CSD 1010 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Study Guide CSD 1010 Final Exam- Chapters 9-13/Assessment **Chapter 9- Voice and Resonance** 1. What is resonance? **The quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities.** 2. What is Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (VPI) aka Velopharynge...

Study Guide CSD 1010 Final Exam- Chapters 9-13/Assessment **Chapter 9- Voice and Resonance** 1. What is resonance? **The quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities.** 2. What is Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (VPI) aka Velopharyngeal Dysfunction? **Failure of the velopharyngeal mechanism to separate the oral and nasal cavities during speech and swallowing** 3. What does the velum do when activated? **When activated it separated the oral and nasal cavities** 4. What is Vocal Pitch and how do we perceive it? **We perceive rate of vocal fold vibrations though frequency or hertz. Frequency of the voice constantly varies during speech.** What is Vocal Loudness and how do we perceive it? **We perceive intensity which is measured in decibels. Determined by how much pressure air from the lungs puts on vocal folds** 5. What is the normal loudness of conversational speech in decibels (dB)? **Averages around 60 db** 6. Know the key characteristics of: a. Vocal nodules **localized growths resulting from frequent, hard vocal collisions. Frequently bilateral (located on both folds), occurring at the juncture od the anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds of the vocal folds. Soft and pliable but can become hard. Most common in adult women between 20-50 y/o. can also occur in children prone to excessive loud talking or screaming. Hoarseness and breathiness. Treatment- vocal rest and drinking a lot of water** b. Vocal polyps **Fluid dilled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell. Tend to be unilateral, larger than nodules, vascular, and prone to hemorrhage. Can result from a single traumatic event.** c. Contact ulcers **small, reddened ulcerations on the posterior surface of the vocal folds in the region of the arytenoids. Usually bilateral and painful. Replaced by granulated tissue. Result from trauma during intubation. Hoarseness and breathiness, throat clearing and vocal fatigue. Treatment efficiency is questionable and some reappear after removal** 7. Understand unilateral and bilateral vocal fold paralysis: d. Why is it dangerous? **risk of aspiration a increases when vocal folds are abducted.** e. Damage to what causes this? **CN X vagus** 8. What is the different/definitions of a cleft, hyponasality, and hypernasality? **Cleft- abnormal opening in an anatomical structure caused by a failure of the structures to fuse or merge correctly in early embryonic development. Hyponasality- blockage in the nasopharynx that impedes sounds from traveling though the nose for production of nasal sounds. Hypernasality- occurs when the velopharyngeal mechanism fails to separate the oral and nasal cavities** **Chapter 10- Motor Speech Disorders** 1. What are the pyramidal tracts or direct activation pathway responsible for/do? **Connects cortex to neurons.** 2. What are the extrapyramidal tracts or indirect activation pathway responsible for/do? **Regulates reflexes and maintains posture and muscle tone.** 3. What is the peripheral nervous system? **Provides necessary framework to facilitate movement** 4. Know the different between dysarthria and apraxia of speech. **Dysarthria- weakness coordination/ motor is affected. Apraxia- strong but show coordination problems** 5. Know the key characteristics of each dysarthria: a. Flaccid dysarthria **-- hypotonaia (less tone), weak, soft, low muscle tone** b. Spastic dysarthria **-- weakness and loss of inhibitory motor control** c. Ataxic dysarthria **-- damage to the cerebellum or control circuitry. Results in incoordination and reduced muscle tone** d. Hypokinetic dysarthria (Parkinson disease) **-- "less movement" movements are slow and reduced in range due to rigidity. Feel stiff and find it hard to get movement started. Once moving they struggle to stop.** e. Hyperkinetic dysarthria **-- "too much movement" inhibit unwanted movements. Abnormal and involuntary movements can interrupt speech.** f. Mixed dysarthria (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) **-- When two or more dysarthria are present. Can occur in neurodegenerative diseases that cause damage to multiple areas.** 6. What degenerates in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? **Both upper and lower motor neurons degenerate** 7. Key characteristics of Cerebral Palsy (CP) in children; most common congenital disorder that causes dysarthria in children; causes? **-- congenital disorder that causes dysarthria in children. Permanent disorder. Often results from oxygen deprivation to the brain either during development or shortly after birth. Hemorrhages in brain can also disrupt brain development. Accior druge usage during pregnancy.** 8. What is Melodic Intonation Therapy? **-- Tapping into the right side of the brain. Focusses on prosody, emphasizing the melody... singing to talk** **Chapter 11- Dysphagia/ Disorders of Swallowing** 1. What is aspiration? Silent aspiration? **I don't have this answer** 2. What happens in the Oral Preparation Phase of a normal swallow? Ex: what do the tongue, cheeks, and teeth do? **Tongue cups to hold fluid in a liquid bolus against the hard palate. Tongue and cheecks move food to teeth for chewing.** 3. What happens in the Oral Phase of a normal swallow? (bolus) **bolus is formed, moved from the front to the back of the mouth, swallow reflex is triggered** 4. What happens in the Pharyngeal Phase of a normal swallow? (specifically to the base of the tongue and the pharyngeal wall). **Velum contacts the rear wall, throat sqeezes the bolus down, vocal volds close, epiglottis is lowered** 5. During a disordered swallow, what is something you may see in the **oral preparation/oral phase**? **Lips don't seal, chewing may be impaired, insufficient saliva, food may pocket, muscles n tongue might not function normally** 6. What are some things that an infant or a child with feeding and swallowing disorders experience? What is failure to thrive? **Malnutririon, inadequate growth, dehydration, ill health, prolonged feeding, fatigue, difficulty learning, poor parent child relationships. Failure to thrive- a primary indication of dysphagia in infants. Kids aren't gaining weight as they should.** 7. What is GERD? What is happening if someone has GERD? (Movement of what into the esophagus?) **Don't have this answer** 1. Know the numbers and facts about hearing loss. What percent of the population has a hearing loss? How many births result in a hearing loss? **20% of Americans report some degree of hearing loss. 3-1,00 births result in a child with a hearing loss.** 2. What is the definition of being deaf? **When a persons' hearing loss reaches 90bd or greater, they are deaf** 3. What does the outer ear consist of? **Pinna and external auditory meatus (aka ear canal)** 4. What is the middle ear space? **Air filled, lined with mucous membranes, and includes the opening to the Eustachian tube** 5. What does the cochlea do? **Responsible for providing auditory input to the central auditory system** 6. Know what otitis media is and what resolves this. **Chain mailfunction common in children. Whne middle ear is not continuously ventilated** 7. Know the difference between: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. **Conductive- results from deformation, malfunction, or obstruction of the outer or middle ear. Most not permanent. Senso- damage to inner ear. Mixed- both conductive and senso** 8. What causes hearing loss in young and middle-aged adults? **Injuries** 9. Know the importance of newborn hearing screenings. When do they occur? Where/what location? **Hospitals before release** 10. What are some different tools used to look at the ears, access hearing, etc.? **laryngeal mirror, endoscope** 11. Know the different types of assessments used for hearing: a. Pure tone audiometry **is considered to be one of the most fundamental behavioural tests. Sounds that cointain energy only at a single frequency 250 to 8000 hz range** b. Tympanograms **a plot representing middle ear function change in air pressure** c. Behavioral observation **Don't know the answer to this** d. Visual reinforcement audiometry **Don't know the answer to this** 12. What does a cochlear implant do? How does it differ from a hearing aid? **Directly stimulates the serving auditory nerve fibers with electrical energy. Implants. Hearing aids heightens the sound** **Chapter 13: Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)** 1. What are unaided vs. aided systems? **Unaided uses the body to communicate/ aided useses some type of external equipment to communicate** 2. How are aided AAC systems grouped? **No tech, low/mid tech, and high tech** 3. Understand direct vs. indirect selection. **Dirrect- pointing with physical contact. Indirect- scanning** 4. Know the difference between: a. No tech AAC **Any type of aided aac that is non electronic** b. Low tech/mid tech AAC **simple devices that don't have a built in rechargeable batterie** c. High tech AAC **more expensive electronic devices and have a fully functional computer system** d. Know a few samples of each (ex: icons, PECS, Big Mack button, Speech Generating Devices, ipads). **No tech -- pictures, low tech- buttons, mid tech- go speech, high tech -- eye following tech** 5. Understand samples of pointing with physical contact and without physical contact. **Physical- finger, stylist. Non physical- eye tracking devices, head mouse** **Assessment** 1. Understand screening vs. evaluation process. What does a screening do? What does an evaluation do? **Screening is to determine if a problem exists but is not a diagnostic evaluation. Evaluations determine diagnosis.** 2. When do referrals occur and who can refer? **Referrals can occur at any point of an individuals life span. Can be referend by pediatrician/ parent/ or oneself as an adult** 3. What are some important parts of a good assessment? (Think: case history, hearing screening.....) **Case history, interviews, observation, testing, , determine if problem exist, describe impared function, I dentify funtions that are not impared, for well reasoned prognosis.** 4. What is a prognosis? **An informed prediction of the outcome of a disorder**