AP Biology Chapter 40 Group Notes: Hormones and Endocrine Systems PDF

AP Bio Chapter 40 Group Notes: Hormones and Endocrine Systems LINK TO GOOGLE SLIDE PRESENTATION Team Members: HSR&T (Highly Suggested Reading and Thinking) 1. Big Idea 3: Information Storage, Transmission, and Response ~ “Identifying Insulin as a Chemical Messenger” (p764) a. Why...

AP Bio Chapter 40 Group Notes: Hormones and Endocrine Systems LINK TO GOOGLE SLIDE PRESENTATION Team Members: HSR&T (Highly Suggested Reading and Thinking) 1. Big Idea 3: Information Storage, Transmission, and Response ~ “Identifying Insulin as a Chemical Messenger” (p764) a. Why did scientists have a difficult time isolating insulin initially? Scientists had a difficult time with this due to the enzyme in the digestive juices destroying the insulin during the isolation procedure. b. How did they, Banting and Best, isolate insulin? They obtained pancreatic extracts that lowered the blood glucose level in diabetic dogs. c. What were the four experimental procedures they used to identify that insulin was a chemical messenger? 1. Identify the source of the chemical, 2. Identify the effect to be studied, 3. Isolate the chemical, 4. Show that the chemical has the desired effect d. How is insulin synthesized today? Insulin is now synthesized using recombinant DNA technology using bacterium E. coli to produce the hormone. This helped result in the presence of the pancreas in the body which has lower blood glucose, insulin is isolated from pancreatic secretions, and insulin lowers blood sugars. 40.1 Animal Hormones 2E2, 3D1, 3D3 Introduction: - Exocrine glands are like sweat glands, 1. Hormones defined: Chemicals that affect the behavior being secreted into a duct of other glands or tissues - Pancreas = endocrine gland - Endocrine into the blood 2. Hormones influence: the metabolism of cells, growth and development of body parts, and homeostasis - Arteries (deoxygenated blood) go away from the heart, veins go towards 3. Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into the (oxidated) bloodstream (via tissue fluid) not ducts - Arteriol = small arteries - Capillaries in the middle 4. Exocrine glands: secrete their products into ducts, - Capillaries are one cell thick, which take them to the lumens of other organs or allows things to be exchanged outside the body. For ex. Salivary glands - Arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins - Goes into another set before it goes back to the heart - Gland (that has capillaries) sends hormones into veins - Heart -> body (systemic)-> heart -> lungs (pulmonary) - - Sending sound waves to the penne to the tympanic membrane to great fluid and then send signals to the brian to tell  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 2 your nervous system to do something such as clapping. - Hydrophilic has to bond through a receptor - Hydrophobic can pass through the phospholipid bilayer if it is not large or charged Hormones and Homeostasis: 1. Compared to the nervous system - acts more slowly, but effects last longer 2. Controlled by: a. Feedback loops - i. Negative feedback (many examples): the level of the hormone itself, or of some chemical induced by the hormone, inhibit the further secretion of the hormone ii. Positive feedback (few examples): the output intensifies and increases output of the system b. antagonistic hormones - contrary, hormones that have opposite effects 3. Malfunctions: a. hypersecretion: too much b. hyposecretion: too little  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 3 Hormones are chemical signals: 1. Can only impact those target cells that have protein receptors for that hormone 2. Pheromones: a. chemical signals that act between individuals b. important in many animal species c. Examples: i. women prefer men who have different MHC molecules than themselves ii. axillary excretions may affect the menstrual cycles of other women iii. Men had lower testosterone levels when they smelled a jar full of tears from a woman than when they smelled a jar of saline solution. The Action of Hormones: - Lipid soluble / Steroid hormone sources: 1. Peptide Hormones (water soluble) and trigger second Testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex messengers: a. Hormone binds to receptor in the plasma membrane (can’t cross it) b. Binding triggers a second messenger which triggers a metabolic cascade of events c. Example: i. Epinephrine binds to a receptor protein in the target cell’s plasma membrane  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 4 ii. Binding leads to activation of an enzyme - Enzyme coupled receptors = the (G protein) that activates another receptor is the enzyme (adenylate cyclase) that changes ATP - G-protein occurs 7x of the → cAMP transmembrane receptors iii. cAMP is the second messenger - G protein has Alph, Beta, and Gamma iv. cAMP activates an enzyme cascade - Adenosine triphosphate = G protein that ultimately leads to glycogen - Same as ATP but had Guanine breaking down into glucose and - becoming available to tissues 2. Steroid hormones (lipid soluble) and affect gene expression: a. Hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane (lipids dissolve into lipids), binds to an intracellular receptor and into the nucleus b. Hormone-receptor complex, acts as a transcription factor and activates a gene i. Examples: Hormones from the adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes Similarities to the Nervous System: - Taste receptors located all over the 1. Different types of receptors but they all had ion body channels that triggered a membrane potential change. - Able to taste certain bacteria = Help 2. Where are all the taste receptors located? Only the immunity response tongue? - Test for AP Exam  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 5 40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 2C1, 2D3, 2E2, 3D2, 3E2 Introduction: 1. The hypothalamus helps regulate the internal environment through the autonomic nervous system and the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland 2. The pituitary is identified as the master gland because it controls so many other glandular secretions 3. Pituitary has two portions and each is controlled differently by the hypothalamus. Posterior Pituitary: 1. Control: indirectly by the hypothalamus who has neurosecretory cells extending into the posterior pituitary 2. Hormones: a. Oxytocin: uterine contractions (baby out) and milk release out of mammary glands (milk out) b. ADH: controls the kidneys causing water reabsorption Anterior Pituitary: 1. Control: indirectly through double sets of capillaries - first set extending into the stalk (stimulating hormones), second set in the anterior pituitary where the releasing hormones from the hypothalamus trigger stimulating hormones from the anterior pituitary. 2. Hormones: a. TSH stimulates thyroid Gland b. ACTH stimulates the Adrenal Gland (cortex) c. Prolactin stimulates mammary glands to encourage milk production d. Growth Hormone stimulates bones and muscles e. FSH and LH stimulate Ovaries/Testes Disorders: 1. Diabetes insipidus: too little ADH is secreted, not enough water is reabsorbed 2. Pituitary dwarfism: too little GH  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 6 3. Gigantism: too much GH early 4. Acromegaly: overproduction of GH as an adult 5. Cushing syndrome: too little ACTH with means too much cortisol is secreted, fat production THESE NOTES ARE HERE FOR REFERENCE ~A FEW WILL BE HIGHLIGHTED! 40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones 2C1, 2D2, 2E2, 3D1, 3D4 Thyroid: large gland located in the neck 1. Hormones: a. Thyroid Hormone (TH): multiple targets, regulates metabolism, requires iodine to form TH b. Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels 2. Disorders: a. Goiter: hyposecretion of TH due to of lack of iodine which causes the thyroid gland to swell b. Cretinism: hyposecretion of TH since birth Parathyroid: PTH raises blood calcium, contrary to calcitonin Adrenal glands: sit on top of the kidneys 1. Adrenal Medulla: controlled by the ANS, short-term response to stress a. Adrenaline/epinephrine: fight or flight b. Noradrenaline/norepinephrine: with anger 2. Adrenal Cortex: controlled by ACTH, steroid hormones, long-term response to stress a. Glucocorticoids: raises blood glucose levels, metabolism, suppresses inflammatory response, cortisol is an example b. Mineralocorticoids: regulate salt and water balance by increasing sodium reabsorption by the kidneys, aldosterone is an example. A contrary hormone secreted by the heart when the atria are stretched is ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone) c. Cortical Sex Hormones: very small amount of sex hormones Pancreas: 1. Introduction a. Acts as an exocrine gland in digestion b. Acts as an endocrine gland, islets of Langerhans secreting hormones  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 7 2. Hormones a. insulin: lowers blood glucose b. glucagon: raises blood glucose 3. Disorders a. Type 1: do not produce enough insulin, hyposecretion b. Type 2: body tissues do not respond to insulin Testes and Ovaries: steroid hormones that affects gamete development, development/hair growth and functions of the sex organs 1. Ovaries: estrogen/progesterone, fat distribution, uterine cycle 2. Testes: testosterone, muscular strength, vocal odors, acne, body odor and baldness PLEASE SEE DETAILED NOTES RELATING TO THE GONADOTROPINS/REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AT END Pineal Gland: hormone is melatonin, gland in brain, circadian rhythms, daily behaviors, reproductive organs Thymus Gland: hormone is thymosin, gland above heart and is larger in children, stimulates T cell maturation Hormones from other Tissues: 1. Leptin: produced by fat tissues, fullness 2. EPO: secreted by kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels 3. Growth Factors: released by many tissues and stimulate cell division 4. Prostaglandins: act locally, both promote and inhibit inflammatory WHAT YOU MUST KNOW: 1. How hormones bind to target receptors and trigger specific pathways. 2. The secretion, target, action and regulation of at least two hormones. 3. An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones. BECAUSE WE ARE NOT DOING CHAPTER 41: REPRODUCTION - WE WILL JUST FOCUS ON THE HORMONE PORTION - I AM POSTING THE FULL NOTES FROM HONORS BELOW: 21.1 Male Reproductive System Genital Tract: 1. Testes within the scrotum: produce sperm and sex hormones 2. Epididymis: sperm mature/stored until release 3. Vasa deferentia(p)/vas deferens(s): conduct and store sperm 4. Glands - Seminal vesicles, Prostate and Bulbourethral, contribute... a. Basic (7.5 pH) fluid to the semen (to counteract acidic vagina)  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 8 b. Nutrients, fructose, for sperm c. Chemicals that cause the uterus to contract - assist in fertilization 5. Urethra: conducts both sperm and urine 6. Penis: organ of sexual intercourse Orgasm in Males: 1. Erection: erectile tissue expands and veins are compressed 2. Ejaculation: semen expelled from penis, sphincter closes on bladder. 3. # of sperm per ejacuation: apx 400 milion per 3.5ml of semen Male Gonads - Testes: 1. Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and inhibin (hormone) 2. Interstitial cells secrete testosterone 3. Sperm have: head, middle piece and tail. The acrosome is a cap on the head that contains enzymes to penetrate the egg Hormonal Regulation in Males: 1. GnRH: secreted by hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland 2. From Pituitary: a. FSH: stimulates sperm production (seminiferous tubules) b. LH: stimulates testosterone production (interstitial cells) 3. From Testes: a. testosterone (interstitial cells) needed for normal development and functioning of the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics as well. b. inhibin: feedback c. Both testicular hormones exert negative feedback on both the hypothalamus and pituitary 21.2 Female Reproductive System The Genital Tract: 1. Ovaries: produce oocyte (egg) and sex hormones estrogen and progesterone 2. Oviducts/Fallopian tubes: conduct egg to uterus, location of fertilization 3. Uterus (womb): houses developing fetus, thick muscular walls, interior layer is endometrium 4. Cervix: gateway to uterus 5. Vagina: a. receives penis during copulation b. birth canal - baby out c. exit of menstrual cycle/menses External Genitals: 1. Vulva: a. Folds: Labia majora(outer) and minora (surround: clitoris, urethra, vagina) b. Clitoris: small erectile organ at the apex of labia minora 2. Breasts: Contain lobules which consist of alveoli that are lined with milk-producing cells 3. Orgasm in Females: 1. All the above listed organs - swell/elongate/expand as they are engorged with blood 2. Blood pressure/pulse/breathing quickens and walls of the vagina, uterus and oviducts contract 3. It is suggested that the change in pressure brought on by the orgasm draws the sperm towards the egg - but they can also make it there completely on their own. 21.3 Female Hormone Levels The Ovarian Cycle: (FOL) 1. Follicular phase (days 1-13): a. Follicle maturation occurs as a result of FSH (anterior pituitary), which causes the developing follicle (jacket around developing oocyte/egg) to secrete estrogen. b. Estrogen gives positive feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary 2. Ovulation (day 14): egg is released from follicle as a result in a spike in LH (anterior pituitary) 3. Luteal phase (days 15-28): a. Corpus luteum develops from empty follicle. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone b. Progesterone gives negative feedback to the hypothalamus/pituitary  AP Biology - Chapter 40 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems 9 The Uterine Cycle: (MPS) 1. Menstruation (days 1-5): as a results of low progesterone levels, uterine lining is shed 2. Proliferative phase (days 6-13): uterine lining builds due to rising levels of estrogen 3. Secretory phase (days 14-28): endometrium layer thickens and is maintained as a result of progesterone Menstruation: menses, endometrial lining broken down and released out the vagina - lasts 3-10 days Fertilization and Pregnancy: 1. Egg fertilized in oviduct 2. Travels to uterus and embeds in endometrium 3. Zygote produces hCG: which maintains the corpus luteum (so progesterone is continued to be made) until the placenta takes over in production of progesterone at about 10 weeks Estrogen and Progesterone: 1. Hormones are responsible for secondary sex characteristics 2. Menopause: ovarian and uterine cycles cease, likely to occur between ages 45-55, are often accompanied by hot flashes, dizziness, headaches and insomnia, sleepiness and depression. 21.4 Control of Reproduction Abstinence: refrain from sexual intercourse - 100% effective every single time, no risk of STDs Blocked tubes: almost 100% 1. Vasectomy 2. Tubal ligation Hormonal alterations: oral contraception, implants or injections - 90-99% effective Blocks: 1. Diaphragm with jelly - 90% 2. Cervical cap, male and female condoms about 85% Coitus interruptus- about 75%