskin, PhD, has been called a “quiet character traits, and positive institutions. Seligman’s giant” of the client-centered approach. He was a earlier work focused on learned helplessness and student of Carl Rogers, later a colleague and close depression. Seligman is an often-cited authority in friend, and a Professor of Clinical Psychology at Positive Psychology and a best-selling author. Northwestern University Medical School. Everyone Mark Stanton who experienced Nat in small groups, in classes, Mark Stanton, PhD, ABPP, is the provost and a or as clients, recalls his decency, generosity, and professor of Graduate Psychology at Azusa Pacific profound embodiment of unconditional positive University. He was the inaugural editor of Couple regard, empathic understanding, and genuineness. and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, the 2011–2012 president of the American Board of Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Couple and Family Psychology, the 2005 president Carl Ransom Rogers, PhD, pioneer of the of the APA Society for Family Psychology, and client-centered and person-centered approach, coauthor of the ninth edition of Family Therapy: is regarded as one of the most influential and An Overview. He maintains a private practice revolutionary psychologists of the 20th century. focused on couples therapy. He was a master therapist whose emancipatory theory and practice, not only of therapy but also Frances Vaughan (1935–2017) of interpersonal relationships, are widely studied. Frances Vaughan, Ph.D., was formerly president His later work included large group encounters of both the Association of Transpersonal between parties to international conflicts in Psychology and the Association of Humanistic Northern Ireland and Central America. Psychology, as well as on the clinical faculty of the University of California. Her many Laurie Sackett-Maniacci publications included the books Awakening Laurie Sackett-Maniacci, PsyD, is a licensed clinical Intuition, The Inward Arc: Healing in psychologist and an adjunct faculty member at Psychotherapy and Spirituality, and Shadows of Roosevelt University in Schaumburg, Illinois. She the Sacred: Seeing through Spiritual Illusions. maintains a private practice in Naperville, Illinois, With her husband Roger Walsh, she also coedited and she is a student and instructor of yoga. Paths Beyond Ego: The Transpersonal Vision. She Jeremy D. Safran was awarded two honorary doctorates. Jeremy D. Safran, PhD, is Professor of Psychology Helen Verdeli at The New School for Social Research, Clinical Helen Verdeli, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Professor at the New York University Postdoctoral Clinical Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia xii | Contributors Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  University. Her teaching and research focus on Physicians and Surgeons and the Mailman School treatment and prevention of mood disorders with of Public Health, Columbia University. She is also an emphasis on underresourced regions around Chief of Epidemiology at the New York State the world. She serves on advisory committees for Psychiatric Institute. Myrna has won numerous the World Health Organization, United Nations awards for her research on depression, and she has nongovernmental organizations, and many other been elected to the National Academy of Medicine international organizations. of the National Academy of Science. Roger Walsh Marjorie C. Witty Roger Walsh, MD, PhD, DHL, is professor of Marjorie C. Witty, PhD, is Professor and University psychiatry, philosophy, and anthropology and a Fellow at the Illinois School of Professional professor in the religious studies program at the Psychology, Argosy University, Chicago. She has University of California at Irvine. He is a long-term taught and practiced client-centered therapy since student, teacher, and researcher of contemplative 1974. She has published articles on the subject practices. His relevant publications include of social influence and nondirectiveness in client- Paths Beyond Ego, The World of Shamanism, and centered therapy and served on the editorial boards Essential Spirituality: The Seven Central Practices. of The Person-Centered Journal and the Person- He has also produced an American Psychological Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies journal. Association psychotherapy video, Positive and Transpersonal Approaches to Therapy. Irvin Yalom Irvin Yalom, MD, is Emeritus Professor of Danny Wedding Psychiatry at Stanford University and currently in Danny Wedding, PhD, MPH, taught at numerous private practice in Palo Alto and San Francisco. universities, including the University of Missouri, He has published widely, including textbooks Alliant International University, Yonsei University (The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (South Korea), Chiang Mai University (Thailand), and Existential Psychotherapy), guides for and the American University of Antigua. Danny has therapists (The Gift of Therapy and Staring at published widely, and he edited PsycCRITIQUES, the Sun) and collections of psychotherapy tales the American Psychological Association’s journal of (Love’s Executioner and Momma and the Meaning book and film reviews, for 14 years. He is currently of Life) as well as several psychotherapy teaching a Distinguished Consulting Faculty Member at novels (When Nietzsche Wept, Lying on the Saybrook University in Oakland, California, and he Couch, The Schopenhauer Cure, and The Spinoza edits the Hogrefe/Society of Clinical Psychology series Problem) and his 2017 memoir, Becoming Myself. Advances in Psychotherapy: Evidence Based Practice. Gary Yontef Marjorie E. Weishaar Gary Yontef, PhD, ABPP, is a cofounder of the Marjorie E. Weishaar, PhD, is a Clinical Professor Pacific Gestalt Institute, past president of the of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the Alpert Gestalt Therapy Institute of Los Angeles, and an Medical School of Brown University. She teaches Associate Editor of Gestalt Review. He formerly cognitive therapy to psychology and psychiatry taught at UCLA but is now in private practice residents. She has widely published in cognitive in Los Angeles. Gary teaches and consults therapy and has received several teaching awards. internationally, and his publications about the Myrna M. Weissman theory and practice of relational gestalt therapy Myrna M. Weissman, PhD, is a Professor of include the book Awareness, Dialogue, and Process: Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the College of Essays on Gestalt Therapy. Contributors | xiii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Acknowledgments Every new edition of a book is shaped and improved by the comments of those read- ers who take time to provide feedback about previous editions. This book is no dif- ferent, and I have benefited from the suggestions of literally hundreds of my students, colleagues, and friends. I have been particularly vigilant about getting feedback from those professors who use Current Psychotherapies as a text, and their comments help shape each new edition. I also benefited from numerous suggestions from colleagues in the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12 of the American Psychological Associa- tion) during my presidential year and every year since. Barbara Cubic and Frank Dumont helped with this new edition and made numerous important suggestions, and I’m grate- ful for the common sense and good advice of Alexander Hancock, a Cengage content developer, and Julie Martinez, my Cengage product manager. xiv | Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface This new edition of Current Psychotherapies reflects a commitment to maintaining the currency alluded to in the book’s title, and the text in its entirety provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of psychotherapy in 2018. More than a million students have used previous editions of this book, and Current Psychotherapies has been translated into more than a dozen languages. One reviewer referred to the text as “venerable.” I am proud of its success. Ray Corsini originally persuaded me to work with him in 1976 while I was a grad- uate student at the University of Hawaii, and recruiting the best possible authors and maintaining the quality of Current Psychotherapies has been a consuming passion for the past four decades. I’m convinced each new edition is better than the last. A new author has been added for the chapter on Psychodynamic Psychotherapies, and she has updated the chapter and added numerous descriptions of cutting-edge psy- chodynamic research (e.g., a 2017 study documenting the equivalent effectiveness of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral treatments). Michael P. Maniacci and Laurie Sackett-Maniacci, an Adlerian husband and wife team, have updated their chapter to describe the seminal contributions Jon Carlson made before passing away while their chapter was being written. Marge Witty has made extensive updates to her chapter on Client Centered Psycho- therapy, including a discussion of the paternalism inherent in cognitive behavior therapy based on Proctor’s (2017) analysis and Ryan and Deci’s (2017) formulation of self- determination theory. Debbie Joffe Ellis, widow of Albert Ellis, has updated the chapter on REBT, expanded her discussion of the importance of gratitude, and included infor- mation on accessing the REBT videotapes she developed for the American Psychologi- cal Association. My friend Martin Antony (Marty) is a consummate scholar, and his chapter in- cludes numerous updates to recent findings in the behavior therapy literature, including evidence documenting the importance of the relationship in cognitive behavior ther- apy (Kazantzis, Dttilio, & Dobson, 2017). Marty also notes that the Society of Clini- cal Psychology’s 2017 list of empirically supported psychological treatments “includes 80 treatments for particular disorders of which more than three quarters are behavioral or cognitive-behavioral treatments.” The chapter on Cognitive Therapy now includes a discussion of the relevance of mindfulness training to the treatment of anxiety and depression in cognitive therapy. Marjorie Weishaar and Aaron (Tim) Beck also allude to recent meta-analyses support- ing the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy. Getting to know and work with Marjorie and Tim has been one of the most rewarding aspects of my work as editor of Current Psychotherapies. Ruthellen Josselson and Irvin Yalom have updated their chapter to include a discus- sion of the move toward psychotherapy integration, and they introduce readers to two important new books in existential psychotherapy: Jerry Shapiro’s Pragmatic Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy: Intimacy, Intuition, and the Search for Meaning (2016) and Orah Krug and Kirk Schneider’s Supervision Essentials for Existential-Humanistic Therapy (2016). | xv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  A new author, Charles Bowman, has been added to the chapter on Gestalt Therapy. Dr. Bowman has made extensive changes to the previous chapter, making it current and contemporary. I appreciate his erudite scholarship, especially his thoughtful explanation of the limits of evidence in the Gestalt tradition. He notes “randomized controlled trials, which are considered ‘strong evidence’ by researchers, decontextualize the patient, and bear no resemblance to the clinical situation.” Helen Verdeli and Myrna Weissman have updated their chapter on Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) to include a discussion of recent meta-analyses like that of Palpac- uer and colleagues (2017), who “found IPT to be the most robust of psychotherapeutic interventions, having the highest increase in response compared to the wait-list condi- tion.” They also introduce readers to an important new book, Interpersonal Psychother- apy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Markowitz, 2017). The chapter on Family Therapy has a new coauthor, Mark Stanton, Provost at Azusa Pacific University. Mark coauthored the ninth edition of the Goldenberg’s classic text on Family Therapy, and he updated the Current Psychotherapies chapter on Family Therapy to include multiple studies from 2016 and 2017, including a discussion of how family therapists relate to the “unique problems inherent in the multitude of families today that do not fit the historical model of the intact family.” I am especially grateful to my good friend Roger Walsh, a visionary polymath, who retitled and reworked his chapter on contemplative psychotherapies to focus on mind- fulness and its relevance to all forms of psychotherapy. His new chapter, now titled “Mindfulness and Other Contemplative Psychotherapies,” is a masterful review of a vast and ever-growing literature. I found his new discussion of “The Shadow Side of Suc- cess,” pointing out the problems associated with an unduly enthusiastic rush to embrace mindfulness in psychotherapy, especially compelling. I’m confident there is no one in the world better qualified than Roger to write this chapter. Positive psychology is one of the newest and most exciting developments in contem- porary psychotherapy, and two bona fide experts—Tayyab Rashid and Martin Seligman— have updated their chapter on Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) for this new edition of Current Psychotherapies. Their “Summary of PPT Outcome Studies” is a masterful over- view of recent research, including seven studies published since 2016. Working closely with one’s friends is one of the joys of editing a book like this, and I consider John Norcross and Larry Beutler two of my finest friends. Both are prolific authors, both are incredibly smart, and both write beautifully. At different times, all three of us have served as President of the Society of Clinical Psychology, and I appreci- ate their consummate scholarship and the care they took to update their chapter. Lillian Comas-Díaz is another cherished friend, and one of the women I most ad- mire. Lillian is bilingual and bicultural, and she knows more about multicultural psy- chotherapy than anyone else I know. Her updated chapter addresses the importance of humility in culturally relevant psychotherapy. In her characteristic way, the first draft of her revised chapter failed to mention her newest book, Womanist and Mujerista Psychol- ogies: Voices of Fire, Acts of Courage, co-edited with Thema Bryant-Davis (2016). It is an important book, and I insisted it be included. xvi | Preface Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Finally, it was once again a pleasure to work with Ken Pope in an effort to “wrap things up.” We discuss a discouraging report on The State of Mental Health in Amer- ica 2017 (Nguyen & Davis, 2017), provide updated numbers for the number of mental health professionals working in a variety of different disciplines, and discuss the slowly growing number of states that now allow psychologists with appropriate training to pre- scribe psychotropic medications. In addition, there is a new discussion of the “Goldwa- ter rule,” which prohibits many mental health professionals from diagnosing individuals they have never formally assessed. This vexing issue seems especially relevant after the 2016 presidential election. In a preface to an earlier edition, Raymond J. Corsini described six features of Cur- rent Psychotherapies that have helped ensure the book’s utility and popularity. These core principles have guided the development of each subsequent edition. 1. The chapters in this book describe the most important systems in the current prac- tice of psychotherapy. Because psychotherapy is constantly evolving, deciding what to put into new editions and what to take out demands a great deal of research. The opinions of professors were central in shaping the changes we have made. 2. The most competent available authors were recruited. Newly established systems are described by their founders; older systems are covered by those best qualified to describe them. 3. This book is highly disciplined. Each author follows an outline in which the var- ious sections are limited in length and structure. The purpose of this feature is to make it as convenient as possible to compare the systems by reading the book “horizontally” (from section to section across the various systems) as well as in the usual “vertical” manner (chapter to chapter). The major sections of each chapter include an overview of the system being described, its history, a discussion of the theory of personality that shaped the therapy, a detailed dis- cussion of how psychotherapy using the system is actually practiced, and an explanation of the various applications of the approach being described. In addition, each therapy described is accompanied by a case study illustrating the techniques and methods associated with the approach. Students interested in more detailed case examples can read this book’s companion volume, Case Studies in Psychotherapy (Wedding & Corsini, 2014); the case studies book presents a exemplar case to accompany each of the core therapy chapters in Current Psychotherapies. Those students who want to understand psychother- apy in depth will benefit from reading both Current Psychotherapies and Case Studies in Psychotherapy. 4. Current Psychotherapies is carefully edited. Every section is examined to make certain that its contents are appropriate and clear. In the long history of this text, only one chapter was ever accepted in its first draft. Some chapters have been returned to their original authors as many as four times before finally being accepted. Preface | xvii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  5. Chapters are as concise as they can possibly be and still cover the systems com- pletely. We have received consistent feedback that the chapters in Current Psy- chotherapies need to be clear, succinct, and direct. We have taken this feedback seriously, and every sentence in each new edition is carefully edited to ensure that the information provided is not redundant or superfluous. 6. The glossary for each new edition is updated and expanded. One way for stu- dents to begin any chapter would be to read the relevant entries in the glossary, thereby generating a mind-set that will facilitate understanding the various sys- tems. Personality theorists tend to invent new words when no existing word suffices. This clarifies their ideas, but it also makes understanding their chapter more difficult. A careful study of the glossary will reward the reader. Ray Corsini died on November 8, 2008. He was a master Adlerian therapist, the best of my teachers, and a cherished friend. I will always be grateful for his friendship, his support of my career, and everything I learned from him during the many years we worked together. Danny Wedding Berkeley, California xviii | Preface Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  1 Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies Frank Dumont Learning Objectives 1 Learn how psychotherapies evolved since Leibniz into the science and professions of the 21st century: studies of the subliminal mind, lab-based organic research, psychologist clinicians, the clash of organic and school-based approaches, and rise of the empiricists. 2 Examine the impact of emergent biological sciences on mentalistic approaches to mental health. 3 Learn how controlling environmental events can therapeutically alter our genome and explore the impact of neuroscience on In the sum of the parts there are psychotherapy in the future. only the parts (Wallace Stevens, 4 Appreciate changing views of globalization, indigenizing psychology, 2011). But in the product of the and cross-cultural counseling. parts we can identify the person. 5 Explore the fault lines in empirically based therapy: art vis-à-vis Courtesy of Frank Dumont science. 6 Examine manualization of psychotherapy and its limitations. Other men are lenses through which we read our own minds. 7 Explore how integrationist and cross-disciplinary impulses will Ralph Waldo Emerson (1850) influence your future practice. 8 Examine who can do therapy and what constraints, personal and Psychotherapy, as far as it institutional, are imposed. leads to substantial behavior change, appears to achieve its effect through changes in gene expression at the neuronal level. Eric Kandel (1996) | 1 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Evolution of this Science and Profession LO1 This new edition of Current Psychotherapies surveys a diverse set of empirically based psychotherapies that have been thoroughly updated. Each presents a vision of the hu- man as well as a set of distinct treatment procedures for addressing the emotional dis- tress and accompanying behavioral and cognitive problems that drive people to seek help. As one reviews the evolution of this book through its 11 editions and the theo- ries of personality development that underpin each therapy treated within it, it’s evident that theories have an increasingly short half-life. Entire schools of psychotherapy have undergone dramatic change, some more rapidly than others—and some have virtually disappeared (e.g., transactional analysis). New and increasingly integrative approaches to mental health have been presented. Although built on strong historical foundations, these recent modalities would strike even psychotherapists of the 1960s and 1970s as novel if not strange. The structures of all the therapies presented here, and their interdisciplinary and clinical effectiveness, have continued to improve since the preceding edition. Yet in this context, we regret that some widely practiced and reputed therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which we urge readers to study (e.g., Hayes, Stro- sahl, & Wilson, 2011) and Dialectic Behavior Therapy (DBT) developed in part by Marsha M. Linehan (e.g., Dimeff & Linehan, 2001) were omitted for reasons of space limitation and availability. Chapter 2, “Psychodynamic Psychotherapies,” presents the evolved 21st century configurations of Freudian and Jungian schemas, which continue to serve as a prolific matrix for Kleinian and other analytic therapies springing from those origins. All the other chapters have been similarly updated. We regret that still other effective psychotherapies have not been added that would merit inclusion were it not for space limitations. Historical Foundations of Psychotherapy To understand where our profession is heading, we need to know where psychotherapy historically started in the West and how it has been transformed by the ongoing global integration of scientific and cultural perspectives on behavior and cognition. This his- tory is briefly addressed in this section. From the origins of recorded history, humans have sought means to remedy the mental disorders that have afflicted them. Some of these remedies, such as the ceremo- nial healing rituals found in shamanistic societies, were and continue to be patently un- scientific—though not necessarily ineffective for that reason. Pre-Christian, temple-like asklepeia and other retreat centers of the eastern Mediterranean region used religio- philosophical lectures, meditation, and simple bed rest to compete with secular medi- cine and assuage if not remedy psychological disorders. Within the secularistic stream of psycho-physiological treatment in which he worked, Hippocrates presented Western science with a humor-based four-factor theory of personality (Dumont, 2016). That par- adigm has been recapitulated and endorsed by Hans Eysenck and other psychologists over the past century. By their empirical investigations, Hellenist physicians understood that the brain was not only the seat of knowledge and learning but also the source of depression, delirium, and madness. Indeed, Hippocrates wrote, “Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations... and by the same organ we become mad and delirious, and fears and terrors assail us... all things we endure from the brain when it is not healthy” 2 | Chapter 1 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  (5th century BCE, quoted by Stanley Finger, 2001, p. 13). Hippocrates himself insisted that his students address illnesses by natural means. He repudiated the popular notion that conditions such as seizures were “divine” and should be treated by supplicating or appeasing a deity. Although the Hippocratic tradition endured without interruption to the time of his renowned disciple Galen, who lived six centuries later, psychotherapy as a domain of science in its modern sense did not clearly emerge until the 18th century. The Unconscious A Primordial Construct The reader will find that the construct unconscious plays a salient role in certain chap- ters of this volume. Although it was examined and debated by Hellenists thousands of years ago, the unconscious was also a key construct in the psychotherapies that emerged in the West in the 19th century. The scientific study of the unconscious is commonly thought to have started with renowned polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646– 1716). Leibniz studied the role of subliminal perceptions in our daily life (and coined the term dynamic to describe the forces that operate in unconscious mentation). His investigations of the unconscious were continued by Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776– 1841). Herbart attempted to mathematicize the passage of memories to and from the conscious and the unconscious. He suggested that tacit ideas struggle with one another for access to consciousness as dissonant ideas repel and depress one another. Associ- ated ideas help draw each other into consciousness (or drag each other into uncon- scious realms). Leibniz and Herbart are salient examples of 17th- and 18th-century scientists who attributed significance to an understanding of the unconscious in their work (Whyte, 1960). Evidence accumulates that