CPrt-22_LESSON-1.1-1.pdf

CPrt 22 (Approaches and Practices in Pest Management) Module 1: Economic Importance of Pests Lesson 1.1: Negative Effects of Pests to Crops 2 Lesson 1.2: Historical Developments in Pest Management 10 Module 2: Methods of Controlling Pests: Preventive Approach Lesson...

CPrt 22 (Approaches and Practices in Pest Management) Module 1: Economic Importance of Pests Lesson 1.1: Negative Effects of Pests to Crops 2 Lesson 1.2: Historical Developments in Pest Management 10 Module 2: Methods of Controlling Pests: Preventive Approach Lesson 2.1: Regulatory Pest Management 20 Lesson 2.2: Regulated Pests in the Philippines 22  Module 3: Methods of Controlling Pests: Suppressive Approach 29 Module Pretest 29 Lesson 3.1: Physical and Mechanical Methods of Pest Management 31 Lesson 3.2: Cultural Methods of Pest Management 38 References 50 Lesson 3.3. Biological Control Methods of Pest Management 52 Overview : This module will discuss the economic importance of pests and why we need to control or manage them. The different kinds of damage caused by pests and examples of major pests affecting important crops in the Philippines are discussed. Also included are the historical developments in pest management. Lesson 1: Negative Effect of Pest to Crop Lesson Summary In this lesson of module 1, the student is expected to be reviewed of the negative effects of pests on crops and other plants, the different type of damage they cause to plants and the losses they incur to agriculture. A review of some of the major pests and diseases that affect important crops in the Philippines is also included. Lesson 1: Negative Effect of Pest to Crop Learning Outcomes: After completing this module the student should be able to: 1. Describe the different type of damage to crops by pests, 2. Id e n t if y s o me o f t h e e c o n o mic a lly imp o r t a n t p e s t s of major crops in the Philippines.  In the year 2000 the crop value lost due to pests was about 6.2 billion US $, 7.1 $ In 2010 and 7.7$ and in 2019 with an increase of 1.1% per annum based on the projection of the United Nations (Starkey ,2019) The global population continuously increases while the arable land area is decreasing (Fig. 1). This means an increase in the global consumption of food and therefore commands a higher food production. Approximately 60% more food will be Figure 1. World population (billions) vs arable land needed in 2050 (FAO, 2009). (ha/person) from 1950 to 2015  Lesser land area for agriculture is further aggravated by climate change. Extreme weather events drought and flooding greatly affect crops and can cause an increase in the population of certain pests. In the Philippines, the weather is becoming less predictable. Climate change is projected to reduce GDP growth by 0.9 percent in 2050. The impact of climate change on agriculture is projected to cost the Philippine economy about PhP 145 billion per year through 2050 (Rosegrant et al., 2016).  The different kinds of pests (insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, vertebrate pests, and weeds) are the primary cause of crop losses among the biotic factors of the environment (Oerke, 2006). The most logical steps in solving the world food problem is the reduction of current yield loss caused by pests in the field and during storage and transit. Knowledge on the different kinds of pest damage and different pest management procedures is thereby imperative  The negative impact of pests has been recorded in the history of man and agriculture. Examples of the world’s historical pests include the following: A. Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans), a fungal-like organism. It caused a famine that led to the deaths and migration of Europeans (mostly Irish) to the US, Canada and Australia.  Rice brown leaf (Helminthosporium oryzae) that caused the great Bengal famine in India during World War II; Wheat rust epidemic caused by Puccinia graminis tritici; Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera); South American rubber blight caused by Microcyclus ulei; Colorado potato beetle and mountain pine beetle Table 1. Estimates of actual losses of major crops (%) due to pests worldwide from 2001-2003 (Modified from Oerke, 2006) Crop Weeds Animal Pests Diseases Total Wheat 7.7 7.9 12.6 28.2 Rice 10.2 15.1 12.2 37.5 Maize 10.5 9.6 11.2 31.2 Potatoes 8.3 10.9 21.1 40.3 Soybeans 7.5 8.8 10.1 26.4 Cotton 8.6 12.3 7.9 28.8 Table 2. Estimated Crop Losses Worldwide in three major crops with or without pest control. (Oerke, 2000. Journal of Agricultural Science. Crop Without Pest Control Using Mechanical, Biological and Chemical Control Rice 77 37 Wheat 50 28 Potato 75 40 Table 3. Comparative efficiency of pest control strategies in major continents Country Efficiency of Pest Control (%) Northwestern Europe 71 North America 63 Southeast Asia 42 West Africa 43 East Africa 32 Type of Damage that Pests do to Crops: Pest damage to crops are of two kinds, A. direct injury (includes direct physical damage to the crop, which eats leaves or burrows in stems, fruits, or roots); and B. indirect damage includes introduction or transmission of a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection into a crop. The following are the different types of damage that pests inflict on crops: Insect feeding and consumption of leaves and shoots by chewing insects or blighting and rotting of leaves and shoots due to fungal and bacterial pathogens thereby reducing leaf area for photosynthesis;  Insect feeding or infection of the growing parts leading to retarded growth; Insect or nematode feeding on roots that cause rotting of the roots by plant fungi and bacteria; Sucking of plant sap leading to retarded plant growth or resulting to transmission of pathogens such as virus and phytoplasma; Insect feeding or infection of fruits, berries and flowers by plant pathogens thereby reducing the crop quantity and quality;  Insect feeding on seeds or rotting due to fungal and bacterial pathogens leading to reduced germination; Postharvest losses due to insects such as weevils and borers and plant pathogens causing dry rots and soft rots; Contamination of postharvest products by molds that produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxin of Aspergillus flavus and fumonisin of Fusarium sp. These toxins are reported to be carcinogenic to man, and Many other different kinds of damage. Major Diseases of Important Crops and Plants in the Philippines  Abaca and Banana Black sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and M. fijiensis Moko Disease Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia Banana bunchy top disease caused by the Banana and solanacearum Abaca bunchy top virus (ABTV Fusarium wilt/Panama disease and BBTV) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense  Rice Bacterial blight of rice- caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae Rice tungro disease caused by rice Sheath blight caused by tungro bacilliform virus and rice tungro Rhizoctonia solani spherical virus transmitted by the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea (syn: Pyricularia oryzae) Coconut Coconut cadang cadang Coconut bud rot / disease (viroid) Phytophthora palmivora  Citrus Citrus huanglongbing disease caused by Citrus Tristeza disease Candidatus liberibacter spp. caused by a virus  Vegetables Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium caratovorum Bacterial wilt of solanaceous crop caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Little leaf/ witches broom of ampalaya, patola cucumber caused by Phytoplasma Vegetables Rot knot nematode, Meloidogyne Powdery mildew caused by Oidium spp. incognita Root crops Sweet potato scab caused Cassava witches broom caused by Sphaceloma batatas by Phytoplasma Yam anthracnose caused by Collectotrichum spp.  Jackfruit, Durian and Cacao Cacao pod rot caused by Durian patch canker and fruit rot due Phytophthora palmivora to Phytophthora palmivora Jackfruit decline and seedlings due to Phytophthora palmivora Major Insect Pest of Important Crops and Plants in the Philippines  Rice Green leafhopper(Nephotettix virescens Rice black bug (Scotinophara coarctata) Rice bug (Leptocorisa orataurius and L. acuta) Rice whorl maggots (Hyderellia philippina) Dead heart and white head caused by whites stem borer(Scirpophaga innonata), Yellow (Scirpophaga incertulas),striped (Chilo suppresalis), and pink stem borers (Sesamia inferences) Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)- vector of rice ragged stunt and yellow dwarf disease  Corn Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) Asiatic Corn Borer (Ostrinia funacalis) Fall army worm ( Spodoptera frugiperda)  Vegetable Squash beetle (Aulacophora similis) Ampalaya fruitfly/melon fly and damaged fruit (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostela) Whitefly (Bemesia tabaci) Jackfruit Jackfruit borer (Glyphodes caesalis) Jackfruit fruitfly (Bactrocera umbrosa) Vegetable 12 spotted beetle (Epilachna sp.) Flea beetle (Pslloides balyi) Leafminer (Liriomyza sp.) Aphids (Aphis craccivora,Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii) Pepper Broadmites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus)  Coconut Coconut leaf beetle or coconut hispine beetle Coconut beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) (Brontispa longgisima) Coconut scale insect” cocolisap” (Aspidiotus rigidus) Asiatic Palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)