Copyright Act 1957 PDF

THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 (14 OF 1957)  THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 ACT NO. 14 OF 19571...

THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 (14 OF 1957)  THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 ACT NO. 14 OF 19571 [4th June, 1957] An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to copyright. BE it enacted by Parliament in the Eighth Year of the Republic of India as follows:- CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title, extent and commencement.— (1) This Act may be called the Copyright Act, 1957. (2) It extends to the whole of India. (3) It shall come into force on such date2 as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint. 2. Interpretation.— In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,— (a) “adaptation” means,- (i) in relation to a dramatic work, the conversion of the work into a non-dramatic work; (ii) in relation to a literary work or an artistic work, the conversion of the work into a dramatic work by way of performance in public or otherwise; (iii) in relation to a literary or dramatic work, any abridgement of the work or any version of the work in which the story or action is conveyed wholly or mainly by means of pictures in a form suitable for reproduction in a book, or in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical;3[***] (iv) in relation to a musical work, any arrangement or transcription of the work; 4[and] 4 [(v) in relation to any work, any use of such work involving its rearrangement or alteration;] 5 [(aa) “Appellate Board” means the Appellate Board referred to in section 11;] (b) 5 [“work of architecture”] means any building or structure having an artistic character or 1 The Act has been extended to Goa, Daman and Diu by Reg. 12 of 1962, sec. 3 and Schedule; to Dadra and Nagar Haveli by Reg. 6 of 1963, sec. 2 and the First Schedule; to Pondicherry by Reg. 7 of 1963, sec. 3 and the First Schedule; and brought into force in the State of Sikkim (w.e.f. 27-4-1979) : vide notification No. S.O. 226(E), dated 27-4-1979, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3(ii), p.430. 2 Came into force on 21st January, 1958, vide S.R.O No. 269, dated 21st January 1958, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3, p.167. 3 The word “and” omitted by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 4 Ins. by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 5 Subs. by s.2, ibid. for “architectural work of art” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995).  design, or any model for such building or structure; (c) “artistic work” means,— (i) a painting, a sculpture, a drawing (including a diagram, map, chart or plan), an engraving or a photograph, whether or not any such work possesses artistic quality; (ii) a 1[work of architecture]; and (iii) any other work of artistic craftsmanship; (d) “author” means, — (i) in relation to a literary or dramatic work, the author of the work; (ii) in relation to a musical work, the composer; (iii) in relation to an artistic work other than a photograph, the artist; (iv) in relation to a photograph, the person taking the photograph; 2 [(v) in relation to a cinematograph film or sound recording, the producer; and (vi) in relation to any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work which is computer-generated, the person who causes the work to be created;] 3 [(dd) “broadcast” means communication to the public— (i) by any means of wireless diffusion, whether in any one or more of the forms of signs, sounds or visual images; or (ii) by wire, and includes a re-broadcast;] (e) “calendar year” means the year commencing on the 1st day of January; 4 [(f) “cinematograph film” means any work of visual recording 5[***] and includes a sound recording accompanying such visual recording and “cinematograph” shall be construed as including any work produced by any process analogous to cinematography including video films;] 6 [(fa) “commercial rental” does not include the rental, lease or lending of a lawfully acquired copy of a computer programme, sound recording, visual recording or cinematograph film for non-profit purposes by a non- profit library or non-profit educational institution; Explanation.— For the purposes of this clause, a “non-profit library or non-profit educational institution” means a library or educational institution which receives grants from the Government or exempted from payment of tax under the Income-tax Act, 1961(43 of 1961).] 1 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for “architectural work of art” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 2 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for sub-clauses (v) and (vi) (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 3 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 4 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for clause (f) (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 5 The words “on any medium produced through a process from which a moving image may be produced by any means” omitted by Act 27 of 2012, s. 2(i) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 6 Ins. by s. 2(ii), ibid. (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  1 [(ff) “communication to the public” means making any work or performance available for being seen or heard or otherwise enjoyed by the public directly or by any means of display or diffusion other than by issuing physical copies of it, whether simultaneously or at places and times chosen individually, regardless of whether any member of the public actually sees, hears or otherwise enjoys the work or performance so made available. Explanation.— For the purposes of this clause, communication through satellite or cable or any other means of simultaneous communication to more than one household or place of residence including residential rooms of any hotel or hostel shall be deemed to be communication to the public;] (ffa) “composer”, in relation to a musical work, means the person who composes the music regardless of whether he records it in any form of graphical notation; (ffb) “computer” includes any electronic or similar device having information processing capabilities; (ffc) “computer programme” means a set of instructions expressed in words, codes, schemes or in any other form, including a machine readable medium, capable of causing a computer to perform a particular task or achieve a particular result; (ffd) “copyright society” means a society registered under sub-section (3) of section 33;] (g) “delivery”, in relation to a lecture, includes delivery by means of any mechanical instrument or by 2 [broadcast]; (h) “dramatic work” includes any piece for recitation, choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show, the scenic arrangement or acting, form of which is fixed in writing or otherwise but does not include a cinematograph film; 3 [(hh) “duplicating equipment” means any mechanical contrivance or device used or intended to be used for making copies of any work;] (i) “engravings” include etchings, lithographs, wood-cuts, prints and other similar works, not being photographs; (j) “exclusive licence” means a licence which confers on the licensee or on the licensee and persons authorised by him, to the exclusion of all other persons (including the owner of the copyright) any right comprised in the copyright in a work, and “exclusive licensee” shall be construed accordingly; (k) “Government work” means a work which is made or published by or under the direction or control of— (i) the Government or any department of the Government; (ii) any Legislature in India; (iii) any court, tribunal or other judicial authority in India; 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 2(iii), , for clause (ff) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 2, for “radio-diffusion” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 3 Ins. by Act 65 of 1984, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-10-1984).  1 [(l) “Indian work” means a literary, dramatic or musical work,— (i) the author of which is a citizen of India; or (ii) which is first published in India; or (iii) the author of which, in the case of an unpublished work, is, at the time of the making of the work, a citizen of India;] 2 [(m) “infringing copy” means— (i) in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, a reproduction thereof otherwise than in the form of a cinematographic film; (ii) in relation to a cinematographic film, a copy of the film made on any medium by any means; (iii) in relation to a sound recording, any other recording embodying the same sound recording, made by any means; (iv) in relation to a programme or performance in which such a broadcast reproduction right or a performer’s right subsists under the provisions of this Act, the sound recording or a cinematographic film of such programme or performance, if such reproduction, copy or sound recording is made or imported in contravention of the provisions of this Act;] (n) “lecture” includes address, speech and sermon; 3 [(o) “literary work” includes computer programmes, tables and compilations including computer 4 [databases];] 3 [(p) “musical work” means a work consisting of music and includes any graphical notation of such work but does not include any words or any action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music;] 3 [(q) “performance”, in relation to performer’s right, means any visual or acoustic presentation made live by one or more performers;] 3 [(qq) “performer” includes an actor, singer, musician, dancer, acrobat, juggler, conjurer, snake charmer, a person delivering a lecture or any other person who makes a performance;] 5 [Provided that in a cinematograph film a person whose performance is casual or incidental in nature and, in the normal course of the practice of the industry, is not acknowledged anywhere including in the credits of the film shall not be treated as a performer except for the purpose of clause (b) of Section 38B;] 6 [***] (s) “photograph” includes photo-lithograph and any work produced by any process analogous to photography 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 3, for clause (l) (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 2 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for clause (m) (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Subs. by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 4 Subs. by Act 49 of 1999, s. 2, for “data basis” (w.e.f. 15-1-2000). 5 Ins. By Act 27 of 2012, sec. 2(iv) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012, vide S.O. 1393(E), dated 20th June, 2012) 6 Omitted clause (r) by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 10-5-1995).  but does not include any part of a cinematograph film; (t) “plate” includes any stereotype or other plate, stone, block, mould, matrix, transfer, negative, 1 [duplicating equipment] or other device used or intended to be used for printing or reproducing copies of any work, and any matrix or other appliance by which 2[sound recording] for the acoustic presentation of the work are or are intended to be made; (u) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act; 3 [(uu) “producer”, in relation to a cinematograph film or sound recording, means a person who takes the initiative and responsibility for making the work;] 4 [***] 5 [***] 6 [(x) “reprography” means the making of copies of a work, by photocopying or similar means; 7 [(xa) “Right Management Information” means,— (a) the title or other information identifying the work or performance; (b) the name of the author or performer; (c) the name and address of the owner of rights; (d) terms and conditions regarding the use of the rights; and (e) any number or code that represents the information referred to in sub-clauses (a) to (d), but does not include any device or procedure intended to identify the user.] (xx) “sound recording” means a recording of sounds from which such sounds may be produced regardless of the medium on which such recording is made or the method by which the sounds are produced;] 8 [(xxa) “visual recording” means the recording in any medium, by any method including the storing of it by any electronic means, of moving images or of the representations thereof, from which they can be perceived, reproduced or communicated by any method.] (y) “work” means any of the following works, namely:— (i) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work; (ii) a cinematograph film; (iii) a 2[sound recording]; (z) “work of joint authorship” means a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of one author is not distinct from the contribution of the other author or authors; 1 Ins. by Act 65 of 1984, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-10-1984). 2 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for “record” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Ins. by s. 2, ibid. (10-5-1995). 4 Omitted clause (v) by Act 23 of 1983, s. 2 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 5 Omitted clause (w) by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 6 Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for clause (x) (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 7 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 2(v) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 8 Ins. by s. 2(vi), ibid (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). (za) “work of sculpture” includes casts and models. 1 [3. Meaning of publication.— For the purposes of this Act, “publication” means making a work available to the public by issue of copies or by communicating the work to the public.] 4. When work not deemed to be published or performed in public.— Except in relation to infringement of copyright, a work shall not be deemed to be published or performed in public, if published, or performed in public, without the licence of the owner of the copyright. 5. When work deemed to be first published in India.— For the purposes of this Act, a work published in India shall be deemed to be first published in India, notwithstanding that it has been published simultaneously in some other country, unless such other country provides a shorter term of copyright for such work; and a work shall be deemed to be published simultaneously in India and in another country if the time between the publication in India and the publication in such other country does not exceed thirty days or such other period as the Central Government may, in relation to any specified country, determine. 2 [6. Certain disputes to be decided by 3[Appellate Board].— If any question arises— (a) whether a work has been published or as to the date on which a work was published for the purposes of Chapter V, or (b) whether the term of copyright for any work is shorter in any other country than that provided in respect of that work under this Act, it shall be referred to the 4[Appellate Board] constituted under section 11 whose decision thereon shall be final: Provided that if in the opinion of the 4[Appellate Board], the issue of copies or communication to the public referred to in section 3 was of an insignificant nature, it shall not be deemed to be publication for the purposes of that section.] 7. Nationality of author where the making of unpublished work is extended over considerable period.— Where, in the case of an unpublished work, the making of the work is extended over a considerable period, the author of the work shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be a citizen of, or domiciled in, that country of which he was a citizen or wherein he was domiciled during any substantial part of that period. 8. Domicile of corporations.— For the purposes of this Act, a body corporate shall be deemed to be domiciled in India if it is incorporated under any law in force in India. CHAPTER II COPYRIGHT OFFICE AND 3[APPELLATE BOARD] 9. Copyright Office.—(1) There shall be established for the purposes of this Act an office to be called the Copyright Office. (2) The Copyright Office shall be under the immediate control of the Registrar of Copyrights who shall act 1 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 3, for section 3 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 2 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 4, for section 6 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). under the superintendence and direction of the Central Government. (3) There shall be a seal for the Copyright Office. 10. Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Copyrights.—(1) The Central Government shall appoint a Registrar of Copyrights and may appoint one or more Deputy Registrars of Copyrights. (2) A Deputy Registrar of Copyrights shall discharge under the superintendence and direction of the Registrar of Copyrights such functions of the Registrar under this Act as the Registrar may, from time to time, assign to him; and any reference in this Act to the Registrar of Copyrights shall include a reference to a Deputy Registrar of Copyrights when so discharging any such functions. 1 [11. Appellate Board.—(1) The Appellate Board established under section 83 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 (47 of 1999) shall, on and from the commencement of Part XIV of Chapter VI of the Finance Act, 2017 (7 of 2017), be the Appellate Board for the purposes of this Act and the said Appellate Board shall exercise the jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on it by or under this Act.] 12. Powers and procedure of 2[Appellate Board].— (1) The 1[Appellate Board] shall, subject to any rules that may be made under this Act, have power to regulate its own procedure, including the fixing of places and times of its sittings: Provided that the 1[Appellate Board] shall ordinarily hear any proceeding instituted before it under this Act within the zone in which, at the time of the institution of the proceeding, the person instituting the proceeding actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business or personally works for gain. Explanation.— In this sub-section “zone” means a zone specified in section 15 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956). (2) The 1[Appellate Board] may exercise and discharge its powers and functions through Benches constituted by the Chairman of the 1[Appellate Board] from amongst its 3[members]: 4 [Provided that, if the Chairman is of opinion that any matter of importance is required to be heard by a larger bench, he may refer the matter to a special bench consisting of five members.] 5 [***] (5) No member of the 2[Appellate Board] shall take part in any proceedings before the Board in respect of any matter in which he has a personal interest. (6) No act done or proceeding taken by the 2[Appellate Board] under this Act shall be questioned on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or defect in the constitution of, the Board. (7) The 2[Appellate Board] shall be deemed to be a civil court for the purposes of 6[sections 345 and 346 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973] and all proceedings before the Board shall be deemed to be judicial 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (c), for s. 11(w.e.f. 26-5-2017) 2 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 3 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 4, for “members, each Bench consisting of not less than three members” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 4 Ins. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 6 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 5 Sub-section (3) and (4) omitted by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (d) (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 6 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 6, for “sections 480 and 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (5 of 1898)” (w.e.f. 9-8- 1984). proceedings within the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code. CHAPTER III COPYRIGHT 13. Works in which copyright subsists.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this section and the other provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist throughout India in the following classes of works, that is to say,— (a) original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works; (b) cinematograph films; and (c) 1[sound recording]. (2) Copyright shall not subsist in any work specified in sub-section (1), other than a work to which the provisions of section 40 or section 41 apply, unless,— (i) in the case of a published work, the work is first published in India, or where the work is first published outside India, the author is at the date of such publication, or in a case where the author was dead at that date, was at the time of his death, a citizen of India; (ii) in the case of an unpublished work other than a 2[work of architecture], the author is at the date of the making of the work a citizen of India or domiciled in India; and (iii) in the case of 2[work of architecture], the work is located in India. Explanation.— In the case of a work of joint authorship, the conditions conferring copyright specified in this sub-section shall be satisfied by all the authors of the work. (3) Copyright shall not subsist— (a) in any cinematograph film if a substantial part of the film is an infringement of the copyright in any other work; (b) in any 1[sound recording] made in respect of a literary, dramatic or musical work, if in making the 1[sound recording], copyright in such work has been infringed. (4) The copyright in a cinematograph film or a 1 [sound recording] shall not affect the separate copyright in any work in respect of which or a substantial part of which, the film, or, as the case may be, the 1 [sound recording] is made. (5) In the case of 2[work of architecture], copyright shall subsist only in the artistic character and design and shall not extend to processes or methods of construction. 3 [14. Meaning of Copyright.— For the purposes of this Act, “copyright” means the exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act, to do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts in respect of a work or any substantial part thereof, namely:— (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, not being a computer programme,— 1 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for “record” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 2 Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for “architectural work of art” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Subs. by s. 7, ibid., for section 14 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995).  (i) to reproduce the work in any material form including the storing of it in any medium by electronic means; (ii) to issue copies of the work to the public not being copies already in circulation; (iii) to perform the work in public, or communicate it to the public; (iv) to make any cinematograph film or sound recording in respect of the work; (v) to make any translation of the work; (vi) to make any adaptation of the work; (vii) to do, in relation to a translation or an adaptation of the work, any of the acts specified in relation to the work in sub-clauses (i) to (vi); (b) in the case of a computer programme,— (i) to do any of the acts specified in clause (a); 1 [(ii) to sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for commercial rental any copy of the computer programme: Provided that such commercial rental does not apply in respect of computer programmes where the programme itself is not the essential object of the rental.] (c) in the case of an artistic work,— 2 [(i) to reproduce the work in any material form including— (A) the storing of it in any medium by electronic or other means; or (B) depiction in three-dimensions of a two-dimensional work; or (C) depiction in two-dimensions of a three-dimensional work;] (ii) to communicate the work to the public; (iii) to issue copies of the work to the public not being copies already in circulation; (iv) to include the work in any cinematograph film; (v) to make any adaptation of the work; (vi) to do in relation to adaptation of the work any of the acts specified in relation to the work in sub-clauses (i) to (iv); (d) in the case of a cinematograph film,— 3 [(i) to make a copy of the film, including— (A) a photograph of any image forming part thereof; or (B) storing of it in any medium by electronic or other means;] 4 [(ii) to sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any copy of the film;] 1 Subs. by Act 49 of 1999, s. 3, for sub-clause (ii) (w.e.f. 15-1-2000). 2 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 5(i), for sub-clause (i) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 3 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012,s. 5(ii)(a), for sub-clause (i) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012) 4 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012,s. 5(ii)(b), for sub-clause (ii) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012)  (iii) to communicate the film to the public; (e) in the case of a sound recording,— (i) to make any other sound recording embodying it 1[including storing of it in any medium by electronic or other means]; 2 [(ii) to sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any copy of the sound recording;] (iii) to communicate the sound recording to the public. 15. Special provision regarding Copyright in designs registered or capable of being registered under the 3[***] 4[Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)].— (1) Copyright shall not subsist under this Act in any design which is registered under the 3[***] 4[Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)]. (2) Copyright in any design, which is capable of being registered under the 3[***] 4[Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)] but which has not been so registered, shall cease as soon as any article to which the design has been applied has been reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or, with his licence, by any other person. 16. No copyright except as provided in this Act.— No person shall be entitled to copyright or any similar right in any work, whether published or unpublished, otherwise than under and in accordance with the provisions of this Act or of any other law for the time being in force, but nothing in this section shall be construed as abrogating any right or jurisdiction to restrain a breach of trust or confidence. CHAPTER IV OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT AND RIGHTS OF THE OWNER 17. First owner of copyright.— Subject to the provisions of this Act, the author of a work shall be the first owner of the copyright therein: Provided that— (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or artistic work made by the author in the course of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship, for the purpose of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the said proprietor shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright in the work in so far as the copyright relates to the publication of the work in any newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, or to the reproduction of the work for the purpose of its being so published, but in all other respects the author shall be the first owner of the copyright in the work; 1 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 5(iii)(a), (w.e.f. 21-6-2012) 2 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 5(iii)(b), for sub-clause (2) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012) 3 The words “Indian Patents and” omitted by Act 23 of 1983, s. 7 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984) 4 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 6, for “Designs Act, 1911 (2 of 1911)” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012)  (b) subject to the provisions of clause (a), in the case of a photograph taken, or a painting or portrait drawn, or an engraving or a cinematograph film made, for valuable consideration at the instance of any person, such person shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein; (c) in the case of a work made in the course of the author’s employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship, to which clause (a) or clause (b) does not apply, the employer shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein; 1 [(cc) in the case of any address or speech delivered in public, the person who has delivered such address or speech or if such person has delivered such address or speech on behalf of any other person, such other person shall be the first owner of the copyright therein notwithstanding that the person who delivers such address or speech, or, as the case may be, the person on whose behalf such address or speech is delivered, is employed by any other person who arranges such address or speech or on whose behalf or premises such address or speech is delivered;] (d) in the case of a Government work, Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein; 2 [(dd) in the case of a work made or first published by or under the direction or control of any public undertaking, such public undertaking shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein. Explanation.— For the purposes of this clause and section 28A, “public undertaking” means— (i) an undertaking owned or controlled by Government; or (ii) a Government company as defined in section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956);or (iii) a body corporate established by or under any Central, Provincial or State Act;] (e) in the case of a work to which the provisions of section 41 apply, the international organization concerned shall be the first owner of the copyright therein. 3 [Provided that in case of any work incorporated in a cinematograph work, nothing contained in clauses (b) and (c) shall affect the right of the author in the work referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 13.] 18. Assignment of copyright.— (1) The owner of the copyright in an existing work or the prospective owner of the copyright in a future work may assign to any person the copyright either wholly or partially and either generally or subject to limitations and either for the whole term of the copyright or any part thereof: Provided that in the case of the assignment of copyright in any future work, the assignment shall take effect only when the work comes into existence. 1 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 8(a) (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 2 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 8(b) (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 3 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 7 (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  1 [Provided further that no such assignment shall be applied to any medium or mode of exploitation of the work which did not exist or was not in commercial use at the time when the assignment was made, unless the assignment specifically referred to such medium or mode of exploitation of the work: Provided also that the author of the literary or musical work included in a cinematograph film shall not assign or waive the right to receive royalties to be shared on an equal basis with the assignee of copyright for the utilization of such work in any form other than for the communication to the public of the work along with the cinematograph film in a cinema hall, except to the legal heirs of the authors or to a copyright society for collection and distribution and any agreement to contrary shall be void: Provided also that the author of the literary or musical work included in the sound recording but not forming part of any cinematograph film shall not assign or waive the right to receive royalties to be shared on an equal basis with the assignee of copyright for any utilization of such work except to the legal heirs of the authors or to a collecting society for collection and distribution and any assignment to the contrary shall be void.] (2) Where the assignee of a copyright becomes entitled to any right comprised in the copyright, the assignee as respects the rights so assigned, and the assignor as respects the rights not assigned, shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as the owner of copyright and the provisions of this Act shall have effect accordingly. (3) In this section, the expression “assignee” as respects the assignment of the copyright in any future work includes the legal representatives of the assignee, if the assignee dies before the work comes into existence. 19. Mode of assignment.— 2[(1)] No assignment of the copyright in any work shall be valid unless it is in writing signed by the assignor or by his duly authorised agent. 3 [(2) The assignment of copyright in any work shall identify such work, and shall specify the rights assigned and the duration and territorial extent of such assignment. (3) The assignment of copyright in any work shall also specify the amount of 4[royalty and any other consideration payable], to the author or his legal heirs during the currency of the assignment and the assignment shall be subject to revision, extension or termination on terms mutually agreed upon by the parties. (4) Where the assignee does not exercise the rights assigned to him under any of the other sub-sections of this section within a period of one year from the date of assignment, the assignment in respect of such rights shall be deemed to have lapsed after the expiry of the said period unless otherwise specified in the assignment. (5) If the period of assignment is not stated, it shall be deemed to be five years from the date of assignment. (6) If the territorial extent of assignment of the rights is not specified, it shall be presumed to extend within India. (7) Nothing in sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) or sub-section (6) shall 1 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 8 (w.e.f. 21-6-2012) 2 Section 19 re-numbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act 23 of 1983, s. 9 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 3 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 8, for sub-section (2) (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 4 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 9(i), for “royalty payable, if any” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). be applicable to assignments made before the coming into force of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994 (38 of 1994)]. 1 [(8) The assignment of copyright in any work contrary to the terms and conditions of the rights already assigned to a copyright society in which the author of the work is a member shall be void.] 1 [(9) No assignment of copyright in any work to make a cinematograph film shall affect the right of the author of the work to claim an equal share of royalties and consideration payable in case of utilisation of the work in any form other than for the communication to the public of the work, along with the cinematograph film in a cinema hall.] 1 [(10) No assignment of the copyright in any work to make a sound recording which does not form part of any cinematograph film shall affect the right of the author of the work to claim an equal share of royalties and consideration payable for any utilization of such work in any form.] 2 [19A. Disputes with respect to assignment of copyright.— (1) If an assignee fails to make sufficient exercise of the rights assigned to him, and such failure is not attributable to any act or omission of the assignor, then, the 3[Appellate Board] may, on receipt of a complaint from the assignor and after holding such inquiry as it may deem necessary, revoke such assignment. (2) If any dispute arises with respect to the assignment of any copyright, the 3[Appellate Board] may, on receipt of a complaint from the aggrieved party and after holding such inquiry as it considers necessary, pass such order as it may deem fit including an order for the recovery of any royalty payable: Provided that the 3[Appellate Board] shall not pass any order under this sub-section to revoke the assignment unless it is satisfied that the terms of assignment are harsh to the assignor in case the assignor is also the author: 4 [Provided further that, pending the disposal of an application for revocation of assignment under this sub- section, the 3[Appellate Board] may pass such order, as it deems fit regarding implementation of the terms and conditions of assignment including any consideration to be paid for the enjoyment of the rights assigned: Provided also that] no order of revocation of assignment under this sub-section, shall be made within a period of five years from the date of such assignment.] 5 [(3) Every complaint received under sub-section (2) shall be dealt with by the 3[Appellate Board] as far as possible and efforts shall be made to pass the final order in the matter within a period of six months from the date of receipt of the complaint and any delay in compliance of the same, the 3[Appellate Board] shall record the reasons thereof.] 20. Transmission of copyright in manuscript by testamentary disposition.— Where under a bequest a person is entitled to the manuscript of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or to an artistic work, and the work 1 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 9(ii), (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 9, for section 19A (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 4 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 10(i), for “Provided further that” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 5 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 10(ii) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). was not published before the death of the testator, the bequest shall, unless the contrary intention is indicated in the testator’s Will or any codicil thereto, be construed as including the copyright in the work in so far as the testator was the owner of the copyright immediately before his death. Explanation.— In this section, the expression “manuscript” means the original document embodying the work, whether written by hand or not. 21. Right of author to relinquish copyright.— (1) The author of a work may relinquish all or any of the rights comprised in the copyright in the work by giving notice in the prescribed form to 1[the Registrar of Copyrights or by way of public notice] and thereupon such rights shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), cease to exist from the date of the notice. (2) On receipt of a notice under sub-section (1), the Registrar of Copyrights shall cause it to be published in the Official Gazette and in such other manner as he may deem fit. 2 [(2A) The Registrar of Copyright shall, within fourteen days from the publication of the notice in the Official Gazette, post the notice on the official website of the Copyright Office so as to remain in the public domain for a period of not less than three years.] (3) The relinquishment of all or any of the rights comprised in the copyright in a work shall not affect any rights subsisting in favour of any person on the date of the notice referred to in sub-section (1). CHAPTER V TERM OF COPYRIGHT 22. Term of copyright in published literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works.— Except as otherwise hereinafter provided, copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work 3[***] published within the lifetime of the author until 4[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. Explanation.— In this section the reference to the author shall, in the case of a work of joint authorship, be construed as a reference to the author who dies last. 23. Term of copyright in anonymous and pseudonymous works.— (1) In the case of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph), which is published anonymously or pseudonymously, copyright shall subsist until 5[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published: Provided that where the identity of the author is disclosed before the expiry of the said period, copyright shall 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 11(i), for “the Registrar of Copyright” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Ins. by s. 11(ii), ibid. (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 3 The words “(other than a photograph)” omitted by Act 27 of 2012 s. 12, (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 4 Subs. by Act 13 of 1992, s. 2, for “fifty years” (w.e.f. 28-10-1991). 5 Subs. by Act 13 of 1992, s. 2, for “fifty years” (w.e.f. 28-10-1991). subsist until 1[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. (2) In sub-section (1), references to the author shall, in the case of an anonymous work of joint authorship, be construed,— (a) where the identity of one of the authors is disclosed, as references to that author; (b) where the identity of more authors than one is disclosed, as references to the author who dies last from amongst such authors. (3) In sub-section (1), references to the author shall, in the case of a pseudonyms work of joint authorship, be construed,— (a) where the names of one or more (but not all) of the authors are pseudonyms and his or their identity is not disclosed, as references to the author whose name is not a pseudonym, or, if the names of two or more of the authors are not pseudonyms, as references to such of those authors who dies last; (b) where the names of one or more (but not all) of the authors are pseudonyms and the identity of one or more of them is disclosed, as references to the author who dies last from amongst the authors whose names are not pseudonyms and the authors whose names are pseudonyms and are disclosed; and (c) where the names of all the authors are pseudonyms and the identity of one of them is disclosed, as references to the author whose identity is disclosed or if the identity of two or more of such authors is disclosed, as references to such of those authors who dies last. Explanation.— For the purposes of this section, the identity of an author shall be deemed to have been disclosed, if either the identity of the author is disclosed publicly by both the author and the publisher or is otherwise established to the satisfaction of the 2[Appellate Board] by that author. 24. Term of copyright in posthumous work.— (1) In the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work or an engraving, in which copyright subsists at the date of the death of the author or, in the case of any such work of joint authorship, at or immediately before the date of the death of the author who dies last, but which, or any adaptation of which, has not been published before that date, copyright shall subsist until 1[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published or, where an adaptation of the work is published in any earlier year, from the beginning of the calendar year next following that year. (2) For the purposes of this section a literary, dramatic or musical work or an adaptation of any such work shall be deemed to have been published, if it has been performed in public or if any 3[sound recording] made in respect of the work have been sold to the public or have been offered for sale to the public. 1 Subs. by Act 13 of 1992, s. 2, for “fifty years” (w.e.f. 28-10-1991). 2 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 3 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for “record” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995).  1 [25. Term of copyright in photographs. — Omitted by the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (27 of 2012), s. 13 (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 26. Term of copyright in cinematograph films.— In the case of a cinematograph film, copyright shall subsist until 2[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the film is published. 27. Term of copyright in sound recording.— In the case of a 3[sound recording] copyright shall subsist until 2[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the 3[sound recording] is published. 28. Term of copyright in Government works.— In the case of a Government work, where Government is the first owner of the copyright therein, copyright shall subsist until 2[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published. 4 [28A. Term of copyright in works of public undertakings.— In the case of a work, where a public undertaking is the first owner of the copyright therein, copyright shall subsist until 2[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published.] 29. Term of copyright in works of international organisations.— In the case of a work of an international organisation to which the provisions of section 41 apply, copyright shall subsist until 2[sixty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published. CHAPTER VI LICENCES 30. Licences by owners of copyright.— The owner of the copyright in any existing work or the prospective owner of the copyright in any future work may grant any interest in the right by licence in 5[writing by him] or by his duly authorised agent: Provided that in the case of a licence relating to copyright in any future work, the licence shall take effect only when the work comes into existence. Explanation.— Where a person to whom a licence relating to copyright in any future work is granted under this section dies before the work comes into existence, his legal representatives shall, in the absence of any provision to the contrary in the licence, be entitled to the benefit of the licence. 6 [30A. Application of 7[section 19].— The provisions of 7[sections 19] shall, with any necessary adaptations and modifications, apply in relation to a licence under section 30 as they apply in relation to assignment of 1 Omitted by Act 27 of 2012 (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 13 of 1992, s. 2, for “fifty years” (w.e.f. 28-10-1991). 3 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for “record” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 4 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 11 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 5 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 14, for “writing signed by him” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 6 Ins. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 10 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 7 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 15, for “section 19 and 19A” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). copyright in a work.] 31. Compulsory licence in works withheld from public.— (1) If at any time during the term of copyright in 1[any work] which has been published or performed in public, a complaint is made to the 2[Appellate Board] that the owner of copyright in the work— (a) has refused to republish or allow the republication of the work or has refused to allow the performance in public of the work, and by reason of such refusal the work is withheld from the public; or (b) has refused to allow communication to the public by 3[broadcast] of such work or in the case of a 4[sound recording] the work recorded in such 4[sound recording], on terms which the complainant considers reasonable; the 2[Appellate Board], after giving to the owner of the copyright in the work a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after holding such inquiry as it may deem necessary, may, if it is satisfied that the grounds for such refusal are not reasonable, direct the Registrar of Copyrights to grant to the complainant a licence to republish the work, perform the work in public or communicate the work to the public by 3[broadcast], as the case may be, subject to payment to the owner of the copyright of such compensation and subject to such other terms and conditions as the 2[Appellate Board] may determine; and thereupon the Registrar of Copyrights shall grant the 5 [licence to such person or persons who, in the opinion of the 2[Appellate Board], is or are qualified to do so] in accordance with the directions of the 2[Appellate Board], on payment of such fee as may be prescribed. 6 [***] 7 [***] 8 [31A. Compulsory licence in unpublished 9[or published works].— 10[(1) Where, in the case of any unpublished work or any work published or communicated to the public and the work is withheld from the public in India, the author is dead or unknown or cannot be traced, or the owner of the copyright in such work cannot be found, any person may apply to the 2[Appellate Board] for a licence to publish or communicate to the public such work or a translation thereof in any language.] (2) Before making an application under sub-section (1), the applicant shall publish his proposal in one issue of a daily newspaper in the English language having circulation in the major part of the country and where the application is for the publication of a translation in any language, also in one issue of any daily newspaper in that language. (3) Every such application shall be made in such form as may be prescribed and shall be accompanied with a copy of the advertisement issued under sub-section (2) and such fee as may be prescribed. 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 16(i)(a), for “any Indian work” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017) 3 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 2, for “radio-diffusion” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 4 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 2, for “record” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 5 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 16(i)(b), for “licence to the complainant” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 6 The Explanation omitted by s. 16(i)(c), ibid. (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 7 Sub-section (2) omitted by Act 27 of 2012, s. 16(ii) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 8 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 12 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 9 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 17(i), for “Indian works” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 10 Subs. by s. 17(ii), ibid., for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  (4) Where an application is made to the 1[Appellate Board] under this section, it may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed, direct the Registrar of Copyrights to grant to the applicant a licence to publish the work or a translation thereof in the language mentioned in the application subject to the payment of such royalty and subject to such other terms and conditions as the 1[Appellate Board] may determine, and thereupon the Registrar of Copyrights shall grant the licence to the applicant in accordance with the direction of the 1[Appellate Board]. (5) Where a licence is granted under this section, the Registrar of Copyrights may, by order, direct the applicant to deposit the amount of the royalty determined by the 1[Appellate Board] in the public account of India or in any other account specified by the 1[Appellate Board] so as to enable the owner of the copyright or, as the case may be, his heirs, executors or the legal representatives to claim such royalty at any time. (6) Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions of this section, in the case of a work referred to in sub- section (1), if the original author is dead, the Central Government may, if it considers that the publication of the work is desirable in the national interest, require the heirs, executors or legal representatives of the author to publish such work within such period as may be specified by it. (7) Where any work is not published within the period specified by the Central Government under sub- section (6), the 1[Appellate Board] may, on an application made by any person for permission to publish the work and after hearing the parties concerned, permit such publication on payment of such royalty as the 1[Appellate Board] may, in the circumstances of such case, determine in the prescribed manner.] 2 [31B. Compulsory licence for benefit of disabled.— (1) Any person working for the benefit of persons with disability on a profit basis or for business may apply to the 1[Appellate Board], in such form and manner and accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed, for a compulsory licence to publish any work in which copyright subsists for the benefit of such persons, in a case to which clause (zb) of sub-section (1) of section 52 does not apply and the 1[Appellate Board] shall dispose of such application as expeditiously as possible and endeavour shall be made to dispose of such application within a period of two months from the date of receipt of the application. (2) The 1[Appellate Board] may, on receipt of an application under sub-section (1), inquire, or direct such inquiry as it considers necessary to establish the credentials of the applicant and satisfy itself that the application has been made in good faith. (3) If the 1[Appellate Board] is satisfied, after giving to the owners of rights in the work a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after holding such inquiry as it may deem necessary, that a compulsory licence needs to be issued to make the work available to the disabled, it may direct the Registrar of Copyrights to grant to the applicant such a licence to publish the work. 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160(a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 2 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 18 (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  (4) Every compulsory licence issued under this section shall specify the means and format of publication, the period during which the compulsory licence may be exercised and, in the case of issue of copies, the number of copies that may be issued including the rate or royalty: Provided that where the 1[Appellate Board] has issued such a compulsory licence it may, on a further application and after giving reasonable opportunity to the owners of rights, extend the period of such compulsory licence and allow the issue of more copies as it may deem fit.] 2 [31C. Statutory licence for cover versions.— (1) Any person desirous of making a cover version, being a sound recording in respect of any literary, dramatic or musical work, where sound recordings of that work have been made by or with the licence or consent of the owner of the right in the work, may do so subject to the provisions of this section: Provided that such sound recordings shall be in the same medium as the last recording, unless the medium of the last recording is no longer in current commercial use. (2) The person making the sound recordings shall give prior notice of his intention to make the sound recordings in the manner as may be prescribed, and provide in advance copies of all covers or labels with which the sound recordings are to be sold, and pay in advance, to the owner of rights in each work royalties in respect of all copies to be made by him, at the rate fixed by the 1[Appellate Board] in this behalf: Provided that such sound recordings shall not be sold or issued in any form of packaging or with any cover or label which is likely to mislead or confuse the public as to their identity, and in particular shall not contain the name or depict in any way any performer of an earlier sound recording of the same work or any cinematograph film in which such sound recording was incorporated and, further, shall state on the cover that it is a cover version made under this section. (3) The person making such sound recordings shall not make any alteration in the literary or musical work which has not been made previously by or with the consent of the owner of rights, or which is not technically necessary for the purpose of making the sound recordings: Provided that such sound recordings shall not be made until the expiration of five calendar years after the end of the year in which the first sound recordings of the work was made. (4) One royalty in respect of such sound recordings shall be paid for a minimum of fifty thousand copies of each work during each calendar year in which copies of it are made: Provided that the 1[Appellate Board] may, by general order, fix a lower minimum in respect of works in a 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 2 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 18 (w.e.f. 21-06-2012)  particular language or dialect having regard to the potential circulation of such works. (5) The person making such sound recordings shall maintain such registers and books of account in respect thereof, including full details of existing stock as may be prescribed and shall allow the owner of rights or his duly authorised agent or representative to inspect all records and books of account relating to such sound recording: Provided that if on a complaint brought before the 1[Appellate Board] to the effect that the owner of rights has not been paid in full for any sound recordings purporting to be made in pursuance of this section, the 1[Appellate Board] is, prima facie, satisfied that the complaint is genuine, it may pass an order ex parte directing the person making the sound recording to cease from making further copies and, after holding such inquiry as it considers necessary, make such further order as it may deem fit, including an order for payment of royalty. Explanation.— For the purposes of this section “cover version” means a sound recording made in accordance with this section.] 2 [31D. Statutory licence for broadcasting of literary and musical works and sound recording.— (1) Any broadcasting organisation desirous of communicating to the public by way of a broadcast or by way of performance of a literary or musical work and sound recording which has already been published may do so subject to the provisions of this section. (2) The broadcasting organisation shall give prior notice, in such manner as may be prescribed, of its intention to broadcast the work stating the duration and territorial coverage of the broadcast, and shall pay to the owner of rights in each work royalties in the manner and at the rate fixed by the 1[Appellate Board]. (3) The rates of royalties for radio broadcasting shall be different from television broadcasting and the 1 [Appellate Board] shall fix separate rates for radio broadcasting and television broadcasting. (4) In fixing the manner and the rate of royalty under sub-section (2), the 1[Appellate Board] may require the broadcasting organisation to pay an advance to the owners of rights. (5) The names of the authors and the principal performers of the work shall, except in case of the broadcasting organisation communicating such work by way of performance, be announced with the broadcast. (6) No fresh alteration to any literary or musical work, which is not technically necessary for the purpose of broadcasting, other than shortening the work for convenience of broadcast, shall be made without the consent of the owners of rights. (7) The broadcasting organisation shall— (a) maintain such records and books of account, and render to the owners of rights such reports and accounts; and 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 2 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 18 (w.e.f. 21-06-2012)  (b) allow the owner of rights or his duly authorised agent or representative to inspect all records and books of account relating to such broadcast, in such manner as may be prescribed. (8) Nothing in this section shall affect the operation of any licence issued or any agreement entered into before the commencement of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012.] 32. Licence to produce and publish translations.— (1) Any person may apply to the 1[Appellate Board] for a licence to produce and publish a translation of a literary or dramatic work in any language 2[after a period of seven years from the first publication of the work]. 3 [(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), any person may apply to the 1[Appellate Board] for a licence to produce and publish a translation, in printed or analogous forms of reproduction, of a literary or dramatic work, other than an Indian work, in any language in general use in India after a period of three years from the first publication of such work, if such translation is required for the purposes of teaching, scholarship or research: Provided that where such translation is in a language not in general use in any developed country, such application may be made after a period of one year from such publication.] (2) Every 4[application under this section] shall be made in such form as may be prescribed and shall state the proposed retail price of a copy of the translation of the work. (3) Every applicant for a licence under this section shall, along with his application, deposit with the Registrar of Copyrights such fee as may be prescribed. (4) Where an application is made to the 1[Appellate Board] under this section, it may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed, grant to the applicant a licence, not being an exclusive licence, to produce and publish a translation of the work in the language mentioned in 5[the application— (i) subject to the condition that the applicant shall pay to the owner of the copyright in the work royalties in respect of copies of the translation of the work sold to the public, calculated at such rate as the 1[Appellate Board] may, in the circumstances of each case, determine in the prescribed manner; and (ii) where such licence is granted on an application under sub-section (1A), subject also to the condition that the licence shall not extend to the export of copies of the translation of the work outside India and every copy of such translation shall contain a notice in the language of such translation that the copy is available for distribution only in India: Provided that nothing in clause (ii) shall apply to the export by Government or any authority under the 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 2 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 18 (w.e.f 21-6-2012) 3 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 13 (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 4 Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for “such application” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 5 Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for certain words (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). Government of copies of such translation in a language other than English, French or Spanish to any country if— 1) such copies are sent to citizens of India residing outside India or to any association of such citizens outside India; or 2) such copies are meant to be used for purposes of teaching, scholarship or research and not for any commercial purpose; and 3) in either case, the permission for such export has been given by the Government of that country:] 1 [Provided further that no licence under this section] shall be granted, unless— (a) a translation of the work in the language mentioned in the application has not been published by the owner of the copyright in the work or any person authorised by him, 2[within seven years or three years or one year, as the case may be, of the first publication of the work], or if a translation has been so published, it has been out of print; (b) the applicant has proved to the satisfaction of the 3[Appellate Board] that he had requested and had been denied authorisation by the owner of the copyright to produce and publish such translation, or that 4[he was, after due diligence on his part, unable to find] the owner of the copyright; (c) where the applicant was unable to find the owner of the copyright, he had sent a copy of his request for 5[such authorisation by registered air mail post to the publisher whose name appears from the work, and in the case of an application for a licence under sub-section (1)], not less than two months before 6[such application]; 7 [(cc) a period of six months in the case of an application under sub-section (1A) (not being an application under the proviso thereto), or nine months in the case of an application under the proviso to that sub- section, has elapsed from the date of making the request under clause (b) of this proviso or where a copy of the request has been sent under clause (c) of this proviso, from the date of sending of such copy, and the translation of the work in the language mentioned in the application has not been published by the owner of the copyright in the work or any person authorised by him within the said period of six months or nine months, as the case may be; 8 [(ccc) in the case of any application made under sub-section (1A),— (i) the name of the author and the title of the particular edition of the work proposed to be translated are printed on all the copies of the translation; (ii) if the work is composed mainly of illustrations, the provisions of section 32A are also complied 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 13, for “Provided that no such licence” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 2 Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for “within seven years of the first publication of the work” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 3 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 4 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 13,., for “he was unable to find” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 5 Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for “such authorisation to the publisher whose name appears from the work” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 6 Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for “the application for the licence” (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 7 Ins. by s. 13, ibid. (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 8 Ins. by s. 13, ibid. (w.e.f. 9-8-1984).  with;] (d) the 1[Appellate Board] is satisfied that the applicant is competent to produce and publish a correct translation of the work and possesses the means to pay to the owner of the copyright the royalties payable to him under this section; (e) the author has not withdrawn from circulation copies of the work; and (f) an opportunity of being heard is given, wherever practicable, to the owner of the copyright in the work. 2 [(5) Any broadcasting authority may apply to the 1[Appellate Board] for a licence to produce and publish the translation of— (a) a work referred to in sub-section (1A) and published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction; or (b) any text incorporated in audio-visual fixations prepared and published solely for the purpose of systematic instructional activities, for broadcasting such translation for the purposes of teaching or for the dissemination of the results of specialized, technical or scientific research to the experts in any particular field. 3 [(6) The provisions of sub-sections (2) to (4) in so far as they are relatable to an application under sub-section (1A), shall, with the necessary modifications, apply to the grant of a licence under sub- section (5) and such licence shall not also be granted unless— (a) the translation is made from a work lawfully acquired; (b) the broadcast is made through the medium of sound and visual recordings; (c) such recording has been lawfully and exclusively made for the purpose of broadcasting in India by the applicant or by other broadcasting agency; and (d) the translation and the broadcasting of such translation are not used for any commercial purposes. Explanation.— For the purposes of this section,— (a) “developed country” means a country which is not a developing country; (b) “developing country” means a country which is for the time being regarded as such in conformity with the practice of the General Assembly of the United Nations; 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160, for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017). 2 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s. 13, (w.e.f. 9-8-1984). 3 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s.13(e) (w.e.f 9-8-1984)  (c) “purposes of research” does not include purposes of industrial research, or purposes of research by bodies corporate (not being bodies corporate owned or controlled by Government) or other associations or body of persons for commercial purposes; (d) “purposes of teaching, research or scholarship” includes— (i) purposes of instructional activity at all levels in educational, institutions, including Schools, Colleges, Universities and tutorial institutions; and (ii) purposes of all other types of organised educational activity.] 1 [32A. Licence to reproduce and publish works for certain purposes.— (1) Where, after the expiration of the relevant period from the date of the first publication of an edition of a literary, scientific or artistic work,— (a) the copies of such edition are not made available in India; or (b) such copies have not been put on sale in India for a period of six months, to the general public, or in connection with systematic instructional activities at a price reasonably related to that normally charged in India for comparable works by the owner of the right of reproduction or by any person authorised by him in this behalf, any person may apply to the 2[Appellate Board] for a licence to reproduce and publish such work in printed or analogous forms of reproduction at the price at which such edition is sold or at a lower price for the purposes of systematic instructional activities. (2) Every such application shall be made in such form as may be prescribed and shall state the proposed retail price of a copy of the work to be reproduced. (3) Every applicant for a licence under this section shall, along with his application, deposit with the Registrar of Copyrights such fee as may be prescribed. (4) Where an application is made to the 2 [Appellate Board] under this section, it may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed, grant to the applicant a licence, not being an exclusive licence, to produce and publish a reproduction of the work mentioned in the application subject to the conditions that,— (i) the applicant shall pay to the owner of the copyright in the work royalties in respect of copies of the reproduction of the work sold to the public, calculated at such rate as the 2 [Appellate Board] may, in the circumstances of each case, determine in the prescribed manner; (ii) a licence granted under this section shall not extend to the export of copies of the reproduction of the work outside India and every copy of such reproduction shall contain a notice that the copy is available for distribution only in India: Provided that no such licence shall be granted unless— 1 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s.14 (w.e.f 9-8-1984) 2 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017).  (a) the applicant has proved to the satisfaction of the 1[Appellate Board] that he had requested and had been denied authorisation by the owner of the copyright in the work to reproduce and publish such work or that he was, after due diligence on his part, unable to find such owner; (b) where the applicant was unable to find the owner of the copyright, he had sent a copy of his request for such authorisation by registered air-mail post to the publisher whose name appears from the work not less than three months before the application for the licence; (c) the 1[Appellate Board] is satisfied that the applicant is competent to reproduce and publish an accurate reproduction of the work and possesses the means to pay to the owner of the copyright the royalties payable to him under this section; (d) the applicant undertakes to reproduce and publish the work at such price as may be fixed by the 1[Appellate Board], being a price reasonably related to the price normally charged in India for works of the same standard on the same or similar subjects; (e) a period of six months in the case of an application for the reproduction and publication of any work of natural science, physical science, mathematics or technology, or a period of three months in the case of an application for the reproduction and publication of any other work, has elapsed from the date of making the request under clause (a), or where a copy of the request has been sent under clause (b), from the date of sending of a copy, and a reproduction of the work has not been published by the owner of the copyright in the work or any person authorised by him within the said period of six months or, three months, as the case may be; (f) the name of the author and the title of the particular edition of the work proposed to be reproduced are printed on all the copies of the reproduction; (g) the author has not withdrawn from circulation copies of the work; and (h) an opportunity of being heard is given, wherever practicable, to the owner of the copyright in the work. (5) No licence to reproduce and publish the translation of a work shall be granted under this section unless such translation has been published by the owner of the right of translation or any person authorised by him and the translation is not in a language in general use in India. (6) The provisions of this section shall also apply to the reproduction and publication, or translation into a language in general use in India, of any text incorporated in audio-visual fixations prepared and published solely for the purpose of systematic instructional activities. Explanation.— For the purposes of this section, “relevant period”, in relation to any work, means a period of— (a) seven years from the date of the first publication of that work, where the application is for 1 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017).  the reproduction and publication of any work of, or relating to, fiction, poetry, drama, music or art; (b) three years from the date of the first publication of that work, where the application is for the reproduction and publication of any work of, or relating to, natural science, physical science, mathematics or technology; and (c) five years from the date of the first publication of that work, in any other case.] 1 [32B. Termination of licences issued under this Chapter.— (1) If, at any time after the granting of a licence to produce and publish the translation of a work in any language under sub-section (1A) of section 32 (hereafter in this sub-section referred to as the licensed work), the owner of the copyright in the work or any person authorised by him publishes a translation of such work in the same language and which is substantially the same in content at a price reasonably related to the price normally charged in India for the translation of works of the same standard on the same or similar subject, the licence so granted shall be terminated: Provided that no such termination shall take effect until after the expiry of a period of three months from the date of service of a notice in the prescribed manner on the person holding such licence by the owner of the right of translation intimating the publication of the translation as aforesaid: Provided further that copies of the licensed work produced and published by the person holding such licence before the termination of the licence takes effect may continue to be sold or distributed until the copies already produced and published are exhausted. (2) If, at any time after the granting of a licence to produce and publish the reproduction or translation of any work under section 32A, the owner of the right of reproduction or any person authorised by him sells or distributes copies of such work or a translation thereof, as the case may be, in the same language and which is substantially the same in content at a price reasonably related to the price normally charged in India for works of the same standard on the same or similar subject, the licence so granted shall be terminated: Provided that no such termination shall take effect until after the expiry of a period of three months from the date of service of a notice in the prescribed manner on the person holding the licence by the owner of the right of reproduction intimating the sale or distribution of the copies of the editions of work as aforesaid: Provided further that any copies already reproduced by the licensee before such termination takes effect may continue to be sold or distributed until the copies already produced are exhausted.] 1 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983, s.14 (w.e.f 9-8-1984)  1 [CHAPTER VII COPYRIGHT SOCIETIES 33. Registration of Copyright society.— (1) No person or association of persons shall, after coming into force of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994 (38 of 1994) commence or, carry on the business of issuing or granting licences in respect of any work in which copyright subsists or in respect of any other rights conferred by this Act except under or in accordance with the registration granted under sub-section (3): Provided that an owner of copyright shall, in his individual capacity, continue to have the right to grant licences in respect of his own works consistent with his obligations as a member of the registered copyright society: 2 [Provided further that the business of issuing or granting licence in respect of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works incorporated in a cinematograph films or sound recordings shall be carried out only through a copyright society duly registered under this Act: Provided also] that a performing rights society functioning in accordance with the provisions of section 33 on the date immediately before the coming into force of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994 (38 of 1994) shall be deemed to be a copyright society for the purposes of this Chapter and every such society shall get itself registered within a period of one year from the date of commencement of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994. (2) Any association of persons who fulfils such conditions as may be prescribed may apply for permission to do the business specified in sub-section (1) to the Registrar of Copyrights who shall submit the application to the Central Government. (3) The Central Government may, having regard to the interests of the authors and other owners of rights under this Act, the interest and convenience of the public and in particular of the groups of persons who are most likely to seek licences in respect of the relevant rights and the ability and professional competence of the applicants, register such association of persons as a copyright society subject to such conditions as may be prescribed: Provided that the Central Government shall not ordinarily register more than one copyright society to do business in respect of the same class of works. 3 [(3A) The registration granted to a copyright society under sub-section (3) shall be for a period of five years and may be renewed from time to time before the end of every five years on a request in the prescribed form and the Central Government may renew the registration after considering the report of Registrar of Copyrights on the working of the copyright society under section 36: Provided that the renewal of the registration of a copyright society shall be subject to the continued 1 Chapter VII subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 11, (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 2 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 19 (i), for “Provided further” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012) 3 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 19 (ii) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  collective control of the copyright society being shared with the authors of works in their capacity as owners of copyright or of the right to receive royalty: Provided further that every copyright society already registered before the coming into force of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (27 of 2012) shall get itself registered under this Chapter within a period of one year from the date of commencement of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012.] (4) The Central Government may, if it is satisfied that a copyright society is being managed in a 1 manner detrimental to the interests of the [authors and other owners of right] concerned, cancel the registration of such society after such inquiry as may be prescribed. (5) If the Central Government is of the opinion that in the interest of the 1[authors and other owners of right] concerned 2[or for non-compliance of sections 33A, sub-section (3) of section 35 and section 36 or any change carried out in the instrument by which the copyright society is established or incorporated and registered by the Central Government without prior notice to it], it is necessary so to do, it may, by order, suspend the registration of such society pending inquiry for such period not exceeding one year as may be specified in such order under sub-section (4) and that Government shall appoint an administrator to discharge the functions of the copyright society. 3 [33A. Tariff Scheme by copyright societies.— (1) Every copyright society shall publish its tariff scheme in such manner as may be prescribed. (2) Any person who is aggrieved by the tariff scheme may appeal to the 4[Appellate Board] and the Board may, if satisfied after holding such inquiry as it may consider necessary, make such orders as may be required to remove any unreasonable element, anomaly or inconsistency therein: Provided that the aggrieved person shall pay to the copyright society any fee as may be prescribed that has fallen due before making an appeal to the 4[Appellate Board] and shall continue to pay such fee until the appeal is decided, and the Board shall not issue any order staying the collection of such fee pending disposal of the appeal: Provided further that the 4[Appellate Board] may after hearing the parties fix an interim tariff and direct the aggrieved parties to make the payment accordingly pending disposal of the appeal.] 34. Administration of rights of owner by copyright society.— (1) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed,— 1 (a) a copyright society may accept from an [author and other owners of right] exclusive authorisation to administer any right in any work by issue of licences or collection of licence fees or both; and 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 19 (iii), for “owners of rights” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Ins. By Act 27 of 2012, sec. 19(iv), (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 3 Ins. By Act 27 of 2012, sec. 20, (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 4 Subs. by Act 7 of 2017, s.160 (a), for “Copyright Board” (w.e.f. 26-5-2017).  (b) an 1[author and other owners of right] shall have the right to withdraw such authorisation without prejudice to the rights of the copyright society under any contract. (2) It shall be competent for a copyright society to enter into agreement with any foreign society or organisation administering rights corresponding to rights under this Act, to entrust to such foreign society or organisation the administration in any foreign country of rights administered by the said copyright society in India, or for administering in India the rights administered in a foreign country by such foreign society or organisation: Provided that no such society or organisation shall permit any discrimination in regard to the terms of licence or the distribution of fees collected between rights in Indian and other works. (3) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, a copyright society may— (i) issue licences under section 30 in respect of any rights under this Act; (ii) collect fees in pursuance of such licences; (iii) distribute such fees among 1 [author and other owners of right] after making deductions for its own expenses; (iv) perform any other functions consistent with the provisions of section 35. 34A. [Payment of remunerations by copyright society.] Rep. by the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (27 of 2012), s. 22 (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 35. Control over the copyright society by the 2[author and other owners of right].— (1) Every copyright society shall be subject to the collective control of the 2[author and other owners of right] under this 2 Act whose rights it administers (not being [author and other owners of right] under this Act administered by a foreign society or organisation referred to in sub-section (2) of section 34) and shall, in such manner as may be prescribed,— (a) obtain the approval of such 2[author and other owners of right] for its procedures of collection and distribution of fees; (b) obtain their approval for the utilisation of any amounts collected as fees for any purpose other than distribution to the 2[author and other owners of right]; and (c) provide to such owners regular, full and detailed information concerning all its activities, in relation to the administration of their rights. (2) All fees distributed among the 2[author and other owners of right] shall, as far as may be, be 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 21, for “owner of rights” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 23(a), for “owner of rights” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  distributed in proportion to the actual use of their works. 1 [(3) Every copyright society shall have a governing body with such number of persons elected from among the members of the society consisting of equal number of authors and owners of work for the purpose of the administration of the society as may be specified.] 1 [(4) All members of copyrights society shall enjoy equal membership rights and there shall be no discrimination between authors and owners of right in the distribution of royalties.] 36. Submission of returns and reports.— (1) Every copyright society shall submit to the Registrar of Copyrights such returns as may be prescribed. (2) Any officer duly authorised by the Central Government in this behalf may call for any report and also call for any records of any copyright society for the purpose of satisfying himself that the fees collected by the society in respect of rights administered by it are being utilised or distributed in accordance with the provisions of this Act. 36A. Rights and liabilities of performing rights societies.— Nothing in this Chapter shall affect any rights or liabilities in any work in connection with a 2[copyright society] which had accrued or were incurred on or before the day prior to the commencement of 3[the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (27 of 2012], or any legal proceedings in respect of any such rights or liabilities pending on that day.] CHAPTER VIII 4 [RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING ORGANISATION AND OF PERFORMERS] 5 [37. Broadcast reproduction right.— (1) Every broadcasting organisation shall have a special right to be known as “broadcast reproduction right” in respect of its broadcasts. (2) The broadcast reproduction right shall subsist until twenty-five years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the broadcast is made. (3) During the continuance of a broadcast reproduction right in relation to any broadcast, any person who, without the licence of the owner of the right does any of the following acts of the broadcast or any substantial part thereof,— (a) re-broadcast the broadcast; or (b) causes the broadcast to be heard or seen by the public on payment of any charges; or 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 23(b), for “owner of rights” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 24(a), for “performing rights society” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 3 Subs. by s. 24(b), ibid., for “the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994 (38 of 1994)” (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 4 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 12, for “RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING AUTHORITIES” (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 5 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 13, for section 37 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995).  (c) makes any sound recording or visual recording of the broadcast; or (d) makes any reproduction of such sound recording or visual recording where such initial recording was done without licence or, where it was licensed, for any purpose not envisaged by such licence; or 1 [(e) sells or gives on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any such sound recording or visual recording referred to in clause (c) or clause (d)].] shall, subject to the provision of section 39, be deemed to have infringed the broadcast reproduction right. 2 [38. Performer’s right.— (1) Where any performer appears or engages in any performance, he shall have a special right to be known as the “performer’s right” in relation to such performance. (2) The performer’s right shall subsist until 3[fifty years] from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the performance is made. 4 [***] 5 [38A. Exclusive right of performers.— (1) Without prejudice to the rights conferred on authors, the performer’s right which is an exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act to do or authorise for doing any of the following acts in respect of the performance or any substantial part thereof, namely:— (a) to make a sound recording or a visual recording of the performance, including— (i) reproduction of it in any material form including the storing of it in any medium by electronic or any other means; (ii) issuance of copies of it to the public not being copies already in circulation; (iii) communication of it to the public; (iv) selling or giving it on commercial rental or offer for sale or for commercial rental any copy of the recording; (b) to broadcast or communicate the performance to the public except where the performance is already broadcast. (2) Once a performer has, by written agreement, consented to the incorporation of his performance in a cinematograph film he shall not, in the absence of any contract to the contrary, object to the enjoyment by the producer of the film of the performer’s right in the same film: Provided that, notwithstanding anything contained in this sub-section, the performer shall be entitled for 1 Subs. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 25, for clause (e) (w.e.f. 21-6-2012). 2 Subs. by Act 38 of 1994, s. 14, for section 38 (w.e.f. 10-5-1995). 3 Subs. by 49 of 1999, s. 4, for “twenty-five years” (w.e.f. 15-1-2000). 4 Omitted by Act 27 of 2012, sub-section (3) and sub-section (4) of section 26. (w.e.f. 21-6-2012) 5 Ins. by Act 27 of 2012, s. 27, (w.e.f. 21-6-2012).  royalties in case of making of the performances for commercial use.] 1 [38B. Moral rights of the performer.— The performer of a performance shall, independently of his right after assignment, either wholly or partially of his right, have the right,— (a) to claim to be identified as the performer of his performance except where omission is dictated by the manner of the use of the performance; and (b) to restrain or claim damage in respect of any distortion, mutilation or other modification of his performance that would be prejudicial to his reputation. Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, it is hereby clarified that mere removal of any portion of a performance for the purpose of editing, or to fit the recording within a limited duration, or any other modification required for purely technical reasons shall not be deemed to be prejudicial to the performer’s reputation.] 2 [39. Acts not infringing broadcast reproduction right or performer’s right.— No broadcast reproduction right or performer's right shall be deemed to be infringed by— (a) the making of any sound recording or visual recording for the private use of the person making such recording, or solely for purposes of bona fide teaching or research; or (b) the use, consistent with fair dealing, of excerpts of a performance or of a broadcast in the reporting of current events or for bona fide review, teaching or research; or (c) such other acts, with any necessary adaptations and modifications, which do not constitute infringement of copyright under section 52.] 3 [39A. Certain provisions to apply in case of broadcast reproduction right and performer’s rights. (1)Sections 18, 19, 30, 30A, 33, 33A, 34, 35, 36, 53, 55, 58, 63, 64, 65, 65A, 65B and 66 shall, with necessary adaptations and modifications, apply in relation to the broadcast reproduction right in any broadcast and the performer's right in any performance as they apply in relation to copyright in a work: Provided that where copyright o r performer’s right subsists in respect of any work or performance that has been broadcast, no licence to reproduce such broadcast, shall be given without the consent of the owner of right or performer, as the case may be, or both of them: Provided further that the broadcast reproduction right or performer’s right shall not subsist in any broadcast or per