CS 6 - Effective Use of the World Wide Web PDF

CS 6 - EFFECTIVE USE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB INTERNET & WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) R. RUSICH  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Internet Internet: a collection of interconnected and interoperable computer networks that...

CS 6 - EFFECTIVE USE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB INTERNET & WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) R. RUSICH  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Internet Internet: a collection of interconnected and interoperable computer networks that span the globe. “…a ubiquitous, global network for sharing digital resources among geographically separated computers.” * Internet Backbone: Intercontinental Submarine cables (under seas) US Fiber Optic Cable Networks (terrestrial) Other Networks: UCR Wireless, Your home’s ISP (Internet Service Provider) network, mobile/cellular networks, etc. * https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/ARPANET_final.pdf  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Submarine Cable Map https://www.submarinecablemap.com/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Under Sea Cables https://www.submarinecablemap.com/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web US Fiber Optic CableNetwork https://www.techrepublic.com/article/first-map-of-us-fiber-infrastructure-reveals-potential-network-redundancy-issues/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Fiber Optic Technology Charles K. Kao, February 1966, Optical fibre pioneer & 2009 Physics Nobel Prize  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web J.C.R. Licklider - Timeline to IPTO 1950 J.C.R. Licklider joined MIT faculty in 1950 as Associate Professor. The MIT Lincoln Lab was established while he was there. 1957 Licklider leaves MIT to join Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc. (BBN). 1962 Licklider leaves BBN to become the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). 1962 - “Galactic Network” published.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Social Interaction through Computer Networks August 1962 - Joseph C. R. Licklider formerly of MIT, now at Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc. (BBN) introduces a series of memos titled “Galactic Network” Provides the first description of social interactions enabled through networking, describes globally interconnected set of computers, anyone could quickly access data, resources, and programs from any site. The Computer as a Communication Device by J.C.R. Licklider and Robert (Bob) W. Taylor Landmark essay published in Science and Technology April 1968. “In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face.” Describes online communities of geographically isolated users with common interest. Predicts collaborations that more efficiently solve complex problems in groups via use of peer-to-peer programs and shared intellectual data stores.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Social Interaction through Computer Networks The Computer as a Communication Device by J.C.R. Licklider and Robert (Bob) W. Taylor Information will become interactive and abundant, serve to support fundamental function of groups “…we are entering a technological age in which we will be able to interact with the richness of living information-not merely in the passive way that we have become accustomed to using books and libraries, but as active participants in an ongoing process, bringing something to it through our interaction with it, and not simply receiving something from it by our connection to it.” “More detailed information could be displayed when facts had to be pinpointed; more global information could be displayed to answer questions of relevance and interrelationship.” “A future version of this system will make it possible for each participant, on his own TV screen, to thumb through the speaker’s files as the speaker talks–and thus check out incidental questions without interrupting the presentation for substantiation.”  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web IPTO and ARPANET Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) - oversaw early computer science research programs in the US. Helped fund early CS areas of research: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Graphics, Time Sharing, Super Computing. Director Licklider convinces his successors at IPTO of the importance of computer networks. Ivan Sutherland succeeds Licklider as director of IPTO. Robert (Bob) Taylor serves as a deputy to Sutherland at IPTO. Bob Taylor becomes director IPTO in 1966 and hires Larry Roberts as the program manager for the ARPANET project.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO ) IPTO funded computing research when ARPANET initiated: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Graphics, Time Sharing, Super Computing. Main IPTO Research Centers (with areas) at time ARPANET conceived. Abbate, Inventing the Internet (1999).  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Packet-switching Paul Baran*: Electrical Engineer, at RAND Corporation introduced packet switching technology in 1960. Donald Watts Davies credited with independently inventing packet-switching. Motivation: Soviet nuclear strike on US strategic forces that would destroy US telephone-communication system. Needed a decentralized model for preservation of communication and allowance for a response. RAND: RAND was a Defense Department-sponsored think tank in Santa Monica, California Created after World War II for long-range planning and analysis of strategic problems in advance of direct military need *Early as Nov. 1962 Baran briefed Liklider on distributed networks  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Packet-switching v. Circuit-switching Circuit-switching - traditional telephony voice messages took a single path on a dedicated circuit Packet-switching - breaks data message into chunks or “packets,” each packet takes own path to destination, complete message is reassembled at destination interactive communication - send/received short commands/responses single-packet messages not blocked behind large file transfer corruption in large messages only affects single packets only necessary to re-transmit affected packet to complete message  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web 10 ARPANET 1969 ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Robert Taylor succeeded Licklider as IPTO Director. IPTO contracted with BBN to produce Interface Message Processor (IMP) devices. UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and University of Utah (U of U) each received an IMP machine. Leonard Kleinrock’s had published one of the first papers about mathematical theory for packet networks (queuing theory) while a PhD graduate student at MIT 1960-1962  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web 10 ARPANET 1969 Kleinrock’s UCLA lab had an IMP. First computer-to-computer signal sent between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) on Oct. 29, 1969. The letters ‘L’ then ‘O’ (LOGIN) were transmitted in sequence from UCLA to SRI. Then the system crashed. “Internet took its first breath.” L. Kleinrock, UCLA https://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/internet_first_word s.html Vint Cerf (co-creator of TCP/IP later) was grad student in UCLA lab on the night first communication with IMP machines was made to Stanford. Vint Cerf and Bob Khan would win 2004 Turing Award for their creation of TCP/IP. Vinton Cerf at UCLA (circa 1970) This is a black and white image of Vinton Cerf standing on the right and an unidentified man on the left and behind as well next to the SIGMA 7 computer which hosted ARPANET and measured its performance. Cerf was responsible for programming the Network Measurement system at UCLA. Vinton is wearing a suit and tied and sporting a full beard. Light is coming from the ceiling lights. Written on verso side is "1" and is circled. https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102625118  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web IMP – Interface Message Processor Interface Message Processor (IMP) - by BBN Technologies (originally Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.). Similar unit to one used by Kleinrock at UCLA. SIGMA 7: Scientific Data Systems (1966) https://dinosaurspen.tumblr.com/post/97417507017/uclas-sds-sigma-7-computer-in-1969-this-machine (Back wall)  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web PDP-10: Digital Equipment Corporation (1964-1983) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-10 (DECsystem 10) computer, Living Computer Museum, Seattle, Washington, USA, Photo: Joe Mabel  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET Resilient to outages/damage Network could function when parts were down Messages could be re-routed around outages Uses Government Research Academic Internet NSF’s CSNET connects to ARPANET, creates an internet, i.e., two or more interconnected/interoperable networks. TCP/IP provided a reliable, efficient and scalable technical standard that made intercommunication possible across landline, satellite, and radio packet networks between hosts (computers) with different interfaces and software.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET 1969 4 2 3 1  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET (1969-1971) Dec 1969 Jun 1970 Dec 1970 Sep 1971  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET (1971) Map of the 15-node ARPANET in 1971, redrawn from Bolt, Beranek and Newman’s original. Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (1999)  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET (1972-1973) Mar 1972 Aug 1972 Sep 1973  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET – LOGICAL MAP  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET (1976-1977) Jul 1976 Jul 1977  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web An internet: TCP/IP Bob Kahn was director of DARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). Kahn hired Cerf as program manager. 1976 - Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf begin working on TCP/IP 1977 - Cerf and Kahn oversaw the implementation of TCP/IP and the experimental connection of ARPANET, PRNET (Packet Radio Network) and SATNET (Atlantic Packet Satellite Network); this became one of the first incarnations of the Internet. ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Network) – landline network SATNET (Atlantic Packet Satellite Network) – satellite network PRNET (Packet Radio Network) – mobile network These three networks had different communication protocols and transmission mediums (landline, satellite, and radio), which TCP/IP would provide a single universal communication protocol for.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web INTERNET: ARPANET, SATNET, PRNET https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Internet_Demonstration,_1977.jpg  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web * https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/ARPANET_final.pdf  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web TCP/IP: Internet 1981 - CSNET commissioned by NSF to connect US computer science departments and academic research centers. CSNET would become a part of NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network). NSFNET would form the early backbone of Internet. March 1982 - TCP/IP adopted by US Military as standard protocols. IBM, AT&T, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)* early adopters January 1, 1983 - ARPANET switched to using TCP/IP, creating modern Internet as we know today. 1985 – NSF funds 5 super computing centers: Princeton University Cornell University Carnegie Melon, University of Pittsburgh, and Westinghouse (Jointly hosted) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of California, San Diego * DEC would go on to become Compaq Computer Corp. then merges with Hewlett Packard.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web 36 TCP/IP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ensures integrity of network communication breaks files and messages into pieces (packets) packets contain info: destination, source, sequence number, and checksum values (verify integrity of data) TCP packet header contains source and destination ports IP (Internet Protocol) Works with TCP to route packets to correct destination. packet is forwarded to next closest router each device/router has unique IP address IP header contains source and destination IP addresses https://blog.apnic.net/2018/06/18/a-closer-look-at-ip-headers/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web TCP RFC (1981) TCP - Transfer Communication Protocol RFC is “Request for Comments” Protocol specification https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web TCP Functional Specification (RFC 1981)  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web TCP Functional Specification (RFC 1981)  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web TCP Functional Specification (RFC 1981)  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ARPANET: April 1984  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web CSNET: Joins Internet (1984)  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee - Enquire at CERN Background - British software developer, graduated with B.A. in Physics (1976) from The Queen's College, Oxford. His parents both computer scientists worked on the first commercially produced general purpose computer Ferranti Mark 1, aka the Manchester Electronic Computer Berners-Lee develops Enquire (1980), a software system that maps individual researchers to the various software, equipment, and projects they are involved. Work completed as visiting researcher at CERN. Berners-Lee leaves CERN and regrettably hands only floppy disk with Enquire code to anonymous worker. The disk would be lost. The disk and Enquire would be lost… but Berners-Lee would return to CERN nearly a decade later to commence work on the eventual World Wide Web (WWW). Berners-Lee later explained that having to re-implement Enquire from scratch rather than extend the prototype programs on the floppy disk, improved the new prototype software that would serve as the foundation for the WWW. CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), Switzerland*  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Existing Technology Mouse, point-and-click UI (user interface) Berners-Lee asserts he was unaware of Douglas Engelbart’s invention of the mouse or his demo of a point-and-click information retrieval system. Mouse invention (1964) - Engelbart invents mouse at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Mother of All Demos (1968) - Engelbart demos NLS (oNLine System), a hyper collaborative knowledge environment system with a point and click mouse interface. Hyperlinks - Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Hyperlink (1965) - Ted Nelson introduces hyperlink terminology, 2:25 min in video.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Mouse - circa 1964 Firsts: The Mouse, Administrator and Institute https://dougengelbart.org/content/view/162/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web World Wide Web (WWW) March 1989 - Tim Berners-Lee back at CERN writes Information Management: A Proposal Proposal describes Mesh (later renamed WorldWideWeb), as a decentralized hypertext information storage and retrieval infrastructure that links online resources via hyperlinks embedded in HTML web pages. A client/server model for web page management and distribution is introduced. Individual computers use a browser (client) to request and receive web pages transmitted to them from web servers. Goal of proposal - to acquire funding to further pursue project. May 1990 - original proposal recirculated at CERN.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web World Wide Web (WWW) Tim Berners-Lee at CERN 1989 - WWW: GUI-based (graphical user interface) browser to request and display HTML web pages transmitted from an internet connected web server. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). 1990 - Develops first web client first and web server programs. WWW - both a browser and editor (client) httpd - web server Wrote initial specs for HTTP, HTML, URIs HTML - HyperText Markup Language URI - Universal Resource Identifiers HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol https://www.w3.org/about/history/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web World Wide Web (WWW) HTML - HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting) language for the web. URI - Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique and used to identify to each resource on the web. It is also commonly called a URL. HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked resources from across the web. Network Protocol - a set of established rules that specify how to format, send and receive data so that computer network endpoints, including computers, servers, routers and virtual machines, can communicate despite differences in their underlying infrastructures, designs or standards.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web NeXT Computer - Steve Jobs Company http://www.oldcomputers.net/next-cube.html  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Tim Berners Lee - NeXT Computer at CERN https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web WWW - Browser/Editor on NeXT Computer WorldWideWeb browser in 1993. http://info.cern.ch/NextBrowser1.html  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web WWW - Browser/Editor on NeXT Computer © CERN Some rights reserved. This image is freely available for non-commercial use. Jan. 1. 1990  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web CERN – Browsers for World Wide Web 1989: WorldWideWeb Browser/Editor First browser for World Wide Web Rich colors and graphics. Multiple windows, but no tabs. Ran exclusively on a NeXT desktop machine. Only small percentage of users could afford a NeXT PC. 1991: Line Mode Browser Second browser for World Wide Web. “First readily accessible” browser. Cross platform (multiple operating systems). Most computers were not powerful enough in 1991 to run WorldWideWeb. Line mode browser helped spread the nascent web.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Line Mode Browser (1991) A team made up of Tim Berners-Lee, Henrik Frystyk Nielsen and Nicola Pellow designed a simple browser called Line Mode Browser (The Libwww Line Mode Browser). This was the second browser ever made for the World Wide Web. https://www.webdesignmuseum.org/web-design-history/line-mode-browser-1991  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web NCSA Mosaic 1.0 (1993) http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/enabling/mosaic  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Mosaic Web Browser Marc Andreessen: led team of undergrad programmers at NCSA in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. Mosaic: point-and-click graphical browser January 1993: released a Unix version written by Andreesen August 1993: released Macintosh and Windows versions December 1993: Free and Simple Link to Computer Network in The New York Times. End of 1993: downloads from the NCSA average rate of more than a thousand per day  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Mosaic Web Browser 1993: Mosaic GUI Web Browser Marc Andreessen and graduate students developed National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) , University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign Development began in June 1993 - Internal testing Only 1994: Marc Andreessen, Jim Clark (SGI) and classmates start: Mosaic Communications Corp, later Netscape Mozilla Firefox is a descendant of Netscape Navigator Browser wars with Microsoft’s Explorer, on the horizon…  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Mosaic VERSION 0.1A -Features Native support for accessing documents and data using: World Wide Web, gopher, Anonymous FTP, and NNTP (Usenet News) protocols. Support for archie, finger, whois, and Veronica (as well as others) through gateways. Full HTML display Support for inline GIF images embedde in HTML documents. Internal sound support for: Sun/NeXT/DEC.AU audio files Support for: GIF, JPEG, MPEG, QuickTime for Windows, Microsoft Video for Windows, Postcript and other documents via forking to appropriate viewers (user configurable) http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/enabling/mosaic/versions  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Mosaic VERSION 0.1A -Features Full hypertext support, including using inlined images as anchors Optional toolbar with shortcut buttons Optional status bar to display hyperlink destinations Scrolling for large documents Status of loading/decoding shown in status bar http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/enabling/mosaic/versions  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web NCSA Directors: December 1993 CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web WWW: Open Source to Creation of W3C April 30, 1993: CERN issued a public statement stating that the three components of Web software (the basic line-mode client, the basic server and the library of common code) were put in the Public Domain. December 8, 1993: NY Times Article Summer 1994: Tim Berners-Lee left CERN to create the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web WWW: Open Source https://cds.cern.ch/record/1164399  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Netscape Communications - Significant Contributions Netscape Communications, originally named Mosaic Communications Corporation, was an American company pivotal in the early development of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Founding: It was founded by James H. Clark and Marc Andreessen in 1994. Netscape Navigator: They developed the Netscape Navigator web browser, which was once the most popular browser before being overtaken by competitors like Internet Explorer. Acquired by America Online (AOL) in 1999 for $10 Billion  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Netscape Communications - Significant Contributions JavaScript: An early Netscape employee, Brendan Eich, created JavaScript, which is now the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages1. HTTP Cookies: Lou Montulli, a founding engineer at Netscape, invented HTTP cookies, crucial for web functionality. SSL Protocol: Netscape developed the SSL protocol for securing online communications, which was the precursor to today’s TLS protocol1. Mozilla Foundation: After releasing the source code for its browser, Netscape created the Mozilla Organization, which later became the Mozilla Foundation, responsible for the Firefox browser.  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web ACM Turing Award - Significant Contribution ACM - Association of Computing Machinery (major professional organization in CS) The ACM A.M. Turing Award was named for Alan M. Turing, the British mathematician who articulated the mathematical foundation and limits of computing, and who was a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher during World War II. Since its inception in 1966, the Turing Award has honored the computer scientists and engineers who created the systems and underlying theoretical foundations that have propelled the information technology industry. Accompanied by a prize of $1,000,000, ACM’s most prestigious award is given to recognize contributions of a technical nature which are of lasting and major technical importance to the computing field. Financial support of the A.M. Turing Award is provided by Google Inc.’ https://awards.acm.org/turing  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Turing Awards Recipients Douglas Engelbart was awarded the 1999 Turing Award “For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision.” Tim Berners-Lee was awarded the 2016 Turing Award “For inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale.”  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Turing Awards Recipients Vinton (“Vint”) Cerf was jointly awarded the 2004 Turing Award Robert (“Bob”) Khan was jointly awarded the 2004 Turing Award “For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.”  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Jim Clark - Co-founder Netscape Jim Clark discusses Netscape Communications formation, early features, eventual end, with his opinion of Microsoft’s efforts in the Browser Wars. Jim Clark on early days of Netscape: met w/Marc Andreessen to redo Mosaic & took to commercial space Q: Are the Internet and the World Wide Web the same thing? Internet: networks of computers connected via a globally connected communication network. Protocols: TCP/IP Email: POP3/IMAP/SMTP File transfer: (FTP), secure shell (SSH) World Wide Web: documents and resources linked to one another via hypertext to form a connected “web" of information. HTML - HyperText Markup Language HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol URL - Uniform Resource Locator Software - web clients, web servers  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Microsoft Internet Explorer Microsoft bundled Internet Explorer into Windows 95’. Bundling software means to include for free with a more expansive software product such an operating system (Windows 95’) Microsoft incorporated Internet Explorer 4.0 into Windows 98’. This inclusion of Explorer and a combined piece of software with the Windows operating system raised the interest of the US Justice Department. The US Justice Department investigated Microsoft for attempting to put upstart browser companies out of business or prevent them from entering market. Microsoft Operating System (OS) Market Dominance  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web X Microsoft Operating System (OS) Market Dominance https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1159610,00.asp  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Anti-Trust and Monopoly Definition of monopoly 1: exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action 2: exclusive possession or control Definition of antitrust consisting of laws to protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraints and monopolies or unfair business practices US Antitrust Laws Sherman Act: 1890 as a "comprehensive charter of economic liberty aimed at preserving free and unfettered competition as the rule of trade." Federal Trade Commission Act: 1914 which created the FTC. Primary purpose is consumer protectionism, enforce fair trade practices. Clayton Act: 1914 regulated mergers and interlocking directorates. https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Microsoft US Antitrust Suit (1998) Resolution MS Settles Case (2002) U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly (new to case) entered consent decree agreement between two parties defendant agrees to take specific actions without admitting fault/liability court maintains jurisdiction/oversight, ensure agreement terms executed levy harsher penalties if held in contempt details of agreement public Agreement Terms Barred Microsoft from agreements that excluded competitors from new Windows-based computers. Forced to make Windows interoperable with non-Microsoft software. Established independent technical committee to mediate complaints from competitors. Extended twice until May 12, 2011. Bill Gates announces he will step down as CEO on Jan 13, 2000 (before the settlement) https://www.forbes.com/2000/01/13/mu7.html?sh=b3b3d95d83cb  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Microsoft US Antitrust Suit (1998) Resolution MS Settles Case (2002) U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly (new to case) entered consent decree agreement between two parties defendant agrees to take specific actions without admitting fault/liability court maintains jurisdiction/oversight, ensure agreement terms executed levy harsher penalties if held in contempt details of agreement public Agreement Terms Barred Microsoft from agreements that excluded competitors from new Windows-based computers. Forced to make Windows interoperable with non-Microsoft software. Established independent technical committee to mediate complaints from competitors. Extended twice until May 12, 2011. Bill Gates announces he will step down as CEO on Jan 13, 2000 (before the settlement) https://www.forbes.com/2000/01/13/mu7.html?sh=b3b3d95d83cb  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web Jim Clark - Co-founder Netscape Jim Clark discusses Netscape Communications formation, early features, eventual end, with his opinion of Microsoft’s efforts in the Browser Wars. Jim Clark on early days of Netscape: met w/Marc Andreessen to redo Mosaic & took to commercial space  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web 25 Web Traffic 1994-1995 https://www.w3.org/History.html  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web 28 Internet Growth - KeyFactors World Population October 03, 2023 More than 8 billion people on Earth https://www.census.gov/popclock/world Smartphones and Mobile Technology People are connected at work, school, coffee shops, hotels, restaurants, airplanes, shopping malls, concerts, weddings, vacations, etc. Over time, smart phones become more affordable and internet access becomes more accessible, which leads to wider global spread and use. Social Networks FB started in 2004 2.064 billion daily users (2023) https://www.statista.com/statistics/346167/facebook-global-dau/  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web DNS Server DNS (Domain Name System) server Translates www.google.com to 216.58.193.206, so your computer can find it. Human-readable domain to numeric IP address eduroam-1-2-10-25-197-93:~ *****$ ping google.com PING google.com (216.58.193.206): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 216.58.193.206: icmp_seq=0 ttl=52 time=7.115 ms 64 bytes from 216.58.193.206: icmp_seq=1 ttl=52 time=13.619 ms 64 bytes from 216.58.193.206: icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=6.939 ms --- google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0.0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 6.939/9.224/13.619/3.108 ms eduroam-1-2-10-25-197-93:~ *****$  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web OSI (Open Source Interconnection) 7 Layer Model browser, mail client encryption sockets, ports TCP, UDP IPv4, IPv6 MAC address electric, light, radio signals  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web IPv4 v. IPv6 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) uses 32-bit addressing 255.255.255.255, each tuple (0 to 255) approx. 4 Billion addresses IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) will extend iPv4 uses 128-bit addressing, number of addresses. 340, 282, 366, 920, 938, 463, 463, 347, 607, 431, 768, 211, 456 approx. 3.4×1038 trillion 1012  CS 6 – Effective Use of the World Wide Web References 1. “Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet | RAND.” Rand.Org, RAND Corporation, www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html. Accessed 6 Apr. 2021. 2. Baran, Paul, On Distributed Communications Networks. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1962. https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2626.html. 3. The (Second Phase of the) Revolution Has Begun: https://www.wired.com/1994/10/mosaic/ 4. Later, Navigator: How Netscape Won and Then Lost the World Wide Web: https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/web/a27033147/netscape- navigator-history/ 5. Licensing the Web: https://home.cern/science/computing/birth- web/licensing-web 6. Joseph Hardin: NCSA Mosaic: https://youtu.be/-c8iWUh3Sv4