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CROPSCI1 Principles of Crop Science and Mg’t Grace C. Olar Faculty, CSU-CAA CHAPTER II. NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF PLANTS College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph ...

CROPSCI1 Principles of Crop Science and Mg’t Grace C. Olar Faculty, CSU-CAA CHAPTER II. NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF PLANTS College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter II. Nature and Composition of Plants Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph 2A. The Plant Cell: Parts and Function 2B. The Anatomical Regions of a Plant Body 2C. The Plant Organs 2D. Monocot vs. Dicot  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Cell ❑ Cells are the structural and functional units of life (Figure 3–1). ❑ Most important conceptual advances in the history of biology, because it provided a unifying theme, encompassed in the cell theory ❑ Cell theory proposed that the bodies of plants and animals are aggregations of individual, differentiated cell  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell ❑ fundamental unit of plant life - Basis for an understanding of plant life as well as the foundation of modern research in increasing quality and quantity of plant products for the future ❑ Smallest unit of the plant where hereditary materials are found to direct the growth and development of the plant as well as the growth processes (photosynthesis etc.) ❑ differs from animal cells primarily due to the presence of cell wall and various forms of plastids  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell ❑ The plant cell typically consists of a more or less rigid cell wall and a protoplast. ❑ The term “protoplast” is derived from the word protoplasm, which is used to refer to the contents of cells. ❑ A protoplast consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus. The cytoplasm includes distinct cell organelles.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Cell Wall Outer covering of the plant cell, provides protection of the inner parts of the cell Middle Lamella Pectin Holds cell together Primary cell wall Cellulose and First wall laid down lignin Thin, wall layer formed before and during growth of the cell Secondary cell wall Lipid and Strengthen wall protein Rigid, thicker wall formed after cell completes growth  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Cell Membrane Lipid and (1) Separates the interior of the cell protein from the outside environment (2) Mediates the transport of substances into and out of the cell (3) it coordinates the synthesis and assembly of cell wall microfibrils (cellulose); and (4) it detects and facilitates responses to hormonal and environmental signals involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Compositio Description and Function n Cytoplasm Chlorophyll, Gel-like material that occupies the carotene, intracellular space formed by the plasma protein & membrane lipid Cytosol The rest of the cytoplasm—the “cellular soup,” or cytoplasmic matrix, in which the nucleus, various entities, and membrane systems are suspended—is called the cytosol.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composit Description and Function ion Nucleus DNA, (1) it controls the ongoing activities of the RNA, and cell by determining which protein Protein molecules are produced by the cell and when they are produced. (2) it stores the genetic information (DNA), passing it on to the daughter cells in the course of cell division. The total genetic information stored in the nucleus is referred to as the nuclear genome. Nucleolus RNA & The site of formation of ribosomal subunits Protein (large and small), which are then transferred, via the nuclear pores, to the cytosol, where they are assembled to form ribosomes. Nuclear Lipid and Defines the nucleus membrane protein  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Ribosome RNA and (1) Consist of large and a small protein subunit, which are produced in the nucleolus and exported to the cytoplasm, where they are assembled into a ribosome. (2) Site of protein synthesis Golgi bodies (G. Lipid and Secretes proteins and Appartus; protein carbohydrate products from the Dictyosomes) cell to its external environment  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Cytoskeleton microtubules and Helps cells maintain their actin filaments shape and internal organization, provides mechanical support on essential functions like cell division  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Chloroplast Protein Enzymes of CO2 fixation reactions of photosynthesis (1) sites of photosynthesis (2) contain chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments. The chlorophyll pigments are responsible for the green color of these plastids. The carotenoids are yellow and orange pigments. Thylakoids Chlorophyll, A flattened disc that carotene, resemble a stack of coins. protein & lipid Grana vs. Granum Stroma The areas between grana  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Plastids Starch, lipid and Manufacturing and storing food protein Types: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, & leucoplasts - each plastid is surrounded by an envelope consisting of two membranes.  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Vacuole Water and Storage and transport, intracellular dissolved environmental stability, and response mineral to injury Important role in cell enlargement and the maintenance of tissue rigidity Mitochondria Lipid and (1) Powerhouse of the cell protein (2) Site of cellular respiration, producing principle energy source (ATP) for the cells metabolic response (3) they play a pivotal role in programmed cell death, the genetically determined process that leads to the death of the cell. P  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Endoplasmic Lipid and Multiple functions, including reticulum protein protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER) Communication system within the cells, channeling material proteins and lipids to different parts of the cell Rough ER consists of flattened disks or sacs called cristernae with numerous ribosomes attached to its outer surface Smooth ER consist of a system of tubules: lacks ribosomes  College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Chapter 2A. The Plant Cells: Parts and Function Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph Plant Cell Parts Composition Description and Function Microbody Lipid and Spherical organelles bounded protein by a single membrane Some microbodies called peroxisomes play an important role in glycolic acid metabolisms associated with photorespiration Other called glyoxysomes contains enzymes needed for the conversion of fats into carbohydrates during Questions? College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries Caraga State University Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph