Pharmacology and Toxicology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands include sweat and salivary glands.

Endocrine glands have no functional unit of cells.

Endocrine glands release products through ducts to the surface.

Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream. (correct)

Which of the following glands is classified as an exocrine gland?

The thyroid gland

Mammary glands (correct)

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

Which statement accurately describes hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism corresponds with decreased metabolism.

Hyperthyroidism is also known as hypothyroidism.

The thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones.

The thyroid gland produces hormones in excess. (correct)

What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?

Fatigue and weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an exocrine gland?

To release products through ducts to an epithelial surface. Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily involved in regulating the body’s metabolism?

Thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an overactive thyroid likely cause?

Increased heart rate and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of endocrine glands?

Regulate physiological processes through hormone release. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a condition resulting from underactive thyroid function?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of exocrine glands?

Control bodily functions through hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is the first line of treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Methimazole Signup and view all the answers

What role do active metabolites of vitamin D play in bone health?

Stimulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is treated with cinacalcet?

Hyperparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of progestins?

Regulate menstrual cycles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following summarizes an aspect of type 2 diabetes?

The body does not react to insulin properly Signup and view all the answers

Which should be avoided when injecting insulin?

Injecting into a bruise Signup and view all the answers

How does a wearable insulin pump function?

Supplies a continuous flow of insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of testosterone as an androgen?

Is crucial for male reproductive function Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is commonly associated with hypothyroid treatments?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of blood tests for patients taking thyroid hormone treatments?

To ensure appropriate hormone dosage Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically preferred for pregnant women with hyperthyroidism due to its lower risk of birth defects?

Propylthiouracil Signup and view all the answers

What is one common side effect of using insulin pens?

Potential for site discomfort Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parathyroid hormone in maintaining calcium levels in the body?

Stimulates both bone resorption and calcium reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

How does an insulin pump deliver insulin to the body?

Releasing a continuous flow beneath the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which is a reason progestins are prescribed aside from regulating the menstrual cycle?

Inhibiting the growth of uterine cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vitamin D metabolites have on calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

Stimulates calcium absorption from both bone and gut Signup and view all the answers

Which process is necessary for the effectiveness of synthetic thyroid hormone treatments?

Regular blood tests to adjust dosage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the primary function of an endocrine gland?

To release substances into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes type 1 diabetes in regards to insulin production?

Insulin-producing cells are effectively attacked by the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is often linked with hyperthyroid medication treatments?

Sleep disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes testosterone among androgens?

It primarily governs muscle and reproductive function in males. Signup and view all the answers

Which gland plays a crucial role in hormonal regulation of the body's metabolic activities?

Thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the secretion method of exocrine glands?

Through a ductal system. Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs in the body when the thyroid gland is underactive?

Inadequate hormone production Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for the production of adrenaline?

Adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Hypothyroidism can lead to which of the following conditions?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that distinguishes endocrine glands from other gland types?

Absence of ducts. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology and Toxicology

Course title: Pharmacology and Toxicology
Course subtitle: Principles of Endocrine Pharmacology
Instructor: Wong Chun Keung
Date: 30 September 2024

Difference Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

Gland definition: Functional unit of cells working together, releasing products.
Exocrine glands: Secrete products via ducts to epithelial surfaces.
Examples: Sweat, salivary, mammary glands.
Endocrine glands: Secrete products directly into the bloodstream.
Examples: Adrenal, pituitary, thyroid glands.

Overactive Thyroid (Hyperthyroidism)

Condition: Thyroid gland produces too much hormone.
Side effects: Weight loss, nervousness, irregular pulse, irritability, sleep problems, vision problems, muscle weakness, feeling hot.

Underactive Thyroid (Hypothyroidism)

Condition: Thyroid gland produces not enough hormone.
Side effects: Weight gain, depression, forgetfulness, fatigue, dry skin, feeling cold.

Medications for Treating Hyperthyroidism

First-line treatment: Methimazole (works quickly, few side effects)
Treatment for pregnant women: Propylthiouracil (lower risk of birth defects)
Treatment time: Usually takes 1-2 months to see symptom change.

Medications for Treating Hypothyroidism

Treatment method: Replacing missing thyroid hormones (e.g., levothyroxine, liothyronine, liotrix) orally.
Patient monitoring: Regular blood tests are necessary to adjust dosage as it varies among patients.

Pharmacology of Bone Mineral Homeostasis

Vitamin D metabolites: Increase calcium absorption in bones and gut, promote calcium/phosphate homeostasis.
Parathyroid hormone: Increases calcium reabsorption from bones, affects bone, gut and kidney function, maintains serum calcium levels.
Reciprocal effect: Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D metabolites reduce urinary calcium excretion.

Medication for Hyperparathyroidism

Medication: Cinacalcet
Use: Treats hyperparathyroidism, especially if surgery isn't an option.
Action: Decreases parathyroid hormone production, thus lowering blood calcium levels.
Note: A medication called Cinacalcet (Sensipar) is commonly used for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism, often when surgery isn't considered

Progestins Prescription

Function: Help other hormones work properly, regulate menstrual periods, prevent anemia, reduce menstrual blood loss, prevent uterine cancer.
Use: Combined with estrogens for contraceptives.

Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Use: Treat osteoporosis, postmenopausal symptoms, breast cancer.
Action: Treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancers by blocking estrogen receptors, preventing growth-stimulating effects.

Medication Specifically for the Male Reproductive System

Hormone: Androgens (testosterone)
Function: Main male sex hormone. Important for sexual development, reproductive function, and secondary sexual characteristics like facial/body hair growth and voice change.

Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2

Type 1 diabetes: Lifelong condition where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing cells.
Type 2 diabetes: Body produces insufficient insulin or the body's cells don't respond to insulin properly.

Medicine for Type 1 Diabetes

Treatment: Insulin
Delivery method: Injection, or via a small insulin pump.

Insulin Pen

Introduction: Alternative to vials and syringes, introduced in the late 1980s.
Action: Contains insulin to lower blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
Delivery system: Convenient, simple, and accurate method for injecting insulin.
Application steps: Adding a new needle, dialing a dose, injecting insulin, safely disposing of the used needle.

Steps for Using the Insulin Pen

Preparation: Removing the pen from refrigeration, allowing it to reach room temperature, washing hands, cleaning the injection site.
Needle attachment: Attaching a new needle, ensuring it's straight, removing caps.
Air removal: Removing air bubbles.
Dosage: Selecting correct dose.

Body Sites for Injecting Insulin

Injection sites: Upper outer arms, abdomen, buttocks, and upper outer thighs.
Benefits of injection sites: Abdomen is fastest absorption. Avoid injecting wounds or bruised areas. Alternate locations for each injection.

Injection of Insulin with a Pen

Instructions: Cleaning the skin, holding the skin, inserting the needle, injecting insulin, removing the needle, replacing the pen cap, storing.

Insulin Pump

Alternative to insulin injections: Wearable device.
Action: Delivers insulin continuously with continuous flow under the skin. Easier and painless for taking additional insulin as needed, removing the need for injections.

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Description

Test your understanding of the principles of endocrine pharmacology including the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands, and conditions related to thyroid function such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. This quiz will cover key concepts and definitions essential for mastering the course material.