History of the Mosaic Web Browser

CS 6 - EFFECTIVE USE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB

• CS 6 course on the effective use of the World Wide Web (WWW)
• Course instructor: R. Rusich

INTERNET & WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

• Internet: A collection of interconnected and interoperable computer networks spanning the globe.
• Internet is a global network for sharing digital resources among geographically separated computers.
• Internet Backbone:
  • Intercontinental Submarine cables (under seas)
  • US Fiber Optic Cable Networks (terrestrial)
  • Other networks (e.g., UCR Wireless, home ISPs, mobile/cellular networks)

SUBMARINE CABLE MAP

• Global map depicting intercontinental submarine cables connecting various locations
• Map illustrates physical infrastructure of the internet

UNDER SEA CABLES

• Modern submarine cables utilize fiber-optic technology for high-speed data transmission
• Thin glass fiber cables carry laser signals
• Cables are wrapped in multiple layers of plastic and occasionally steel wire for protection

US FIBER OPTIC CABLE NETWORK

• Map showing location of physical conduits for US fiber optic cable networks
• Illustrates the vast network of fiber optic cables in the continental US

FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY

• Charles K. Kao (February 1966), pioneer of optical fiber and 2009 Nobel Prize recipient
• Key figure in the development of fiber optic technology
• Early development of fiber optic technology for data transmission

J.C.R. LICKLIDER - TIMELINE TO IPTO

• 1950: J.C.R. Licklider joined MIT faculty as an Associate Professor
• 1957: Licklider left MIT to join Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc. (BBN)
• 1962: Licklider became the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
• 1962 publication of "Galactic Network"

SOCIAL INTERACTION THROUGH COMPUTER NETWORKS

• August 1962: J.C.R. Licklider's memos, "Galactic Network" describing the social significance of computer networks
• 1968 publication of "The Computer as a Communication Device," by J.C.R. Licklider and Robert Taylor
• Describes online communities for geographically dispersed users with common interests

IPTO AND ARPANET

• Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO): oversaw early computer science research programs in the US
• Funded early CS areas like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Graphics, Time Sharing, and Super Computing
• Director Licklider convinced successors of the importance of computer networks
• Ivan Sutherland succeeded Licklider as director of IPTO
• Robert Taylor served as a deputy to Sutherland at IPTO
• Bob Taylor became director IPTO in 1966 and hired Larry Roberts as the program manager for the ARPANET project

INFORMATION PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OFFICE (IPTO)

• IPTO funded computing research when ARPANET was initiated: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Graphics, Time Sharing, and Super Computing
• Map showing IPTO research centers and their related areas
• Abbate's 1999 work, "Inventing the Internet"

PACKET-SWITCHING

• Paul Baran (1960): Introduced packet-switching technology at RAND Corporation
• Donald Watts Davies independently invented packet-switching
• Motivation: Soviet nuclear strike that threatened US strategic forces and communication capabilities

PACKET-SWITCHING v. CIRCUIT-SWITCHING

• Circuit switching (traditional telephony): single dedicated path
• Packet switching: breaks data into packets, each packet follows its own path, and reassembled at the destination
• Interactive communication: send/receive short commands/responses
• Single-packet messages less likely to be blocked by large files
• Corruption only affects the individual packet

ARPANET 1969

• Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
• Robert Taylor succeeded Licklider as IPTO director
• IPTO contracted with BBN to produce Interface Message Processor (IMP) devices
• UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and University of Utah each received an IMP machine
• Leonard Kleinrock’s initial work on packet network theory

ARPANET 1969

• First computer-to-computer signal sent between UCLA and SRI (October 29, 1969)
• Transmitted letters 'L' and 'O' (LOGIN) leading to the initial success of the ARPANET transmission

IMP - INTERFACE MESSAGE PROCESSOR

• IMP: Interface Message Processor, crucial for early ARPANET
• Developed at BBN Technologies, initially Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.

SIGMA 7: SCIENTIFIC DATA SYSTEMS (1966)

• Data system component
• Important system used during the time of early network development

PDP-10 (1964-1983) - DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION

• Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-10 (DECsystem 10) computer
• Important component used in early network systems

ARPANET

• Resilient to outages/damage: networks continued to function even when parts were down.
• Uses: Government, Research, Academic
• NSF's CSNET: connects to ARPANET to create more interconnected/interoperable networks
• TCP/IP: became a standard for global communication
• Made intercommunication possible across landline, satellite, and radio packet networks
• Allowed hosts with different interfaces and software to communicate with each other

ARPANET (1969-1971)

• Diagrammatic timeline visualising the expanding network

ARPANET (1971)

• Another map visualising the network development

ARPANET (1972-1973)

• Detailed maps show the growth and expansion of the ARPANET over time
• The maps illustrate the increasing number of interconnected nodes

ARPANET – LOGICAL MAP

• Illustrates the interconnected relationships and logical map of various nodes in the ARPANET
• Detailed map of the interconnected nodes and communication flow.

ARPANET (1976-1977)

• Detailed maps illustrate the expanded geographic regions and increasing connections through the network
• The maps also specify different types of connections (including satellite)

AN INTERNET: TCP/IP

• Bob Kahn (director of DARPA's IPTO): hired Vint Cerf as program manager
• 1976: Kahn and Cerf began working on TCP/IP
• 1977: Kahn and Cerf oversaw implementation of TCP/IP, connections of ARPANET, PRNET (Packet Radio Network) and SATNET (Atlantic Packet Satellite Network)

INTERNET: ARPANET, SATNET, PRNET

• Diagrams illustrating the interconnected network of ARPANET, SATNET, and PRNET
• Showing how these networks formed the basis of the Internet and their geographic distribution.

THE EVOLUTION OF ARPANET

• Diagram of ARPANET's evolution across time.
• Illustrates the ongoing development stage of the web throughout the years.

TCP/IP: INTERNET

• 1981: CSNET commissioned by NSF
• CSNET became part of NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network)
• 1982: TCP/IP adopted by US Military
• January 1, 1983: ARPANET switched to using TCP/IP
• 1985: NSF funded supercomputing centers

TCP/IP - TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL

• Ensures network communication integrity, breaks down data/files, and packets contain destination/source information.

TCP RFC (1981) - REQUEST FOR COMMENTS

• TCP Transfer Communication Protocol document from 1981
• Protocol specification

TCP FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION (RFC 1981)

• Detailed specification of TCP in terms of its structure, functions, and mechanisms

WWW: - Browser/Editor on NeXT Computer

• Tim Berners-Lee (at CERN) created the World Wide Web
• Using a NeXT computer: develops GUI-based browser for World Wide Web in 1989
• HTML, HTTP, URIs were created

WWW: BROWSER/EDITOR ON NEXT COMPUTER

• Information on displaying web documents using different platforms and functionalities
• Shows the structure and content of the early browsing/editing system

WWW - OPEN SOURCE TO CREATION OF W3C

• 1993: CERN put key components (client, server, library) of WWW in the public domain.
• 1993: NYTimes article on WWW
• 1994: Tim Berners-Lee left CERN to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT

WWW: OPEN SOURCE

• CERN's statement on putting W3 software in the public domain (April 30, 1993)
• Article in NYT (December 8, 1993) about the new public software initiative
• Tim Berners-Lee established W3C in 1994

NETSSCAPE COMMUNICATIONS

• Company crucial for the early development of the Internet and WWW
• Founded in 1994 by James H. Clark and Marc Andreessen
• Developed Netscape Navigator
• Acquired by AOL (America Online) in 1999

NETSSCAPE COMMUNICATIONS - SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS

• JavaScript (Brendan Eich)
• HTTP cookies (Lou Montulli)
• SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) Protocol for secure online communication

ACM TURING AWARD

• Major professional organization in computer science, named after Alan Turing.
• Honoring computer scientists and engineers who created systems and underlying theoretical foundations.
• $1,000,000 awards given
• Google Inc. provides financial support.

TURING AWARDS RECIPIENTS

• Douglas Engelbart (1999 Turing Award)
• Tim Berners-Lee (2016 Turing Award)
• Vinton Cerf, and Robert Khan (2004 Turing Award)
• Describing the individuals that have made significant contributions to the internet's technical development

JIM CLARK - CO-FOUNDER NETSSCAPE

• Jim Clark, co-founder of Netscape, discussing the formation and early features of the company
• Discussing the eventual end of Netscape and Microsoft's efforts in the Browser Wars.

WEB TRAFFIC (1994-1995)

• Shows increasing web server traffic data, including weekday and weekend loads (1994-1995)
• Graph illustrates increasing data usage

INTERNET GROWTH KEY FACTORS

• World population surpassing 8 billion in October 2023
• Increase of smartphone/mobile technology use
• Development and availability of affordable/accessible internet access

DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM) SERVER

• DNS server translates human-readable domain names (like www.google.com) into numerical IP addresses (216.58.193.206)
• Enables computers to find each other on the network.

OSI (OPEN SOURCE INTERCONNECTION) 7 LAYER MODEL

• Model for computer networking, defining how different parts interact
• Diagrams presenting a detailed representation and visual explanation of the layers

IPv4 v. IPv6

• IPv4: 32-bit addressing (255.255.255.255) supporting ≈4 billion addresses.
• IPv6: 128-bit addressing, providing a vastly larger address space (>3.4 × 1038)

MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER

• Microsoft bundled Internet Explorer into Windows 95, increasing its market share
• This raised antitrust concerns, with the US Justice Department investigating Microsoft.

MICROSOFT OPERATING SYSTEM(OS) MARKET DOMINANCE

• Market share of various operating systems in years, including Windows, Macintosh, Unix, Linux, OS/2
• Chart/graphs depicting the rising dominance of Windows 95/98/NT, along with market share trends of other OSs over time

ANTI-TRUST AND MONOPOLY

• Monopoly defined as exclusive ownership or control over something (through legal, commanding, or concerted action)
• Antitrust laws protecting trade and commerce

MICROSOFT US ANTITRUST LAWSUIT (1998) RESOLUTION

• Microsoft's settlement regarding US antitrust suit in 2002
• Includes details from the decree (agreement between 2 parties) and agreement terms

REFERENCES

• Various sources mentioned in specific sections.

Test your knowledge on the development and impact of the Mosaic web browser. Explore key figures, features, and contributions to the Internet from its inception through the early 1990s. This quiz covers crucial moments that shaped web technology.