cph 8,9.pdf

Module #8 filariasis cause chronic suffering, life-long Key facts morbidity, disability, and occasional stigmatization. Vector-borne diseases account for more th...

Module #8 filariasis cause chronic suffering, life-long Key facts morbidity, disability, and occasional stigmatization. Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% List of vector-borne diseases, according to their vector of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700 The following table is a non-exhaustive list of vector-borne 000 deaths annually. disease, ordered according to the vector by which it is They can be caused by either parasites, bacteria transmitted. The list also illustrates the type of pathogen that or viruses. causes the disease in humans. Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It causes an estimated 219 million cases globally, and results in more than 400,000 deaths every year. Most of the deaths occur in children under the age of 5 years. Dengue is the most prevalent viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. More than 3.9 billion people in over 129 countries are at risk of contracting dengue, with an estimated 96 million symptomatic cases and an estimated 40,000 deaths every year. Other viral diseases transmitted by vectors include chikungunya fever, Zika virus fever, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis (all transmitted by mosquitoes), tick-borne encephalitis (transmitted by ticks). Other vector-borne diseases such as Chagas disease (transmitted by triatomine bugs), leishmaniasis (sandflies) and schistosomiasis (snails) affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Many of vector-borne diseases are preventable, through protective measures, and community mobilization. Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to The World Health Organization ( WHO) responds to humans. vector-borne diseases by: Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, providing evidence-based guidance for controlling which ingest disease-producing microorganisms vectors and protecting people against infection; during a blood meal from an infected host (human providing technical support to countries so that or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, they can effectively manage cases and outbreaks; after the pathogen has replicated. supporting countries to improve their reporting Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are systems and capture the true burden of the capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of disease; providing training (capacity building) on their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal. clinical management, diagnosis and vector control Vector-borne diseases with support from some of its collaborating Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses centers; and supporting the development and caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are evaluation of new tools, technologies and transmitted by vectors. approaches for vector-borne diseases, Including Every year there are more than 700,000 deaths vector control and disease management from diseases such as malaria, dengue, technologies. schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, A crucial element in reducing the burden of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever, vector-borne diseases is behavioral change. WHO Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. works with partners to provide education and The burden of these diseases is highest in tropical improve public awareness, so that people know and subtropical areas, and they disproportionately how to protect themselves and their communities affect the poorest populations. from mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, flies and other Since 2014, major outbreaks of dengue, malaria, vectors. chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika have afflicted Access to water and sanitation is a very important populations, claimed lives, and overwhelmed factor in disease control and elimination. WHO health systems in many countries. Other diseases works together with many different government such as Chikungunya,leishmaniasis and lymphatic sectors to improve water storage, sanitation,  thereby helping to control these diseases at the streams, but it can also be found in a town’s water community level. supply, swimming pools, and more. MODULE #9 The infection is caused by a parasite and typically People can become ill if exposed to contaminated clears up after a few weeks. However, it’s possible drinking or recreational water. for those who have been exposed will experience Climate change increases the risk of illness 4. Dysentery through increasing temperature, more frequent An intestinal infection, dysentery is a waterborne heavy rains and runoff, and the effects of storms. disease characterized by severe diarrhea as well Health impacts may include gastrointestinal illness as blood or mucus in the stool. like diarrhea, effects on the body’s nervous and Dysentery is good reason to always wash your respiratory systems, or liver and kidney damage. hands, as the disease is spread mainly through Climate impacts can affect exposure to waterborne poor hygiene. pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites such It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites as Cryptosporidium and Giardia); toxins produced in unsafe food and water and by people coming in by harmful algal and cyanobacterial blooms in the contact with fecal matter. water; and chemicals that end up in water from If someone experiencing dysentery cannot replace human activities. fluids quickly enough, their life could be at risk. Changing water temperatures mean that 5. Escherichia Coli (E. coli) waterborne Vibrio bacteria and harmful algal toxins E. coli is a bacteria with various strains, some will be present in the water or in seafood at dangerous and some beneficial. For example, E. different time of the year, or in places where they coli bacteria is important in creating a healthy were not previously threats. intestinal tract. Runoff and flooding resulting from increases in However, if animal waste has found its way into extreme precipitation, hurricane and rainfall, and farmland where produce is grown or if strains of E. storm surge will increasingly contaminate water coli are spread through the process of making bodies used for recreation (such as lakes and ground beef, those who consume these foods beaches), shellfish harvesting waters and sources could experience symptoms of the waterborne of drinking water. illness. Extreme weather events and surges can damage The bacteria is also found in unsafe water sources or exceed the capacity of water infrastructure around the globe where human water sources and (such as drinking water or wastewater treatment cattle coexist. plants), increasing the risk that people will be 6. Hepatitis A exposed to contaminants. Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by What are Waterborne Diseases? consuming contaminated food and water or by are illnesses caused by microscopic organisms, coming in close contact with someone who has the like viruses and bacteria, that are ingested through infection. contaminated water or by coming in contact with People who travel in developing countries often or feces. work in rural communities with poor sanitation and 1. Typhoid Fever hygiene management are most exposed to the Salmonella typhi disease. Although rare in industrialized countries, typhoid 7. Salmonella- salmonellosis fever is well-known in extremely poor parts of Most cases of salmonella come from ingesting developing nations; it’s estimated that up to 20 food or water contaminated with feces. million people worldwide suffer from the illness Undercooked meat, egg products, fruits, and each year. vegetables can also carry the disease. It’s spread through contaminated food, unsafe Most people don’t develop complications, but water, and poor sanitation, and it is highly children,pregnant women, older adults, and people contagious. with weakened immune systems are most at risk. 2. Cholera Cholera is commonly found in humanitarian emergencies or marginalized villages where poverty and poor sanitation are rampant. The disease is spread through contaminated water and causes severe dehydration and diarrhea. Cholera can be fatal within days or even hours of exposure to the bacteria, but only 1 in 10 people will develop life-threatening symptoms. 3. Giardia This waterborne disease is shared through contaminated water, most often in ponds and