Practical Research 2 Past Paper PDF 2024-2025

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City RESEARCH is comes from the French word(s); CERCHIER - to search with intensive force. (O’Donelle,2012) RECHERCHÉ -...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City RESEARCH is comes from the French word(s); CERCHIER - to search with intensive force. (O’Donelle,2012) RECHERCHÉ - the act of searching closely. (T.Allen,2016) Additionally, the word “research” is a combination of the prefix “re-” which means “again”, and the word “search” which means “to look for”. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City RESEARCH To summarize, it is a process of looking for information once again. Its main objective is to answer questions and acquire new information, whether to solve a problem or to shed light on confusing facts. In addition, research refers to the scholarly activity that consists of addressing a specific problem through data collection, analysis, and interpretation of scientific information or facts. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Characteristics of RESEARCH Logical Replicability Cyclical Methodical Analytical Critical CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Characteristics of RESEARCH LOGICAL - It should be based on valid procedures and principles. CYCLICAL - It should start from identifying a problem and ends with another problem to enhance the present research or start a new one. ANALYTICAL - It should break information into small categories to conclude. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Characteristics of RESEARCH CRITICAL - It should derive its judgment from observing a careful evaluation of facts. METHODICAL - It should done by following the established research procedure with systematically process. REPLICABILITY - It provides the readers enough detailed information that the research can be replicated to arrive at a valid conclusion CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH Empirical Approach Experiments Hypotheses Conclusion Question Analyses Observation Replication CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH EMPIRICAL - Knowledge is gained through direct APPROACH observation and experimentation. Only those data derived from scientific procedures are considered factual. Thereby, you ignore your preconceived notion about the construct understudy. You also disregard your feelings and opinions about it. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH OBSERVATION - Your awareness of your environment constitutes your ideas. But if you rely on your awareness alone, it results in information bias, decreasing the validity of your findings. To increase the veracity of the information you gained from observation, you have to measure it carefully using an appropriate instrument. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH QUESTION - Knowledge comes from inquiries that are answerable. It must be answered through scientific investigation and must generate tangible proof. A question is unanswerable when it deemed impossible for realistic exploration, no matter how intriguing it may be. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH HYPOTHESES - An educated guess, or hypothesis, is an attempt to explain a phenomena. Once formulated, it should help you to formulate a prediction. Therefore, it must be a testable for analysis and interpretation. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS - The given hypothesis should assure testability is a crafted condition for accuracy and reliability of results. The process of experimentation itself is a proof of scientific procedures. And so, the findings are considered truthful. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH ANALYSES - For findings to be reliable, the data gathered are subjected for analysis through statistical methods. The statistical treatment to be employed depends on the design of the study, type of data, and given questions. You have to use statistics because it presents numerical evidence of the degree in which the results are considered valid and reliable. Also, it minimizes the chance of having a faulty conclusion about the object of investigation. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH CONCLUSION - The process of making inferences involves concrete data to rule out opinions. Usually, a conclusion must be objective and supported by meticulous analysis of data. You should avoid adding more to what is literally available. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH REPLICATION - It means doing the same study once again to a different set of participants to test the soundness of the obtained results. The importance and prevalence of replication research varies greatly on the discipline and research area. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Scientific Method in RESEARCH REPLICATION -different It means doing the same study once again to a set of participants to test the soundness of the obtained results. The importance and prevalence of replication research varies greatly on the discipline and research area. Conducting the study for the several times will pave the way for additional and essential purposes:  Establishment of reliability of findings.  Discovery of new knowledge  Ascertainment of the generalizability of results CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Goals of RESEARCH DESCRIPTION - This refers to the way in which the phenomena being studied is defined, classified, and categorized. The goal of describing is to provide essential information. METHODICAL - Is to control one’s action and behavior through careful planning derived from a given set of information. REPLICABILITY - This is the process of analyzing information to find out the causes behind the phenomena. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Importance of RESEARCH Research is essential for the following reasons: 1) Knowledge is established. 2) Perceptions are corrected. 3) Phenomena is validated. 4) Present solutions are tested for effectivity. 5) Problems are solved. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City  Constructs and Variables of RESEARCH CONTRUCTS - are mental abstractions derived from the combination of concepts, or your mental representation of the world around you. CONCEPTS: age, sex, height, weight, attitude, pollution, education CONSTRUCTS: Age – young or old Sex – male or female Height – small, medium, large Weight – light, heavy Attitude – good or bad Pollution – land, air, water CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Constructs and Variables of RESEARCH VARIABLES - are constructs that can be understood differently because of their differences in values. As objects of study must be measured to be able to generate data for analysis and to be used as additional knowledge. It can be observed directly and indirectly. Variables that are based direct observations are those that can be easily gauged by the senses. In indirect observations can be determined only by using tools or instruments. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Kinds of VARIABLES Independent Confounding Dependent Extraneous Categorical Quantitative Continuous Qualitative CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Quantitative RESEARCH - It tests hypotheses and makes predictions through measured amounts, and ultimately describes an event by using numerical figures. In this regard, objectivity of results is guarantee. According to Baraceros (2016), statistics, numbers, measurements, and objective thinking would indicate a quantitative research. Furthermore, it is an objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena using computational techniques. This type of research is often reflected by the word numerical. Therefore, quantitative research is a type of research that makes experiences and phenomena more meaningful and understood through gathering information. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Main Characteristics of the Quantitative RESEARCH A. All collected information should mainly be based on respondents’ responses. Researchers should avoid the inclusion of personal bias. This means that data should be empirical. B. The data are usually gathered using more structured research instruments. C. The data collected during the research process are measurable by numbers. They will later be subjected to statistical analysis for interpretation. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Main Characteristics of the Quantitative RESEARCH D. The results are based on larger sample sizes are representative of the population. E. Focus only on one set of concepts (variables) that you preselect to measure in your research. F. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability or accuracy. i. Replication detects fraud or findings that lack internal validity. Without replication, a study’s findings can never be certain. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City Main Characteristics of the Quantitative RESEARCH G. The researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought. H. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are collected. I. The project can be used to generalize concepts more likely, predict future results, or investigate casual relationships. J. The researcher uses questionnaires or other forms of research tools to collect numerical data. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City STRENGTHS of the Quantitative RESEARCH A. Study results are more objective and accurate. Usually, to support a certain generalization by using a summary of data, quantitative research employs certain procedures on a few variables to ensure the reliability of data. Therefore, there are small chances of misinterpretation of the research. B. It involves a greater number of subjects and enables a broader study, as well as enhancing the generalization of the results. Using statistical techniques would allow you to have comprehensive analysis and a way to understand a large number of data characteristics. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City STRENGTHS of the Quantitative RESEARCH C. It is easy to analyze numerical data. The findings from the data can be used to generalize the population studied by using valid statistics models. D. When the right procedure is used, it can be replicated, as well as analyzed in comparison with other similar works. You can summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time. Therefore, the standardized approach would make it easy for other studies to apply the study in a different context. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City TYPES of Quantitative RESEARCH 1) Descriptive Research a) Correlational Research b) Survey 2) Casual-comparative Research 3) Experimental Research a) True Experimental b) Quasi-Experimental CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City TYPES of Quantitative RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE Research – it involves the collection of data to either test a hypothesis or describe the variables mentioned in the study. Data, which are typically numeric, are collected through surveys, interviews, or observations. This kind of research describes the present status of the topic/variable being studied to provide systematic information about the phenomenon. A hypothesis is not necessary at the beginning of the study. However, it is developed by the researcher after collecting all the needed information. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City TYPES of Quantitative RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Research – It attempts to determine the level of relation between two or more quantifiable variables. The correlation between two variables does not mean that one variable causes the other, but it can be used to predict their values. This study measures the extent of the relationship between two variables being investigated using statistical information. By doing this, trends and patterns will be identified, but their causes are not being analyzed in this study. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City TYPES of Quantitative RESEARCH CASUAL-COMPARATIVE Research – it attempts to established cause-effect relationships among the variables of the study. In this research, the independent variable usually involves a demographic (e.g. gender, race, social status) in which the researcher has no control. He or she will test how the independent variable will cause a significant effect on the dependent variable, which is the outcome of the study. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City TYPES of Quantitative RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL Research – it is similar to casual- comparative research, in that is also measure the effect of the independent variable (cause) to the dependent variable (effect); however, the researcher can control the independent variables in the study, wherein the participants are randomly assigned. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City TYPES of Quantitative RESEARCH QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL Research – an alternative to determine the causes and effects between two variables that cannot be subjected to experimental control. Most of the time, this research design is used on a naturally given phenomenon and its effect on the people who are experiencing the occurrence. CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City CORINTIAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2024 – 2025 Division of Valenzuela City