CRJS Exam #4 & #7.pdf

Unit #4 Key Terms & Concepts Alternative measures (YOA) A variety of programs under the YOA, such as mediation, designed to prevent future crime and divert youth from the courts. (p. 271) Differential involvement Refers to disproportionate minority police contact because of frequent criminal activit...

Unit #4 Key Terms & Concepts Alternative measures (YOA) A variety of programs under the YOA, such as mediation, designed to prevent future crime and divert youth from the courts. (p. 271) Differential involvement Refers to disproportionate minority police contact because of frequent criminal activity, involvement in serious crime, or persistent criminal offending. (p. 266) Differential treatment Refers to disproportionate minority police crime because of systematic inequalities in the justice system or discriminatory practices by justice personnel, including the police. (p. 266) Discretion The police decision-making power that police and other criminal justice personnel (e.gJudges and Crown prosecutors) have to make decisions with minimal legal requirements. (p. 255) Diversion A practice based on a philosophy that justice , rehabilitation, and reintegration are better served by keeping most people out of the formal justice system. (p. 254) Extrajudicial measures (YCJA) Under the YCJA, refers to processing of accused young offenders by means other than youth court or adult justice system. (p. 271) Extrajudicial sanctions (YCJA) Used under the YCJA when cases proceed to court and the provisions provide for specific sanctions and rules regarding the use of more formal diversionary programs. (p. 271, 311) Extralegal factors Factors affecting criminal or youth justice processing that are outside the jurisdiction of the law. (p. 256) High-risk youth Youth with characteristics and/or living circumstances that are known to be criminogenic. (p. 259) Mediation A form of conflict resolution that involves a third party, usually a person with professional skills, to assist two parties with a grievance or unresolved matter to reach a mutually agreeable solution. (p. 274) Net widening A tendency for policies seemingly designed to reduce the number of people in the justice system to inadvertently result in more people under the state control. (p. 280) Racial profiling Exists when racial differences in law enforcement surveillance activities cannot be totally explained by racial differences in criminal activity or other legally relevant factors. (p. 262) Reconciliation An important component of the mediation/healing process, based on the belief that a productive response to crime is to encourage all affected parties to participate in conflict resolution. Restitution Payment in money or kind to compensate victims for their loss. Restorative justice A justice model that focuses on the harm caused by crime and seeks to repair the damage done to offenders, victims, and communities. Retributive justice A system of criminal justice based on the punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation. Stigmatization The detrimental consequences for an individual of having a negative label or definition attached to his or her behaviour. (p. 271) Surveillance Mechanisms and processes by which the state keeps track of people and monitors their behaviour. (p. 256) Youth justice committees Established by the YOA and maintained by the YCJA; Made up of community volunteers, these committees assist in various aspects of the administration of the YCJA and with the delivery of programs and services for young persons. Youth justice conferencing A group of people who are asked by a decision-maker, such as a judge, to come together to give advice on the case of a young person who is involved in the criminal justice system. Unit #7 Key Terms & Concepts Cross-over kids - Children and youth who have a history of movement from the children’s mental health or child welfare system into the youth justice system. (p. 488) Hegemonic - Refers here to belief systems about power differences and how they are maintained and reinforce the interests of the powerful. (p. 428) Law reform - The processes by which laws are changed. (p.438) Neoliberal - A form of government that prioritizes setting targets and performance indicators to audit program efficiency and cost-effectiveness. (p. 419) Peacemaking circle - An alternative Aboriginal method of resolving criminal conflicts. (p. 429) Prevention - Policies and programs designed to curtail certain behaviours (e.g., criminal acts). (p. 419) Transformative justice model - Entails addressing the social inequities that existed before a crime was committed. (p. 433)