COSH 413 Excavation Safety & Heavy Equipment Safety (2023) PDF

Republic of the Philippines DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Civil Engineering A. Course Code / Title : COSH 413 – Construction Occupational Safety and Health B. Module Number : Module 3 – Excavat...

Republic of the Philippines DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Civil Engineering A. Course Code / Title : COSH 413 – Construction Occupational Safety and Health B. Module Number : Module 3 – Excavation Safety and Heavy Equipment Safety C. Time Frame : 4th - 5th Week of September 2023 (3 hours) D. Description : This module describes the Excavation Safety and Heavy Equipment Safety E. Objectives : At the end of this module, the learner should be able to: 1. Understand the importance determination of hazards in excavation works 2. Know the typical accidents that occur in using heavy equipment and safe operation guidelines F. Contents: EXCAVATION • Is any man-made cut, cavity or depression in an earth surface that is formed by earth removal Trench • is a narrow excavation where the depth is greater than its width, and the width measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 ft. Hazards of Excavation Works • • • • • • Soil Collapse Falls Vehicular Traffic Underground Utilities Working Surface Confined Space Conditions Principal Causes of Soil Collapse • • • • • Steep cutting angle Super imposed load Shock & Vibration Water Pressure Drying Prevention of Soil Collapse Type A – Most stable: clay Type B – Medium stability: silt and unstable rock (disturbed soil as type B) Type C – Least stable: gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely seeping. Prevention of Soil Collapse ▪ Cut the slope at a safe angle (H:V) • Type A - 3/4:1 or 53° • Type B - 1:1 or 45° • Type C - 1½ :1 or 34° • Provision of shoring and timbering Plate Lining System The walls of every excavation over 1 meter deep shall be supported by adequate shoring… Falls • Minimum Berm - not less than one third of the depth of the excavation - may be reduced to not less than 1 meter provided that materials are stable, shoring and barriers are present (Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS) • • Barricades of at least 1 meter high should be provided. Signs should be posted to prevent the public from going near the excavation Surface Crossing of Trenches • • • • Walkways or bridges must be provided Minimum clear width of 20 in. With standard rails Extended a minimum of 24 in. past the surface edge Vehicular Traffic • • • Provide workers with warning vests or other suitable garments marked with reflectorized materials Designate a trained flag person along with signs and barricades when necessary Use horn or give signals to ensure safety. Underground Utilities • • Determine location of underground facilities and take necessary steps to prevent damage to these facilities. In an open excavation, support, protect or remove underground installation. Working Surface • • Excavation shall be kept free of water at all times And in muddy area, workers should be provided with boots to reduce the hazard of slipping. Groundwater Control Sump Pumping Single-sided Well Point Well Pointing Double-sided Well Point CONFINED SPACE CONDITIONS Hazardous Atmosphere: • • • Oxygen, O2 : < 19.5% or > 23.5% Flammable gas concentration > 10% of Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) Hazardous toxic chemicals Excavation in confined space Check the condition of the atmosphere before entry Do not work alone in a confined space Provide lifeline Provide ventilation or blower before entering Provide emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness and line and basket stretcher Working in Excavation • Prior to opening Check excavation permit Identify all underground installations Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other surface encumbrances and hazards before starting excavation • During operations Wear appropriate PPE Give special attention to side slopes that are adversely affected by weather, moisture content or vibration Safe working distance between workers Maintain guardrails, fences, or other barricades and warning lights • • • During break time, workmen should never stand or take rest on high banks of soft material Do not leave tools, materials, or debris in walkways, ramps, or near the edge of excavations Do not use guardrails as resting place Inspection • • • • Daily before start of each shift After heavy rain When fissures, tension cracks, undercutting, water seepage, bulging at the bottom or other conditions occur When there is any indication of change or movement in adjacent structures or spoil pile Rule 1413 of the OSHS states that excavation shall be inspected at least once everyday. Summary Key Points: ➢ An excavation may not be safe to enter without a proper support structure being provided. ➢ Back-filled grounds are especially dangerous. ➢ Water increases the possibility of a cave in. ➢ Excavation should be considered as a confined space. ➢ A worker does not have to be completely buried in soil to be seriously injured or killed. HEAVY EQUIPMENT SAFETY  Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a construction site doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines operate within close proximity to persons on foot. With this, many people are exposed to hazards associated with this equipment.  In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile machines working in the same area at the same time TOTAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT 1. Management Commitment • Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel. • Establish Controlled Entry Points to site. • Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas. • Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk. • Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established. 2. Employee Involvement • All must receive basic orientation. • Attend operator’s Tool Box Meetings • Must learn, follow, and obey established Safety rules. • Realize that they must see and be seen. DO#13 Sec. 12S & H Information 12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to: a. drivers/operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-handling equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature. b. Workers as signalers 3. Pre-Construction Job Hazard Analysis • • • Identify Potential Known Hazards. Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points. Lay down/Storage Areas. 4. Hazard Prevention and Controls • • • • Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs. Spotters provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment. Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings. Temporary Barricades around Hazards 5. Equipment maintenance • Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection • Inspect before operation • Check instrumentation • Check safety devices; horns, lights • Warm up and make trial run • Keep machine clean • Be aware of abnormalities SAFE OPERATION GUIDELINES 1. AUTHORIZED OPERATOR • • • Qualified with license Well trained Good physical condition EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES • • • • • Keep control of the Machine at all Times. Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate. Familiarity with the operating characteristics of your machine. Be on The Look-Out For Other Trades Working in the Same Area. Frequently check for the Location of other Machines. Keep Lights and Backup Alarm in Operating Condition. • Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the Cab for Any Reason! • Always inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects, or Changes made in Machine and/or Job Procedure or Conditions. • Report Unsafe Workers to Supervisor. • Talk Safety with Those Who Work with You. Maintain “Constant Awareness”. • Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand. • Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of Your Clearance. (Backing on the Blind Side should be Avoided if at all Possible). • Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices! 2. Personal Protection 3. Physical Condition 4. Safety Rules • Check job site condition • • Soil condition Working near utilities 5. Salient Points HE Operators be tested and certified All Heavy Equipment tested and certified 6. Alertness The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing! • • • • Know where your Blind Spots are. Look for people walking around you. STOP! When Signaled; When waived at violently; Or if you are in doubt…. Maintain a safe operating speed. 7. Avoiding Distraction • • Small Machines have small blind spots, where large machines have large blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death! The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area. 8. Appropriate Use • • • • Specific equipment operation Equipment capacity Equipment capability Equipment restriction CONCERNED PERSONNEL • Equipment Operator • Workers on foot • Spotters • Management people and supervisors • Other construction site personnel HAZARDS PRESENT IN CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION         Moving parts of the equipment Uneven terrain Energized electrical lines Fall Dust Overloaded equipment Noise Vibration  Unsecured loads  Improvised attachments  Blind spot. BLIND SPOTS – DUMP TRUCK  Small heavy mobile equipment has small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment have large blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death  The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area  Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are. RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS ON FOOT      Wearing of high visibility vests (or equivalent) and other appropriate PPE’s. Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees you Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment. Watch out for swinging parts. SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES  Wearing of high visibility vests and other appropriate PPE’s.  Spotters should use clearly understood hand signals or traffic control devices, (i.e. signs, etc.)  Spotters should know operator visibility limitations, always remain visible to the operator and be sure eye contact is made before any signals are given. EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES      Learn and follow Safe Work Practices! Review manufacturer’s operating manual Conduct pre-operational inspection of equipment. Know how to operate and use safety features on equipment properly Allow NO ONE to ride outside the cab for any reason!  Keep all lights, back-up alarm, seat belts, mirrors, shields and safety guards in place and in good condition.  Be aware of people on foot around you and other machines operating in the area.  Know where your blind spots are and always check the mirror on the blind side.  Avoid underground utilities and overhead power lines.  Must understand signals and always obey the spotter.  STOP! When signaled; when waved at violently; or if you are in doubt!  Maintain a safe operating speed.  Operate within the equipment’s rated capacity.  Report any abnormalities, defects and unsafe condition. Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate  Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand  Never get on or off a moving equipment. Park in a safe place, apply parking brakes, turn off engine and remove the key before dismounting.  Turn the engine off before refueling OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION  Operating heavy equipment is a great responsibility. Operation is reserved only for safe and responsible operators  A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators must be in place. The operator must be competent, trained and in good health. D.O.13 – ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT  Section 7.2 “The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”  Section 10.1-a “All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its accredited organization/s”  Section 10.2.4-a “Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment” 5 BASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION ⚫ When using heavy equipment, there are 5 basic guidelines that the operators must always follow to ensure safety: 1. Know how to properly operate the equipment you are using 2. Do not use heavy machinery when you are drowsy, intoxicated, or taking prescription medication that may affect your performance 3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be done 4. Inspect your equipment to ensure that it is in good working condition before beginning a job. In addition, ensure that regular inspections and maintenance are conducted as appropriate 5. Do not stress or overload your equipment