Biology Past Paper Questions - PDF

1\. During the embryonic stages, cartilage is a precursor to many bones. What cells are required to cause the differentiation of cartilage to bone? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes keratinocytes 2\. Hematopoiesis is a process that occurs in the red marrow yellow marrow solid portion epiph...

1\. During the embryonic stages, cartilage is a precursor to many bones. What cells are required to cause the differentiation of cartilage to bone? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes keratinocytes 2\. Hematopoiesis is a process that occurs in the red marrow yellow marrow solid portion epiphysis 3\. Bones can grow longer when the cartilage cells in the diaphysis cpiphysis epiphyscal plate periosteum 4\. When bones remodel, old bone is typically removed. Which of the following cells are most likely to be involved in this removal process? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes melanocytes 5\. The skin is considered to be an organ because it comprises the largest part of the body Is made of epithelial fissue and connective tissue has multiple functions ranging from physical protection to homeostasis has adnexes like hair and nails 6\. The skin is involved in producing which of the following vitamins? vitamin C vitamin D vitamin K vitamin A 7\. The cells in the stratum basale layer can missile to the stratum corneum layer. In the stratum basale layer are cells that prodiy pigment and do not migrate. What are those cells called keratinocytes melanocytes Merkel cells Paccinian corpuscules 8\. There are cells in the epidermis that produce a pigment that protect against DNA mutation by UV radiation. These cells help create our skin color and a tan. What are these cells called? keratinocytes Langerhans cells Melanocytes Merkel cells 9\. Which of the following cells are associated with the sensory function of skin? Keratinocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells Melanocytes 10\. The skin provides physical protection since it prevents the entry of some pathogens. The kin also provides protection against pathogens via the activity of the Langerhans cells melanocytes Merkel cells Paccinian corpuscules 11\. When we give a patient an injection of medication, many times we place the needle nearest the location of major blood vessels in the skin. This needle is referred to as a \"hypodermic needle\" because it\'s of the right length to enter the dermis saniderm hypodermis apidose tissue 12\. Which of the following glands is most directly involved in acne ormation? apocrine rine sebaceous endocrine Which one is not correct about AP. a\. a wave of electricity that travels down the axon of neuron b\. travels from the cell body to the axon terminals c\. this wave of electricity is actually a brief change in the resting membrane potential of the neuron from -90mV to +35mV d After the AP the membrane returns to its resting potential of -70mV 1\. Electrical II\. Chemical III\. Mechanical A stimulus for AP can be: Only I I and II I and III I. II and III Which of the following is the correct definition of a cation? A cation is an ion that can have a positive or negative charge, A cation is an ion that cannot have a charge. A cation is a positively charged ion. A cation is a negatively charged ion. Which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest? Repolarized Hyperpolarized Polarized Depolarized How are potassium ions typically moved out of a neuron when the membrane is at rest? The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions out of the cell. Electrical gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Potassium ions are stable and do not move when a membrane is at rest. Action potentials are characterized by which of the following? Slightly negative polarization Depolarization or hyperpolarization Repolarization Rapid depolarization Absolute and relative refractory periods are important aspects of which of the following? quilibet potentials Action potentials Resting potentials Graded potentials How would action potentials be affected in a myelinated axon if nodes are far apart? Action potentials might travel more quickly Action potentials might travel more slowly Action potentials would not be affected Action potentials might stop Which of the following neuronal processes transmits an action potential? Glia Soma Dendrite Axon Saltatory conduction refers to which of the following? The conduction of a graded potential along a myelinated axon. The conduction of a graded potential along a demyelinated axon. The conduction of an action potential along a demyelinated axon. The conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon. The thick filaments are the\...\... filaments A band 1 band Z dises Myosin What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Intermediate filament network Myofibrillar network What is the role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction? To release troponin from tropomyosin, allowing myosin to bind to the actin filament To release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum To prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament To aid in myosin moving on the actin filament What is the role of acetylcholine in calcium release? Stimulates cellular contraction by opening voltage-gated ion channels Stimulates postsynaptic acetylcholine eceptor o release intracellular calcium Binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing calcium release Binds to the T-tubules, causing calcium release Which of the following correctly identifies muscle components in order from largest to Smallest Muscle fiber, fasciculus, myofibril Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, fasciculus Fasciculus muscle bundle, myofibril Fasciculus muscle fiber, myofibril The space between two Z lines constitutes the Sarcolemma Sarcophagus Sarcoplasm Sarcomere We would expect to find sooth muscle in all of the following EXCEPT: Pulmonary circulatory tissue Esophagus Small intestine Myocardial tissue Which of the following is NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system Branching muscle cell Striated skeletal muscle Myocardial cell Intestinal muscle cell Which element is important in directly triggering contraction? Na K Ca Cl Thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called Sarcomere Sarcolemma Sarcoplasma Sarcoplasmic reticulum Muscle relaxation occurs when Ca ions actively transported out of the SR Ca ions diffuse out of the SR Ca ions actively transported into the SR Ca ions diffuse into the SR The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called Sarcolema Sarcomere Sarcotubula Sarcoplasma In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by Tropomyosin Myosin Troponin aldesmon Which of the following properties is nor common to all three muscle tissues! Excitability The need for ATPV At rest uses shielding proteins to cover actin-binding sites Elasticity Situation in which muscle loses its ability to contract, due to being used strenuously for a long period of time muscle pain muscle cramp muscle fatigue oxygen debt The chemical that accumulates in muscles when oxygen is depleted: myoglobin hemoglobin lactic acid carbon dioxide States that the muscle fibers shorten as the actin and myosin filaments pull on each other threshold stimulus theory sliding filament theory neurotransmitter theory Which of the following statements describe the function of smooth muscles They contract relatively fast in a controlled manner. They contract relatively slowly in a controlled manner. They contract relatively slowly and in an uncontrolled manner In what way ure cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles similar. both have striations both operate via autonomic nervous system (ANS) both are highly branched In what way ure cardiac muscles and smooth muscles similar. both have striations both operate via autonomic nervous system (ANS) both are highly branched Which of the following statements is true regarding the structure of smooth musele They have an overlapping pattern of actin and myosin, similar to skeletal muscle. They consist of irregular arrangement of actin and myosin They do not consist of actin or myosin This structure stores the synaptic vesicles: Axon Tenim Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Synaptic Cleft Synaptic Vesicles This is a modified portion of the sarcolemma where the motor neuron\'s axon terminal connect Acetylcholine Calcium lons (Ca2+) Motor End Plate Protein Channels This is the space between the axon terminal and the motor end plate. Axon Terminal Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Synaptic Cleft Synaptic Vesicles Which one is the \"increase in the size of muscle celis\" observed by exercise! hypertrophy hyperplasia denervation atroply This is a tube tha nerve impulse throughout the entire muscle fiber. Sarcolemma Myofibril T-Tubule 1\. Denervation I1. Disuse III\. Getting old Causes of skeletal muscle atrophy is/are 11+111 1+11 1+111 1+11+111 A catholic reaction means; Combine smaller molecules into larger compounds. Break down larger molecules into smaller compounds and release energy. Minimum resting energy expenditures by an awake alert person. Basic unit of measurement of energy in biological system. A anabolic reaction means Combine smaller molecules into larger compounds. Break down larger molecules into smaller compounds and release energy. Minimum resting energy expenditures by an awake alert person. Basic unit of measurement of energy in biological system. High-energy compound in muscle cells is: creatine phosphate hemoglobin myoglobin myosin Which of the following definition about hrown fat tissue is wrong, Mainly participates in Thermogenesis. Located in the paravertebral, supraclavicular and perianal regions. Large number of mitochondria (brown colour). Located in the hepatic tissue Which adipose tissue enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol ester bonds in lipolysis. Hormone-sensitive lipase Glucokinase Heksokinase Lactokinase Which of the following is not an adipose tissue function. thermal isolation mechanical protection reserve of energy autoimmune function \"Lipolysis\" means: production of triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol in adipose tissue. True False Write down the insulin hormone actions on each metabolic pathway: Glycogen synthesis (increases) Lipogenesis:( increases) Protein synthesis: (increases) Which area of the body does not have microbiota, skin mouth eyes brain Which ATP production system is used in a long-term and medium-intensity exercise program. glycolysis aerobic metabolism anaerobic metabolism lypogenesis L. RBC formation II\. Neurological function III\. DNA synthesis Which of the above procedures require Vitamin B12. I+11 1+11+111 1+111 1+11 Which of the following is not one of the factors that affect the basal metabolic rate. Age & gender physical condition body weight head circumference