CropScience Chapter 2(Whole) PDF

Separates the interior of the cell from outside environment CHAPTER 2A. PLANT CELLS: PARTS AND FUNCTION Mediates the transport of substances...

Separates the interior of the cell from outside environment CHAPTER 2A. PLANT CELLS: PARTS AND FUNCTION Mediates the transport of substances CELL Coordinates with synthesis and assembly of cell Are the structural and functional units of life wall ○ CELL THEORY- proposed that the bodies of plants and Detects and facilitates responses to hormonal animals are aggregations of individual differentiated and environmental signals for cell growth and cell differentiation PLANT CELL ○ CYTOPLASM Fundamental unit of plant life COMPOSITION: Chlorophyll, carotene, Smallest unit of the plant protein & lipid ○ DIFFERS from animal cells primarily due to the Gel-like material that occupies the intracellular presence of cell wall and various forms of plastids space formed by the plasma membrane PLANT CELL ○ CYTOSOL Typically consists of a more or less rigid cell wall and a The cellular soup or cytoplasmic matrix, in which protoplast the nucleus and membrane systems are Term PROTOPLAST is derived from the word protoplasm, suspended. which is used to refer to the content of cells. ○ NUCLEUS ○ Consists of CYTOPLASM and NUCLEUS. The COMPOSITION: DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN cytoplasm includes distinct cell organelles. Controls the ongoing activities of the cell PARTS OF A PLANT CELL determined using protein molecules ○ CELL WALL Stores genetic information (DNA) passing to Outer covering of the plant cell, provides daughter cells in the course of cell division. protection of the inner parts of the cell. Total genetic information stored in the nucleus is ○ MIDDLE LAMELLA (COMPOSITION: PECTIN) referred to as the NUCLEAR GENOME. Holds cell together ○ NUCLEOLUS ○ PRIMARY CELL WALL COMPOSITION: RNA & PROTEIN COMPOSITION: Cellulose and lignin Site formation of ribosomal subunits (large and First wall laid down thin, formed before and small) during growth of the cell. They are transferred and assembled to the ○ SECONDARY CELL WALL cytosol to form ribosomes. COMPOSITION: Lipid and protein ○ NUCLEAR MEMBRANE Strengthen wall rigid, thicker, after cell COMPOSITION: LIPID AND PROTEIN completes growth Defines the nucleus ○ CELL MEMBRANE ○ RIBOSOME COMPOSITION: LIPID AND PROTEIN COMPOSITION: RNA & PROTEIN  Site of protein synthesis Storage and transport, intracellular stability Large and a small subunit produced in nucleolus Maintenance of tissue rigidity ○ GOLGI BODIES ○ MITOCHONDRIA COMPOSITION: LIPID AND PROTEIN Composition: LIPID AND PROTEIN Secretes proteins and carbohydrate products Powerhouse of the cell from the cell to its external environment. Site of cellular respiration ○ CYTOSKELETON ○ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM COMPOSITION: MICROTUBULES AND ACTIN COMPOSITION: LIPID AND PROTEIN FILAMENTS Protein synthesis and lipid synthesis Helps cells maintain their shape and internal Communication system within the cells, organization channeling material proteins and lipids to ○ CHLOROPLAST different parts of the cell COMPOSITION: PROTEIN ○ ROUGH ER Enzymes of CO2 fixation reactions of Consists of flattened disks and sacs called photosynthesis cristernae has numerous ribosomes, attached to ○ THYLAKOIDS its outer surface COMPOSITION: CHLOROPHYLL, CAROTENE, ○ SMOOTH ER PROTEIN & LIPID Consist of a system of tubules: lacks ribosomes Flattened disc that resemble a stack of coins ○ MICROBODY GRANA VS GRANUM COMPOSITION: LIPID AND PROTEIN ○ STROMA Spherical organelles in a single membrane The areas between grana ○ PERIXOMES ○ PLASTIDS Plays an important role in glycolic acid COMPOSITION: STARCH, LIPID AND metabolisms PROTEIN ○ GLYOXYSOMES Manufacturing and storing food Contains enzymes needed for conversion of fats CHLOROPLAST- contain chlorophyll into carbohydrates (green pigment) absorbs sunlight in photosynthesis CHROMOPLAST - contains carotenoids (red, orange, and yellow pigments.) LEUCOPLAST- Contain no pigment used to store starch ○ VACUOLE COMPOSTION: WATER AND DISSOLVED MINERAL  two major groups of flowering plants distinguished by the number of cotyledons in their seeds. MONOCOT have a fibrous root system with numerous thin roots DICOT typically have a taproot system with a single main root. PARTS IN A MONOCOT AND DICOT ROOT PERICYCLE DICOT ROOT: Give rise to lateral roots, phellogen and a part of vascular and cambium MONOCOT ROOT: Gives rise to lateral roots only typically have a taproot system with a single main root. CHAPTER 2B. ANATOMICAL REGIONS OF A PLANT VASCULAR BUNDLES BODY DICOT ROOT: Vessels appear angular or polygonal in transverse section ANATOMY MONOCOT ROOT: Vessels appear oval or rounded in Is the study of internal tissue and cell structure of plant transverse section organs PITH INTERNAL CELL STRUCTURE DICOT ROOT: Absent or poorly developed EPIDERMIS MONOCOT ROOT: Large, well developed and ○ Outer region which serves as the protective covering parenchymatous CORTEX SECONDARY GROWTH ○ Several layers of cells adjacent to the epidermis DICOT ROOT: Occurs PERICYCLE MONOCOT ROOT: Does not occur ○ Layers of cell adjacent to the cortex TISSUE SYSTEM VASCULAR BUNDLES TISSUE ○ PHLOEM - functions as the passage in the conduction A cluster of cells of plant food Alike in configuration and work together to attain a function ○ XYLEM - function as passage for the conduction of TISSUE SYSTEM water An organization of several, functionality related tissues or PITH cells in the plant body ○ Small hallow opening at the center of the stem. How various groups of tissues and their types of function ○ Absent in dicot roots differently based on their location MONOCOT AND DICOT ROOTS SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE Compose only one type of cell  Tissues: 3 BASIC CELL TYPES a) epidermis - single layer of cells on primary (herbaceous ) plant PARENCHYMA parts. Thin, non-lignified primary cell walls b) periderm or bark - a corky tissue that replaces epidermis on Filler storage and protection, photosynthesis secondary (woody) plant parts. Ex. flesh of potato, lettuce leaf 2) Vascular Tissue System COLLENCHYMA Function: Conduction of water, nutrients, sugars and hormones Unevenly thickened, non-lignified primary cell wall throughout the plant. Support in growing tissues Tissues: Ex. strings in celery stalks a) xylem - conducts water and nutrients up roots, stems and SCLERENCHYMA leaves. 2 TYPES (FIBER AND SCLEROID OR STONE CELL) b) phloem - conducts water, sugar, hormones, etc. down and up Evenly thickened, lignified (tough) secondary cell walls roots, stems and leaves; Dead at maturity moves from where produced (called sources) to where needed Support in mature tissue (called sinks). Ex. fiber- bamboo cane, sclereid- seed coat, stone cell 3) Ground or Fundamental Tissue System - pear fruit Function: Storage, support, filler tissue and site of photosynthesis. AERENCHYMA Tissues: A modification of the parenchyma to form a spongy tissue a) cortex - outer region of stems and roots. Allows exchanges of gasses between the shoot and root b) pith - center of stems. CHLORENCHYMA c) mesophyll - middle of leaves and flower petals. Contains chloroplasts and is photosynthetic. Makes up the mesophyll tissue of plant leaves COMPLEX TISSUE Compose of two or more type of cells ○ Phloem – for conduction of plant food. – composed of sieve tube, companion cells, ray cell, fiber cell, and parenchyma cell ○ Xylem – for conduction of water – composed of tracheids, vessel, element, fiber cell, ray cell, and parenchyma cell Other classification: 3 TISSUE SYSTEMS OCCUR IN PLANTS 1) Dermal Tissue System Function: Protection from the environment and water loss.