PDHPE Yearly Reviewer PDF

TERM 1 - Better Health for Individuals What does health mean to individuals? Definitions of Health - “A state of physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of disease or infirmity.” - 1946 WHO definition Dimensions of Health - Physical Health - refers...

TERM 1 - Better Health for Individuals What does health mean to individuals? Definitions of Health - “A state of physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of disease or infirmity.” - 1946 WHO definition Dimensions of Health - Physical Health - refers to the state of the physical body which includes: degree of energy, body weight, resistance to disease, our level of fitness, natural status, and the efficient functioning of body systems. Our heredity and genetic make-up determine our physical potential, but our health is largely determined by lifestyle and behaviour. - Social Health - refers to our interactions with other people (friends, family, etc) as well as the social and communication skills and abilities we display. Good social health = socialise effectively in an independant and cooperative way. - Emotional Health - the way a person reacts to a stimulus within their life. To be emotionally healthy is to maintain a realistic perspective in a situation, manage feelings properly and develop resilience. - Mental Health - relates to our feelings and emotions, and how we feel about ourselves. Includes: self confidence and self esteem, feelings of accomplishment and success, our ability to solve problems and make decisions, and to function within society. - Spiritual Health - a sense of purpose or feeling in our lives. Allows us to feel connected with others. Can be influenced by our understanding of ourselves and can relate to our ability to do things such as setting realistic goals, appreciating the needs and feelings of others, and having ambitions and aspirations. Relative and Dynamic Nature of Health - Health can be viewed as relative meaning in relation to another period of time, in relation to your potential or in relation to others - your health can be observed even through your relationship with your environment and others. Health is dynamic as we cannot say how our health is going to be in the future; it is constantly changing. Perspectives of Health - An individual’s perspective of health is subjective. It is reflected by a person’s outlook on life, personality, upbringing, and different levels of health knowledge. ➔ Social Construct of Health - Gender - Geographic location - Cultural background - Age - Level of education - Community values and expectations Health Behaviours of Young People Key Terms: Life expectancy - the average number of years in life remaining to a person at a particular age, based on current death rates; how long you are predicted to live based on current death rates.. Morbidity - is the incidence of level of sickness or illness in a given population; the number of people with a particular disease. Mortality - is the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time A young person is someone aged between 12-24. Adolescence is a time of rapid emotional, physical and intellectual transition, when young people move from being dependent children to independent adults. Reductions in morbidity from chronic diseases such as asthma have also contributed to improvements in young people’s health. Decline in risk behaviours such as smoking, risky alcohol consumption, and the use of illicit drugs - behaviours that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence. Protective behaviours include life skills (conflict resolution, anger management, problem solving), sense of belonging, supportive local networks What influences the health of individuals? Determinants of Health - factors that contribute to a person’s overall well-being and health Individual - knowledge, skill, attitude, genetics (play a role in determining a person’s predisposition to certain diseases or health problems) Sociocultural - family, peers/society, media, religion, culture - families play a role in promoting good health, encouraging good health behaviour and family expectations (ie. children who grow up with parents that smoke are more likely to smoke). Young people are influenced by their peers who have powerful influences on their choices. This may either have a positive or negative effect on their decision making. The media has a huge role in shaping how we see the world. It influences our values, socialisation, development, opinions and knowledge. Language difficulties and certain cultural beliefs and practices have a significant impact on health literacy, including access to health services. Socioeconomic - education, employment, income - people who have a low/disadvantaged socioeconomic status tend to have the worst health. Illness or disability can prevent a person from securing or maintaining employment, which generally results in reduced income, along with health problems which can impair a person’s ability to continue or succeed in education. Education can have a significant impact on an individual’s health as it broadens their understanding of health protective and risk factors. Environmental - geographical location and access to health services and technology. Degree of Control  - The decisions people make are linked to their health and lifestyle they lead. However, a person’s health is not solely determined by individual choices. Factors ranging from social, environmental and individual factors are interrelated and exert a large influence over health choices. Modifiable Health Determinants - those that can be altered by an individual - Example: diet, exercise, smoking Non-modifiable Health Determinants - those that are unable to be changed by the individual - Example: age, gender, family history, culture How much control do individuals have over the determinants? What can individuals do to modify the determinants they have little control over? How does the level of influence of determinants change over time? Health as a Social Construct - Examines how an individual's context (background) impacts upon their health status. It recognises the interrelationship of the determinants of health. The result of this is the concept that health is not solely an individual’s responsibility and that some responsibility must fall to the society as a whole. - Health is a dynamic quality that is affected by a complex interrelationship between individuals and their physical, social, economic and political environments. Social environments such as the care and nurturing we receive when young, our interactions with others and our sense of inclusion determine our health and well-being. The Poverty Cycle Family in poverty > Child grows up in poverty > Is significantly disadvantaged in education and skills > Struggles to get a job > Fails to escape poverty cycle > Family in poverty - An individual’s level of education directly impacts their employment options and level of income. Some people are born into a social situation where they have less money, live in poorer areas, difficult schools, or have a family that does not value health and participate in more risky behaviours. Such situations result in poorer health outcomes for the individual in this group. Conversely, if someone is born in a wealthy family, with high levels of education and who place a high value on health, they are more likely to have better health outcomes. - Health is a result not just of individual choices, but of the society and context such an individual is born into. What strategies help to promote the health of individuals? Health Promotion - The process that enables people to improve or have greater control over their health. The aim is to help an individual or group reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.  - Individuals - created by caring for yourself and others; making decisions and having control over your own life circumstances. - Community groups/schools - health information is provided to individuals, local communities, state or the entire country (the general public). Journalists have an influential role in delivering health information. Health education and personal development are important parts of the school curriculum - teachers play a key role in their delivery. - NGO’s - include large national state bodies, including the Cancer Council and Heart Foundation, who closely work for the government. They attempt to improve the quality and availability of human and financial resources directed at health. - Government: -Local Government - responsible for aspects of community: recreational facilities, land use planning, home care, child care, waste management, food safety -State Government - determines the direction, legislation and planning for health promotion: nutrition, women’s health, disease prevention and control, immunisation and cancer screening. -Federal Government - responsible for how well the health system serves the needs of the people, health financing, policies and program implementation, providing legislation and national health promotion. - International Organisations - UNCF, WHO - bodies involved in global health, the UN being for peace and security, while WHO addresses public health issues. Health Approaches and Strategies -is aimed at improving the health of an individual or community or changing the behaviour that may have a negative influence on health. -there are three types such as: Lifestyle/Behavioural, Preventive Medical, and Public Health Approaches. Lifestyle/Behavioural Approaches -individuals or groups whose behaviour or social situations place them at a greater risk of developing unhealthy lifestyles, such as people who smoke. Preventative Medical Approaches -specifically aim to treat and prevent disease by addressing psychological risk factors. – categorised into three distinct actions: - Primary Prevention - targets populations including those without obvious risk factors: preventing initial occurrences; e.x: childhood immunisation programs - Secondary Prevention - targets sections of populations reporting increasing risks: stopping or slowing an existing illness; e.x: breast cancer screening - Tertiary Prevention - targets people already affected by the disease and reducing the recurrence of illness; e.x: rehabilitation services, asthma management plans Public Health Approaches -aim to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of people. Concerned with preventing disease or injury from occurring or reoccurring. -include schools, hospitals and workplaces - e.x: sex ed, why sunscreen is important Ottawa Charter 1986 -document provided by WHO containing the goal for a new approach to worldwide health; vital reference for health promotion. -acknowledges the importance of the social determinants of health – recommends five areas for health promotion action: - Develop Personal Skills - supporting the personal and social development of the individual. Provides information, education for health and enhancing life skills. Allows people to have more control over their environment and make choices that will benefit their health. E.x: anti-smoking campaigns, health education in schools. - Creating Supportive Environments - making the places people live, work and play the source of good health. E.x: recycling, protection of old forests, student welfare programs - Strengthening Community Action - giving them the power to identify their own health priorities and then take action. E.x: health promoting schools - Reorient Health Service Supporting the personal and social development of the individual. Health For All Strategy - when WHO recognised in 1977 that all governments across the world should be working towards attaining a level of health for all citizens. The Body in Motion How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems in the body influence and respond to movement? What is the relationship between physical fitness, training and movement efficiency? How do biomechanical principles influence movement? TERM 3 - First Aid Infection Control and Protection -There is a risk of cross-infections (passing infection from one person to another) when administering first aid. This in particular when dealing with bleeding. Illnesses that can be transferred include: -Colds and Influenza -Chicken pox -COVID 19 -HIV/AIDS -Mumps -Glandular fever -Herpes -Measles -Hepatitis The rescuer should take the following precautions to prevent the possibility of a virus transfer: -use disposable gloves -cover sores, grazes, cuts, abrasions or incisions of any nature that exposes anyone’s blood -cover the face of an unconscious person with a facemask before breathing into patients -wash hands and any surface of the body that have made contact with the casualty with soap and warm water as soon as possible following treatment. Legal and Moral Dilemmas Legal Implications -knowing the principles of first aid carries with it responsibility. It is suggested that each individual uses common sense and acts in accordance with their level of training should situations requiring first aid arise. Moral Obligations The Royal Life Saving Society of Australia (RLSSA) explains -”An individual is under no duty to rescue or provide first aid to an injured or ill stranger unless a duty of care is owed to that person” - you don’t have to help the person unless you have duty of care (like how teachers are obliged to care and look after students) Good Samaritan Law - you can’t be sued for helping someone. Example: breaking a casualty’s bones while performing CPR. -Once a person begins to provide first aid, a duty of care is established and the first aider is required to act in accordance with training and experience, if any. It is important to maintain respectful behaviour and be mindful of the fact that the victim may have different cultural beliefs and practices. -A person must seek permission from the victim before providing first aid, unless the victim is unresponsive or unable to communicate, the law assumes consent would be given (automatically). -A person who is touched without consenting to it can take legal action for assault - considered as assault. -If the victim is a child, consent for first aid must be obtained from the parent or guardian. If it is life threatening and guardian or parent is unavailable, consent is applied and first aid should be provided. Documentation -first aiders should document written records of exactly what happened should they be involved in providing emergency first aid. The account should provide: -the date -advice given -time of incident -details of witnesses if any were present -factual explanation Common Sense vs Heroics -trying to be a hero can result in unnecessary loss of life.If the situation is beyond your control, such as a raging bushfire, don’t attempt to access the situation to help a casualty. Assess the danger of an emergency situation and evaluate your level of skill in relation to the situation. Support Following First-Aid Situations Debriefing -obtaining information about the circumstances of the incident that resulted in first aid being administered. The rescuer or rescuers may be required to give an account of what happened and describe precisely as possible the nature of incidents. Police or ambulance officers may intake these inquiries. During debriefing, it is important to: -take the time to ensure the full picture is gathered -make all descriptions as accurate as possible -remain impartial and describe the incident exactly as it occurred Counselling -rescuers involved in emergency procedures where there were fatalities and second injuries (for example, spinal injuries or amputations) may need counselling. This type of injury can lead to anxiety, depression or inability to cope. In certain situations, such as a major disaster, teams of counsellors are sent directly to the area for support and guidance. Fitness Choices What does exercise mean to different people? -Exercise is a form of physical activity. -WHO defines it as “all movements of everyday life, including work, recreation, exercise and sporting activities.” -Physical activity can be categorised by the context in which it occurs. Exercise - activity requiring physical effort, carried out with the purpose to improve health and fitness. Physical Activity - any movement of the body produced by the bones and muscles that requires the use of energy. Sport - an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team compete against each other. Types of Physical Activity - Play - for enjoyment and recreation; ex: monkey bars - Game - for amusement or competitive activity played accordingly to rules; ex: tips - Sport - involving physical exertion and skill, individual/team compete against each other; ex: soccer - Transportation (active) - travel between destinations by: walking, cycling - Chores - routine tasks; ex: jobs done in household - Exercise - activities requiring physical effort to sustain and improve health; ex: crunches - Recreational Activities - leisure activities done outside of work and study commitments; ex: swimming Exercise can be divided into 3 categories but is relative to the person: - Light exercise - activity requires 3-4 times as much energy as rest; ex: breathing normally talks freely - Moderate exercise - requires 5-6 times as much energy as rest; ex: breathing heavily but still able to talk - Vigorous exercise - requires 7 times or more energy as rest; ex: can’t talk while doing exercise Exercise and its relationship to fitness -Fitness is generally defined as the ability of a person to live a happy and well-balanced life. It is the result of regular exercise, proper diet and nutrition, and proper rest for physical recovery. -If someone is fit, they have the ability to function efficient;y and effectively enjoy leisure, be healthy, resist disease and cope with emergency situations. -For those who wish to improve their general health and fitness, it is necessary to undertake a regular, moderate intensity exercise program that incorporates the Health-related components. Gross motor skills - movement of large muscle groups Fine motor skills - coordination of small muscle groups The Value People Place on Exercise and Fitness Changing Attitudes to Fitness - around 50% don’t reach physical activity required for 16 year olds Attitudes to Fitness are influenced by a number of factors: Age - 8-29 year olds are usually more active - Older people tend to be more sedentary Gender - Males are more active than females Family - Adolescents who have active parents or those who support activity will generally value fitness. Peers - Adolescents are strongly influenced by what their peers think about fitness and make fitness choices accordingly Media - Awareness of the benefits of fitness and the types of sports and activities available can have a positive influence. Past Experience - Activity experienced at school or in the local community can affect the decisions of adolescents as they get older. Culture - Due to lack of social support women from non-English speaking backgrounds are more likely to be sedentary. Socioeconomic Status - Lower education levels are associated with sedentary lifestyles due to a lack of knowledge about the benefits of fitness. Fitness as a Commodity - making a profit out of something -Companies recognised that fitness could be a profit making Commodity. The commodification of exercise and fitness became increasingly apparent during the fitness boom of the 1970s. Fitness Choices What influences people’s choice of fitness activities? - exercise at home, eg home gyms - community facilities  - fitness centres and personal trainers - exercise clubs, eg walking, running, cycling - cultural groups, eg tai chi, dragon boating Investigate how settings for exercise influence people’s fitness choices. - The setting in which an individual exercises significantly influences their fitness choices as what surrounds them shapes their way of making choices in improving their health. Different settings include exercising at home, community facilities, fitness centres and personal trainers, exercise clubs, and cultural groups. All of which pose its positive and negative traits towards the person who is being influenced on. Exercising at home allows an individual to exercise privately especially those who do not like crowded environments. It also allows them to use their own equipment without having to worry about its cleanliness or availability. Exercising at home, however, comes at a cost. Some exercise equipment is costly and may not be accessible to those who cannot afford it. The lack of education when exercising at home increases the likelihood of injury due to exerting the exercise incorrectly or having no one to assist you when you are unable to lift a heavy weight. Exercising in community facilities allows for interaction and engagement with other people. Depending on the location of the facility, the equipment available is free to use. The maintenance is not ensured, however, all equipment is accessible for everyone including the elderly and disabled. Fitness centres and personal trainers allows the facilitation of Advertising and Promotion How do you know who to believe? Many people and organisations in the fitness industry promise wonderful results in order to get you business. What factors need to be considered when selecting a fitness option? - Reputation - Testimonials from friends/colleagues/family who have used them before - What level of accreditation/experience do they have? - What is their level of expertise? - What benefits do they offer me? - Are they qualified? Techniques used by advertising and fitness companies to sell their products: - Famous athletes/celebrities - Engaging graphics/motion graphics - Testimonials - “Limited stock only” - limited offer membership - Before and after results - Photoshopping - Engaging background music - Tone/speed of voice - Slogans Question: Outline some questions that a prospective customer should ask prior to buying a product or joining a gym. - Is this actually realistic/true? - How long will it take until I see the results?  - How much is it? - Is it worth it? - Ask for testimonials - Are the staff friendly? - Look at membership details and how much the pricing is after the trial - What programs are offered? - Is there a free trial? Ethics of advertising - what is right and wrong - The NSW Fitness Industry Code of Practice is intended to ensure that consumers receive high-quality service as a result of improving standards in the industry. Appropriate and accurate advertising is one way to achieve this goal. A supplier must not sell a Pre-Paid Agreement that has an expiry greater than 12 months from the date of purchase (Ausactive 2022). - It ensures that a range of payment options, including pre-payment and periodic billing, are available to customers. - It also requires that sufficient information be made available by service providers to facilitate informed decision-making by consumers.