Pharmacology and Toxicology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

  • Endocrine glands include sweat and salivary glands.
  • Endocrine glands have no functional unit of cells.
  • Endocrine glands release products through ducts to the surface.
  • Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream. (correct)

Which of the following glands is classified as an exocrine gland?

  • The thyroid gland
  • Mammary glands (correct)
  • Pituitary gland
  • Adrenal gland

Which statement accurately describes hyperthyroidism?

  • Hyperthyroidism corresponds with decreased metabolism.
  • Hyperthyroidism is also known as hypothyroidism.
  • The thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones.
  • The thyroid gland produces hormones in excess. (correct)

What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?

<p>Fatigue and weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an exocrine gland?

<p>To release products through ducts to an epithelial surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily involved in regulating the body’s metabolism?

<p>Thyroid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an overactive thyroid likely cause?

<p>Increased heart rate and anxiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of endocrine glands?

<p>Regulate physiological processes through hormone release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a condition resulting from underactive thyroid function?

<p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of exocrine glands?

<p>Control bodily functions through hormones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is the first line of treatment for hyperthyroidism?

<p>Methimazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do active metabolites of vitamin D play in bone health?

<p>Stimulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is treated with cinacalcet?

<p>Hyperparathyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of progestins?

<p>Regulate menstrual cycles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following summarizes an aspect of type 2 diabetes?

<p>The body does not react to insulin properly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which should be avoided when injecting insulin?

<p>Injecting into a bruise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a wearable insulin pump function?

<p>Supplies a continuous flow of insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of testosterone as an androgen?

<p>Is crucial for male reproductive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is commonly associated with hypothyroid treatments?

<p>Fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of blood tests for patients taking thyroid hormone treatments?

<p>To ensure appropriate hormone dosage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically preferred for pregnant women with hyperthyroidism due to its lower risk of birth defects?

<p>Propylthiouracil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common side effect of using insulin pens?

<p>Potential for site discomfort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parathyroid hormone in maintaining calcium levels in the body?

<p>Stimulates both bone resorption and calcium reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an insulin pump deliver insulin to the body?

<p>Releasing a continuous flow beneath the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a reason progestins are prescribed aside from regulating the menstrual cycle?

<p>Inhibiting the growth of uterine cancer cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vitamin D metabolites have on calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

<p>Stimulates calcium absorption from both bone and gut (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is necessary for the effectiveness of synthetic thyroid hormone treatments?

<p>Regular blood tests to adjust dosage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the primary function of an endocrine gland?

<p>To release substances into the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes type 1 diabetes in regards to insulin production?

<p>Insulin-producing cells are effectively attacked by the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is often linked with hyperthyroid medication treatments?

<p>Sleep disturbances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism?

<p>Weight loss and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes testosterone among androgens?

<p>It primarily governs muscle and reproductive function in males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland plays a crucial role in hormonal regulation of the body's metabolic activities?

<p>Thyroid gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the secretion method of exocrine glands?

<p>Through a ductal system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs in the body when the thyroid gland is underactive?

<p>Inadequate hormone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for the production of adrenaline?

<p>Adrenal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypothyroidism can lead to which of the following conditions?

<p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that distinguishes endocrine glands from other gland types?

<p>Absence of ducts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gland

A group of cells that work together to release specific substances.

Exocrine Gland

Releases substances through a duct onto an epithelial surface, like skin or the lining of the mouth.

Endocrine Gland

Releases substances directly into the bloodstream.

What are the major types of glands?

The major types of glands are exocrine and endocrine glands. Exocrine glands release their products through ducts, while endocrine glands release their products directly into the bloodstream.

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Sweat gland

An exocrine gland that releases sweat onto the skin.

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Salivary gland

An exocrine gland that releases saliva into the mouth.

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Mammary gland

An exocrine gland that releases milk for breastfeeding.

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Adrenal gland

An endocrine gland that produces hormones like adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone.

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Pituitary gland

An endocrine gland that controls other glands in the body, including the thyroid.

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Thyroid gland

An endocrine gland responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism.

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Hyperthyroidism Treatment

Methimazole is the primary treatment for hyperthyroidism, known for its quick action and limited side effects. In pregnant women, Propylthiouracil is preferred due to its lower risk of birth defects. Both medications typically require 1-2 months to show noticeable symptom improvements.

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Hypothyroidism Treatment

Hypothyroidism is managed by replacing missing thyroid hormones with oral synthetic hormones like levothyroxine, liothyronine, or liotrix. Regular blood tests are crucial to ensure appropriate dosage adjustments for each patient.

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Vitamin D's Role in Bone Health

Active vitamin D metabolites enhance calcium absorption from both bone and gut, promoting calcium and phosphate homeostasis. This ensures adequate minerals for healthy bone formation.

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Parathyroid Hormone's Function

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium reabsorption from bone and regulates calcium levels through its action on bone, gut, and kidney. It also has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism.

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Cinacalcet for Hyperparathyroidism

Cinacalcet is used to treat hyperparathyroidism, particularly when surgery is not an option. It reduces parathyroid hormone production and lowers blood calcium levels.

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Progestins: Functions

Progestins help balance hormones, regulate menstruation, treat amenorrhea, prevent anemia and excessive menstrual bleeding, and protect against uterine cancer. They're also used in combination with estrogens for contraception.

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Estrogen Receptor Modulators (ERMs)

ERMs are used in treating osteoporosis, postmenopausal symptoms, and breast cancer. They block estrogen receptors in hormone-positive breast cancer cells, preventing estrogen's growth-promoting effects.

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Androgens: Male Sex Hormones

Androgens are male sex hormones, with testosterone being the dominant one. They are essential for male sexual and reproductive functions, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and influencing muscle and bone development as well as metabolism.

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Type 1 Diabetes

A lifelong condition characterized by the immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells. This leads to an inability to produce insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or the cells don't respond properly to it. This leads to high blood sugar levels.

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What is a gland?

A group of cells working together to release specific substances.

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Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland produces too many hormones, leading to an overactive thyroid.

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Hypothyroidism

The thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to an underactive thyroid.

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What are the key differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Exocrine glands release substances through ducts onto epithelial surfaces, while endocrine glands release their products directly into the bloodstream.

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What are some examples of exocrine glands?

Sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands.

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What are some examples of endocrine glands?

Adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland.

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How does hyperthyroidism affect the body?

Hyperthyroidism causes an overproduction of thyroid hormones, which can lead to symptoms like weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety.

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How does hypothyroidism affect the body?

Hypothyroidism causes a lack of thyroid hormones, which can lead to symptoms like weight gain, fatigue, and depression.

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Vitamin D and Bone Health

Active vitamin D metabolites help absorb calcium from both bones and the gut, maintaining calcium and phosphate balance. This provides essential minerals for strong bone formation.

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Parathyroid Hormone's Role

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium reabsorption from bones and regulates calcium levels through its actions on bones, the gut, and kidneys. It also influences phosphate metabolism.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology and Toxicology

  • Course title: Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Course subtitle: Principles of Endocrine Pharmacology
  • Instructor: Wong Chun Keung
  • Date: 30 September 2024

Difference Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

  • Gland definition: Functional unit of cells working together, releasing products.
  • Exocrine glands: Secrete products via ducts to epithelial surfaces.
  • Examples: Sweat, salivary, mammary glands.
  • Endocrine glands: Secrete products directly into the bloodstream.
  • Examples: Adrenal, pituitary, thyroid glands.

Overactive Thyroid (Hyperthyroidism)

  • Condition: Thyroid gland produces too much hormone.
  • Side effects: Weight loss, nervousness, irregular pulse, irritability, sleep problems, vision problems, muscle weakness, feeling hot.

Underactive Thyroid (Hypothyroidism)

  • Condition: Thyroid gland produces not enough hormone.
  • Side effects: Weight gain, depression, forgetfulness, fatigue, dry skin, feeling cold.

Medications for Treating Hyperthyroidism

  • First-line treatment: Methimazole (works quickly, few side effects)
  • Treatment for pregnant women: Propylthiouracil (lower risk of birth defects)
  • Treatment time: Usually takes 1-2 months to see symptom change.

Medications for Treating Hypothyroidism

  • Treatment method: Replacing missing thyroid hormones (e.g., levothyroxine, liothyronine, liotrix) orally.
  • Patient monitoring: Regular blood tests are necessary to adjust dosage as it varies among patients.

Pharmacology of Bone Mineral Homeostasis

  • Vitamin D metabolites: Increase calcium absorption in bones and gut, promote calcium/phosphate homeostasis.
  • Parathyroid hormone: Increases calcium reabsorption from bones, affects bone, gut and kidney function, maintains serum calcium levels.
  • Reciprocal effect: Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D metabolites reduce urinary calcium excretion.

Medication for Hyperparathyroidism

  • Medication: Cinacalcet
  • Use: Treats hyperparathyroidism, especially if surgery isn't an option.
  • Action: Decreases parathyroid hormone production, thus lowering blood calcium levels.
  • Note: A medication called Cinacalcet (Sensipar) is commonly used for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism, often when surgery isn't considered

Progestins Prescription

  • Function: Help other hormones work properly, regulate menstrual periods, prevent anemia, reduce menstrual blood loss, prevent uterine cancer.
  • Use: Combined with estrogens for contraceptives.

Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  • Use: Treat osteoporosis, postmenopausal symptoms, breast cancer.
  • Action: Treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancers by blocking estrogen receptors, preventing growth-stimulating effects.

Medication Specifically for the Male Reproductive System

  • Hormone: Androgens (testosterone)
  • Function: Main male sex hormone. Important for sexual development, reproductive function, and secondary sexual characteristics like facial/body hair growth and voice change.

Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2

  • Type 1 diabetes: Lifelong condition where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing cells.
  • Type 2 diabetes: Body produces insufficient insulin or the body's cells don't respond to insulin properly.

Medicine for Type 1 Diabetes

  • Treatment: Insulin
  • Delivery method: Injection, or via a small insulin pump.

Insulin Pen

  • Introduction: Alternative to vials and syringes, introduced in the late 1980s.
  • Action: Contains insulin to lower blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
  • Delivery system: Convenient, simple, and accurate method for injecting insulin.
  • Application steps: Adding a new needle, dialing a dose, injecting insulin, safely disposing of the used needle.

Steps for Using the Insulin Pen

  • Preparation: Removing the pen from refrigeration, allowing it to reach room temperature, washing hands, cleaning the injection site.
  • Needle attachment: Attaching a new needle, ensuring it's straight, removing caps.
  • Air removal: Removing air bubbles.
  • Dosage: Selecting correct dose.

Body Sites for Injecting Insulin

  • Injection sites: Upper outer arms, abdomen, buttocks, and upper outer thighs.
  • Benefits of injection sites: Abdomen is fastest absorption. Avoid injecting wounds or bruised areas. Alternate locations for each injection.

Injection of Insulin with a Pen

  • Instructions: Cleaning the skin, holding the skin, inserting the needle, injecting insulin, removing the needle, replacing the pen cap, storing.

Insulin Pump

  • Alternative to insulin injections: Wearable device.
  • Action: Delivers insulin continuously with continuous flow under the skin. Easier and painless for taking additional insulin as needed, removing the need for injections.

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