Fundamentals of Computer Systems PDF

Fundamentals of Computer Systems Subject: Introduction to Computer Science Lecture no: 4 Dr. Name: [] ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 1 Computer Software: All types of programs that run on a computer. It has two types:...

Fundamentals of Computer Systems Subject: Introduction to Computer Science Lecture no: 4 Dr. Name: [] ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 1 Computer Software: All types of programs that run on a computer. It has two types: System Software  System software is the “background software” that comprises of programs that the computer uses to manage its task and devices. It serves as the interface between the user, the application software and the computer’s hardware. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 2 Computer Software: All types of programs that run on a computer. It has two types: System Software types:  Operating System: It is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices.  Utilities: A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing the computer, its devices, or its programs.  Device Drivers: These are specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer.  Language Translator: It converts the programming instructions into a language that computers understand. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 3 Computer Software: All types of programs that run on a computer. It has two types: Application Software  Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a computer  For example: Word processing, playing games, browsing the Web, listening to music, etc. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 4  Operating System: Controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the programs. Operating system main functions: Interfacing with Users  Most operating systems today use a graphical user interface (GUI). Booting the Computer  Loads essential part of operating system (kernel) into memory  Determines hardware connected to computer. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 5 Operating System: Operating system main functions: Configuring Devices  Small programs called device drivers (or simply drivers) are used to communicate with peripheral devices, such as monitors, printers, portable storage devices, and keyboards. File Management  Keeps track of stored files on computer so they can be retrieved when needed. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 6 Operating System: Operating system main functions: Managing and Monitoring Resources and Jobs  Makes resources (disk space, and memory…) available to devices and programs.  Schedules jobs. Managing Network Connections Security  Firewalls to protect against unauthorized access via the Internet ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 7 File Management: The process of organizing, storing, retrieving, and maintaining files on a computer or other digital storage systems. It involves tasks such as:  Creating files and folders.  Renaming files and folders  Moving files  Copying files  Deleting files  Searching for files ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 8 Number System: Many number systems are in use in digital technology:  Decimal  Binary  Octal  Hexadecimal ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 9 Decimal System: Composed of 10 numerals or symbols [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Called the base-10 system because it has 10 digits. Ex:  ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 10 Binary System: There are only two symbols or possible digit values, 0 and 1. This base-2 system can be used to represent any quantity that can be represented in decimal or other base system. Ex:  ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 11 Octal System: The octal number system has a base of eight. Eight possible digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Ex:  ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 12 Hexadecimal System: The octal number system has a base of 16. 16 possible digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,C,D,E,F. Ex:  ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 13 ‫‪Conversions:‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪14‬‬ Decimal to Binary Conversion: Ex : 29/2 = 14 balance 1 14/2 = 7 balance 0 7/2 = 3 balance 1 3/2 = 1 balance 1 1/2 = 0 balance 1 Result : ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 15 Decimal to Octal Conversion: Ex : 177/8 = 22 balance 1 22/8 = 2 balance 6 2/8 = 0 balance 2 Result : ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 16 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion: Ex : 378/16 = 23 balance 10 = (A) 23/16 = 1 balance 7 1/16 = 0 balance 1 Result : ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 17 Conversion: Technique :  Multiply each bit by , where x is the “Base” and n is the “weight” of the bit.  The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right.  Add the results. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 18 ‫‪Binary to Decimal Conversion:‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪Octal to Decimal Conversion:‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion:‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪Conversion:‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪Binary to Octal Conversion:‬‬ ‫‪ Example:‬‬ ‫‪ 100111010 = (100) (111) (010) = 4 7 2‬‬ ‫‪ 1101010 = (001) (101) (010) = 1 5 2‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪23‬‬ Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion: Example:  10111012 = (0101) (1101)2 = 5 D  11100110112 = (0011) (1001) (1011) 2 = 3 9 B  1011001011112 = (1011) (0010) (1111) 2 = B 2 F ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 24 ‫‪Octal to Binary Conversion:‬‬ ‫‪ Example:‬‬ ‫‪ 4 7 2 = (100) (111) (010) = 100111010‬‬ ‫‪ 1 5 2 = (001) (101) (010) = 1101010‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪25‬‬ Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion: Technique:  Use binary as an intermediary. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 27  Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion: Technique:  Use binary as an intermediary. ‫جامعة حورس‬-‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‬ 28 ‫?‪Any Questions‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪Thank you‬‬ ‫كلية الحاسبات و الذكاء اإلصطناعي‪-‬جامعة حورس‬ ‫‪30‬‬