Pharmacology and Toxicology Quiz

<p>Fatigue and weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To release products through ducts to an epithelial surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate and anxiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate physiological processes through hormone release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control bodily functions through hormones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methimazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperparathyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate menstrual cycles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body does not react to insulin properly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injecting into a bruise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supplies a continuous flow of insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is crucial for male reproductive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure appropriate hormone dosage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propylthiouracil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for site discomfort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates both bone resorption and calcium reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing a continuous flow beneath the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the growth of uterine cancer cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates calcium absorption from both bone and gut (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular blood tests to adjust dosage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To release substances into the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin-producing cells are effectively attacked by the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep disturbances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It primarily governs muscle and reproductive function in males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through a ductal system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate hormone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of ducts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of cells that work together to release specific substances.

Releases substances through a duct onto an epithelial surface, like skin or the lining of the mouth.

Releases substances directly into the bloodstream.

The major types of glands are exocrine and endocrine glands. Exocrine glands release their products through ducts, while endocrine glands release their products directly into the bloodstream.

An exocrine gland that releases sweat onto the skin.

An exocrine gland that releases saliva into the mouth.

An exocrine gland that releases milk for breastfeeding.

An endocrine gland that produces hormones like adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone.

An endocrine gland that controls other glands in the body, including the thyroid.

An endocrine gland responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism.

Methimazole is the primary treatment for hyperthyroidism, known for its quick action and limited side effects. In pregnant women, Propylthiouracil is preferred due to its lower risk of birth defects. Both medications typically require 1-2 months to show noticeable symptom improvements.

Hypothyroidism is managed by replacing missing thyroid hormones with oral synthetic hormones like levothyroxine, liothyronine, or liotrix. Regular blood tests are crucial to ensure appropriate dosage adjustments for each patient.

Active vitamin D metabolites enhance calcium absorption from both bone and gut, promoting calcium and phosphate homeostasis. This ensures adequate minerals for healthy bone formation.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium reabsorption from bone and regulates calcium levels through its action on bone, gut, and kidney. It also has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism.

Cinacalcet is used to treat hyperparathyroidism, particularly when surgery is not an option. It reduces parathyroid hormone production and lowers blood calcium levels.

Progestins help balance hormones, regulate menstruation, treat amenorrhea, prevent anemia and excessive menstrual bleeding, and protect against uterine cancer. They're also used in combination with estrogens for contraception.

ERMs are used in treating osteoporosis, postmenopausal symptoms, and breast cancer. They block estrogen receptors in hormone-positive breast cancer cells, preventing estrogen's growth-promoting effects.

Androgens are male sex hormones, with testosterone being the dominant one. They are essential for male sexual and reproductive functions, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and influencing muscle and bone development as well as metabolism.

A lifelong condition characterized by the immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells. This leads to an inability to produce insulin.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or the cells don't respond properly to it. This leads to high blood sugar levels.

A group of cells working together to release specific substances.

The thyroid gland produces too many hormones, leading to an overactive thyroid.

The thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to an underactive thyroid.

Exocrine glands release substances through ducts onto epithelial surfaces, while endocrine glands release their products directly into the bloodstream.

Sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands.

Adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism causes an overproduction of thyroid hormones, which can lead to symptoms like weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety.

Hypothyroidism causes a lack of thyroid hormones, which can lead to symptoms like weight gain, fatigue, and depression.

Active vitamin D metabolites help absorb calcium from both bones and the gut, maintaining calcium and phosphate balance. This provides essential minerals for strong bone formation.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium reabsorption from bones and regulates calcium levels through its actions on bones, the gut, and kidneys. It also influences phosphate metabolism.