Living Things and Their Environment PDF

# Living Things And Their Environment ## Studying Cells Through Microscopy ### Compound Microscope This is commonly used in most science classes because of its high magnification. ### Parts of the Compound Microscope - Magnifying - Illuminating - Mechanical #### Magnifying Parts - This is us...

# Living Things And Their Environment ## Studying Cells Through Microscopy ### Compound Microscope This is commonly used in most science classes because of its high magnification. ### Parts of the Compound Microscope - Magnifying - Illuminating - Mechanical #### Magnifying Parts - This is used to enlarge the view of specimens. - **Objective Lenses:** - The most important of the optical parts. - Low Power Objective (LPO), High Power Objective (HPO), Oil-Immersion Objective (OIO). - **Ocular Lenses:** - This is used to enlarge the view of specimens. - This magnifies the image formed by the objective lenses. - It is attached to the upper end of the microscope. #### Illuminating Parts - This is used to supply light to the slide on the stage. - **Mirror:** - This collects light from the external light source and reflects it into the microscope lenses. - **Condenser:** - This focuses the maximum amount of light upon the specimen. - **Iris Diaphragm:** - This is located beneath the condenser and has an adjustable opening or aperture to adjust the light entering the specimen. - **Numerical Aperture:** - This measures the microscope's capability to gather light. #### Mechanical Parts - This are used to support and move parts of the microscope. - **Arm Stage:** - **Stage Clips Body Tube Draw Tube:** - **Adjustment Knobs Revolving Nosepiece:** - **Dust Shield Base:** - **Pillar Inclination Joint Lever:** ## Correct Uses of the Compound Microscope - **Hans and Zacharias Janssen:** - They produced the first compound microscope in the 1590s. - They were Dutch eyeglass makers. - **Galileo Galilei:** - He invented one of the first compound microscopes in the year 1625. - He added a focusing device to his microscope. - **Robert Hooke:** - He invented one of the first compound microscopes in the year 1625. - He added a focusing device to his microscope. - He used the term cells to refer to the tiny structures found in organisms. - **Anton van Leeuwenhoek:** - He was the first person to have observed microscopic organisms. - **Mathias J. Schleiden:** - He concluded that all plants are composed of cells. - **Theodor Schwann:** - He theorized that all animals are composed of cells. - **Rudolf Virchow:** - He discovered that cells increased in number by dividing and forming new cells. ## Biological Organization This refers to the system of classification that arranges the level of life in a hierarchical order. ### Cells - The basic unit and building block of life. #### Cell Theory - All living things are composed of cells. - Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. - All cells come from pre-existing cells. ### Tissue - A group of cells that have similar functions. ### Organ - A group of different tissues performing similar function. ### Organ System - A group of organs that work together as a single unit to perform one or more functions. ### Organism - The individual living thing that is made up of one or more organ systems. ### Population - A group of organisms of one species that live in the same area at the same time. ### Community - A group of populations of different species living in the same place at the same time. ### Ecosystem - This contains all the communities that interact in their physical environment. ### Biosphere - This contains all ecosystems on Earth where life exists. ## Cell - The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. - All living things are made of cells. - All cells come from other pre-existing cells. ### Prokaryotes - Do not have a True nucleus nor membrane-bound organelles. - Archaea Bacteria ### Eukaryotes - Have a distinct nucleus and organelles. - Fungi Animals Protists Plants ### Main Parts of the Cell - **Cell Membrane:** - Also called as the Plasma Membrane. - A semi-permeable membrane which holds the cell together. - **Nucleus:** - The cell's command center. - It controls the organism's movement, growth and reproduction. - This holds the genetic material. - **Cytoplasm:** - A jelly-like material, viscous solution located outside the nucleus but still within the cell membrane. ### Three Main Components of the Cell - **Cytosol:** - **Organelles:** - **Inclusions:** #### Organelles - These are small structures or compartments within the cell. - Each organelle performs specific functions and is sometimes called a "little organ." ## Parts of a Plant Cell - **Plant cells are the building blocks of all plants.** - Plant cells are composed of different parts. - Each part has specific functions. - **Cell Wall:** - It is the protective part of the plant cell. - It gives the plant cell its rectangular shape - **Nucleus:** - This round organelle is in the center of the cell. - It controls all the activities of the plant cell - **Vacuole:** - Vacuoles help maintain water balance in plant cells. - **Golgi Apparatus:** - It is the part that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules in the plant cell. - **Chloroplast:** - It is the part that produces food in a plant cell. - **Mitochondria:** - It is the power plant of the plant cell. - **Endoplasmic Reticulum:** - Two types are smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum. ## Parts of an Animal Cell - **Animal cells are the smallest biological unit of life found in animals.** - Animal cells are composed of different parts. - Each part has specific functions. - **Nucleus:** - This round organelle is in the center of the cell. - It controls all the activities of the animal cell. - **Vacuole:** - Vacuoles help maintain water balance in animal cells. - **Golgi Apparatus:** - It is the part that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules in the animal cell. - **Lysosome:** - Lysosomes are organelles that help break down certain materials inside the cell - **Cell Membrane:** - **Mitochondria:** - It is the power plant of the animal cell. - **Endoplasmic Reticulum:**