Principles Of Endocrine Pharmacology PDF

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY WO N G C H U N K E U N G 30 SEP 2024 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS What is a gland? Examples of exocrine glands – Functional unit of cells w...

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY WO N G C H U N K E U N G 30 SEP 2024 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS What is a gland? Examples of exocrine glands – Functional unit of cells working Sweat gland, salivary glands, mammary glands, together etc – Releasing a certain products into Examples of endocrine glands either a duct or to the bloodstream Adrenal gland, pituitary Exocrine gland gland, thyroid gland, etc – Secretes the products via a ductal system to an epithelial surface, Endocrine gland – Secrete products directly into the bloodstream https://www.medschoolcoach.com/endocrine-vs-exocrine-glands-mcat-biology/ 3  OVERACTIVE THYROID UNDERACTIVE THYROID (HYPERTHYROIDISM) (HYPOTHYROIDISM) The thyroid gland makes too The thyroid gland do not make many hormones. Side effects may enough hormones. Side effects include: may include: Weight loss Weight gain Nervousness Irregular pulse Depression Irritability Forgetfulness Sleep problems Fatigue Vision problems Dry skin Muscle weakness Feeling cold all the time Feeling hot all the time 5 MEDICATIONS FOR TREATING HYPERTHYROID Methimazole is the first line of treatment of hyperthyroidism –It works quickly and has few side effects Propylthiouracil is the first line of treatment in pregnant women –lower risk of birth defects Usually needs 1-2 months for noticing the change in symptoms after starting these medications 9 MEDICATIONS FOR TREATING HYPOTHYROID Hypothyroidism is commonly treated by replacing the missing thyroid hormones of patients with oral synthetic thyroid hormones such as levothyroxine, liothyronine, or liotrix. Regular blood tests are required clinically for ensuring that patients taking the suitable dose since the dosage vary among patients 12 PHARMACOLOGY OF BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS Active metabolites of vitamin D – Increase absorption of calcium from both bone and gut – Stimulates both calcium and phosphate homeostasis – Provides adequate mineral for normal bone formation Parathyroid hormone – Increases calcium reabsorption from bone – Effects on bone, gut and kidney for maintaining serum calcium in tight range – With a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D metabolites both reduce urinary excretion of calcium 18 MEDICATION FOR HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Cinacalcet commonly used for: Treating hyperparathyroidism, particularly if the patient is not a surgery candidate Cinacalcet decreases the amount of parathyroid hormone of the parathyroid glands and lowers calcium levels in the blood https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cinacalcet Treat high calcium levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who cannot have surgery 25 PROGESTINS PRESCRIPTION Help other hormones work properly Regulate the menstrual cycle and treat unusual stopping of the menstrual periods (amenorrhea) Prevent anemia (low iron in blood) and too much menstrual blood loss and cancer of the uterus Progestins are also used as contraceptives, in combination with https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/progestins-in-combination-oral- contraceptives/ estrogens 29 ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS Used in treatment of osteoporosis, postmenopausal symptoms and breast cancer Hormone receptor-positive (or hormone-positive) breast cancer cells have either estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PR) receptors or both These breast cancers can be treated with hormone therapy drugs that block the estrogen receptors This induces an antiproliferative effect in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer Preventing the estrogen's growth stimulating effects https://www.pngall.com/breast-cancer-ribbon-png/ in the tumor 30 MEDICATION SPECIFICALLY FOR THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Androgens Male sex hormone Testosterone is the predominant androgen in all genders Important for male sexual and reproductive function Crucial for development of secondary sexual characteristics in men – Such as facial and body hair growth and voice change Affect muscle and bone development as well as metabolism 34  DIABETES TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 Type 1 diabetes –A lifelong condition –Immune system of body attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin Type 2 diabetes –The body does not produce enough insulin, or –Body's cells do not react to insulin properly 46 MEDICINE FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES Insulin is the main medicine Insulin given either by – Injection or – Released by a small insulin pump attached to body https://healthjade.com/insulin-pump/ https://www.diabetes.co.uk/about-insulin.html 47 INSULIN PEN Introduced in the late 1980s as an alternative to vials and syringes Containing the hormone insulin for lowering levels of glucose in blood People with diabetes use it for administering insulin Providing a convenient, simple and accurate delivery For each application, simply: https://www.drugs.com/cg/insulin-pens.html – Add in a new needle, dial a dose, inject the insulin, and carefully put the used needle into a sharps container 48 STEPS FOR USING THE INSULIN PEN Remove a new pen from the refrigerator – Wait 30 minutes for bringing to room temperature before use Wash the hands – Use soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub Remove the cap from the pen and wipe the area with alcohol Attach a new needle to the pen – Do not remove the outer cap of the needle – Make sure the needle is straight Remove the needle caps Remove air from the pen – Gently tap the pen to move air bubbles Select the correct dose on the pen by turning the dial 49 BODY SITES FOR INJECTING INSULIN Inject insulin into the upper outer arms, abdomen, buttocks or upper outer thighs Insulin works fastest for injection into the abdomen Do not inject insulin into areas of a wound or a bruise May not get into body correctly Use different body area within the site each time for injection Injected into the same area may lead to swelling, lumps or thickened skin https://www.drugs.com/cg/insulin-pens.html 50 INJECTION OF INSULIN WITH A PEN Clean the skin of injecting the insulin with alcohol pad Grab a fold of the skin between the thumb and first finger Insert the needle straight into the skin Push the injection button to inject the insulin Pull the needle out Remove the needle from the pen and put into sharp box Replace the pen cap Store the pen as directed 51 INSULIN PUMP An alternative to insulin injections A wearable medical device Holds a given amount of insulin in a cartridge or reservoir Supplies a continuous flow of insulin underneath the skin Entering the bloodstream, then insulin allows cells of the body to absorb glucose and metabolize it as energy Easier and painless to take additional insulin https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1226 as required, without need for injection 52