Science PDF Ionic Compounds

Science  Ionic Compound · similar valence elections react similar stable = full valence shell (2or0 · · 37 valence electrons electrons to make shell...

Science  Ionic Compound · similar valence elections react similar stable = full valence shell (2or0 · · 37 valence electrons electrons to make shell : lose · valence electrons : empty gain or lose electrons to achieve full shell S[valence electron gain electrons to have 8 · : o r share electrons with another a tom Is protons /Selections : 1S-IS ↓ Neutral = charge g air 3 elections 3 1s 0 - + = p P anion = negative charge cation = positive charge metals lose electrons (Oxidation) Chemical = cations Oxidying agent : lose causing electrons another chemical to non-metals gain elections (reduction) = anion reducing agent = chemical causing another to gain electrons metal , non-metal fide) ionic compound opposite charges - electrostatic attraction attract (cation & anior) Mg and F 2 2( 1) = - = Mg2 Fz subscript + = number of a Fez 03 we know O charge is I We don't know. te charge : Fee O2 2xx = 3x2 x= number Charge = total charge ↓ Fe(iii) oxide ↑ iron has many charges so roman , numerals to represent charge (when writing irnic compounds don't , include charge) ↑ lon = atom or atoms that's charged polyatomic ion = ions of more than one atom lonic bonds = -crystalline lattice structures ! - hard , brittle - do not conduct electricity With local shatter do = acqueous solution force (noble gases and T - Molten Liquids hard not don'tforesounds, easily scratched , brittle , involve metallic bonding at t r a ct i o n - fullharesse negative Ton thas With non-metallic or semi-metal cannot - positive and ei ↳ ↑ aftices = form crystals composed of 3 Darrays of positive metal arrays called ions and negative non-metal ions ionic network - repeated pattern in Stable and held arrangement lattices due to electrostatic - opposite charged ions close , same charged far a way attraction - electronegativity= election-attracting power of atom  to called cations and anion numbers are same or metal = nonmetal- - be neutral empirical formula - size and number of ions determine lattic structure lonic compound : -crystalline solids due to Salt = ionic compound arrangement of ions in ID patterns (metal non-metalion) high melting and boiling point - as large molten = ions slide energy needed to separate ions over moving= - solid form can't conduct electricity , > - as ions can't more That's why liquid/molten. conduct car - conducting electricity must have charged aqueous : - hard surface is unable to particles , be - scratched due to strong bonds solution that - - dissolve in water to dissociate ions conducts electricity electrolyte as water moves between ions and break crystal structure - brittle - distortion causes similar charged ions to be closer , causing repulsion shattering or - Distortion along planes = cleavage (clear - Distortion along diff planes = Crystal split) lattice current can't shatters - flow in distilled water can't flor through solidionic compound can flow through solution of pos and ions neg lonic compounds in water = * ionic bonds between anions and cations break and bonds bond with water molecules and these distributed > separation = called dissociation - Endosionsattract negwatermoleeaa& > - irn-dipole bonds ionic compound with SWAPE = SNAPEc-Ethanoate is always soluble - Sodium Nitrate Ammonium Potassium SNAPE = -form good bonds to water ions - form bad bonds to other ions *Some conic have stronger bonds compounds which don't break in water such as Mercury lodide. Thus drop as a precipitate ↓ ICHOPSPhosphate Sulfire Carbonate Hydroxide # Besides forming bonds with water , it can also form with other ions to make new ioni -CompoundsCompoundis insolubleorlosouile a  covalent bonds = involve sharing of elections of (form discrete non-metals/semi with non-metals atom low Molecules or · melting/boiling points covalent lattices) · low electrical conductivity Metallic bonding = - if only metallic atoms (form metallic are joined together lattices) - metal cations arranged · high melt point in a lattice with · hardnessvaries delocalised valence · good electrical conductivity molten &elector is flowing - insoluble Suspension = solid particles in the bulls of cloudiness and Liquid creating can settle down to a precip Gelatinous precipitate = water molecules get trapped in the as it precipitate forms leading to "Jelly like" appearance Precip can be separated from micture (since precipitate is not residue dissolved and precip from filtration : not a solution) solution left : filtrate T (since precip removed between atoms ↑ ionic covalent compounds compounds = = large electronegativity small electronegativity (Cl 2). (71 2) > metal & non-metal. - > being alike = both non-metal - -- as result, to attract theystick a must share an electron  substances to extreme in the absence pyrolysis heating up temperatures ofxygen. fermentation= a substance breaking down into simpler substance (produces ethanol) calcination= heating substances just below melting point to remove impurities Synthesis reactions = two reactants combine to form a product - (Anabolic reactions) endothermic energy required to form chemical - bonds , Decomposition reactions : - bonds broken to produce I products (catabolic reactions) - exothermic , energy released as bonds of atoms break single replacement reactions : one element is replaced with another that's in a chemical compound Double replacement -twocompoundsreactexchangigionsof groupsotatom ions reactions , o as new compounds become insoluble Doing equations & · ~ nint sit with Receptors > sensory - neuron - > interneuron (spinal cord) b Motor Response effector neuron Organelle Cell Tissue PNS (Peripheral nervous system) Organ - somatic nervous system System sensors and nerves involved in voluntary responses) Organism automatic - nervous system (controls non-voluntary responses and body regulations sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight response · Parasympathetic nervous system -rest and digest response NS : swings into action quickly ES : long-term balancing biological -effects are fleeting rocesses growth response , ,. 1 Endocrine glands have secretory cells that release hormones into bloodstream 2. Find their target and stick to the receptor 3. Signal passes to the cell and then respond (Response to hormonal stimulation) Hormones ↓ water-soluble hormones = -sticks on outer membrane -activate a cascade of helper molecules inside cell hormone - faster acting shorter-lived , effects lipid Lipid-soluble = - can pass through cell membrane -manyofthis as hormone play a roe in activatin  ES : Stimulus >- receptor - > control centre -> effector T response - (target cell)  estimated average density = total number of individuals counted (number of quadrats X area of eachmadrat) ↑ Electricity  Magnetism Elements of magnets : Iron, Cobalt Nickel , Compounds magnetic = steel and stainless steel as they contain iron cobalt and nickel , Permanent magnets = materials with a persistent magnetic field around them (bar magnetsC - attract and repel based on material and orientation · All magnets have a ID area around them called a magnetic field caused by quantum properties of their subatomic particles - Paramagnetic materials = materials with a small attraction to a magnet Paramagnetishisdetopresence unpairedelectrons,whichleads to a - of income ( neighbouring atoms , they form magnetic domains that alligh and create a permanent magnetic field - Ferromagnetic materials : materials with a strong attraction -like poles repel (north-north or south-south -unlike poles attract (north-south or south-north magnetic forces are non-contact forces as they affect each other without touching cause of Earth's magnetic field ? movement of liquidiron in Earth's outer core  & It "Come go out into North" south" *&repeit lines" closer = Stronger fields Two magnets interact when fields overlap. If * If field lines point opposite directions then Y # field lines in the magnetic field's "misaligned" go same direction "aligned" , and rele magnets would attract each other. alligh Dcor Declination = the Value Earth's magnetic thefield deviates from and should be subtracted from found direction. Electromagnets : Magnetic fields around currents : an electric current moving through a conductor is always ou/posst surrounded by magnetic current a field flows in a wire , creates a man magnetic field around wire - magnetic fieldisstronger when closer to condis -whengripped byright han magneticl as , - When current flows anti-clockwise, represent wire with a dot 1(flow to in birds eye view diagram When current is clockwise with cross represent - (flow , away - magnetic field stronger closer to conductor · current is higher  with field helix field around wrap , joins of next was n one : creating electromagnet = Solenoid permanent magnetic be cannot be turned on/off turned /oft , strengthe (electromagney solenoid can on -coming varied I ↓ ~ · varhinon more coils - increasing current theMeetin flowing through the coils = more strength as decreasing lower strength · = finetic