Copy of midterms Oral exam- revised.pdf

pick 3 signs/symptoms, describe or define them, and identify where the (specific) brain lesion. Signs and Symptoms Definition Lesion Acalculia Inability to do math/calculate Area 39,40 (Common...

pick 3 signs/symptoms, describe or define them, and identify where the (specific) brain lesion. Signs and Symptoms Definition Lesion Acalculia Inability to do math/calculate Area 39,40 (Common Integrative/Gnostic Area) Parietal lobe, the angular gyrus/gyri Affective Agnosia Difficulty recognizing or Ventromedial Prefrontal interpreting emotions Cortex (VMPFC) expressed by others (facial expressions, voice tones, or gestures) A state of anxiety or nervous Area 9-12 & 45-47 Agitation excitement OR (extreme emotional arousal often Prefrontal Cortex accompanied by pacing, yelling, or other disruptive behaviors.) Agraphia Inability to write Area 39 (Common Integrative Area) Left angular gyrus Awake but unable to move or Medial Frontal Cortex Akinetic Mutism (Abulia) speak due to severe lack of motivation. Alexia Inability to read Left occipital lobe and splenium of corpus callosum Anomia Difficulty in naming an Left temporal lobe object/person  Unaware of their own illness Area 40 Broca’s Area Anosognosia or disability. Parietal lobe often right hemisphere Area 9, 10 Prefrontal Cortex Apathy Lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern about things that Prefrontal cortex particularly usually interest or excite medial prefrontal cortex others. (mPFC) Apraxia Unable to perform tasks or Area 6 Premotor Area movements when asked Frontal and parietal lobes Difficulty expressing or Area 44 Broca’s Area Aprosody understanding the emotional tone of speech. Right hemisphere, particularly right frontal lobe Athetosis Involuntary, slow, writhing Globus Pallidus 2° movements, typically affecting the hands, feet, and Basal ganglia sometimes the face. Auditory Agnosia Pure word deafness (difficulty Area 22 (Wernicke’s Area) understanding and interpreting auditory stimuli, Superior temporal gyrus particularly speech and other complex sounds, despite having intact hearing) Balint’s Syndrome Difficulty processing visual Bilateral parietal lobes information and interacting with the things you see  Basal Ganglia Bradykinesia slowness of movement and speed as movements are continued. Broca’s Aphasia Difficulty in word Area 44, 45 (Broca’s Area) articulation;Maybe in the form of saying related word How interested or determined Area 9-12 & 45-47 (Prefrontal Changes in Motivation someone is to do things or Cortex) achieve what they want. Prefrontal Cortex particularly the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) Chorea Rapid, jerky, bizzare and Corpus Striatum discrete movements Basal ganglia Diffuse brain damage, Coma Deep unconsciousness reticular formation where a person cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DEFINITION LESIONS Conduction aphasia-nea difficulty repeating words Arcuate fasciculus and sentences, despite understanding language Constructional apraxia difficulty in drawing or Parietal lobe assembling objects Cortical blindness Partial or complete loss of Bilateral lesions of the vision due to damage to primary visual cortex the brain's visual cortex, despite the eyes being physically healthy. Difficulty in performing Corpus callosum Disconnection apraxia tasks that require coordination between different parts of the body Reduced ability to control Orbitofrontal cortex Disinhibition impulses, leading to behaviors that are socially inappropriate or impulsive. Difficulty in dressing Parietal lobe, right Dressing apraxia oneself due to an inability hemisphere to sequence and coordinate movements required for putting on clothes. Difficulty in perceiving Occipital lobe, particularly the Dyschromatopsia colors, often resulting from fusiform gyrus damage to the brain's visual processing centers. Difficulty swallowing Area 3,1,2 (Primary Dysphagia Somatosensory Cortex) Brainstem or cortical areas involved in motor control Neurological condition Area 39 Gerstmann's syndrome characterized by a combination of symptoms left parietal lobe - angular including difficulty with gyrus writing Severe impairment in all Large lesion affecting both Global aphasia aspects of language broca’s and wernicke’s area comprehension and and surrounding regions production.  Loss of sensation on one Parietal lobe Hemianesthesia side of the body. Loss of half of the visual Occipital lobe (primary visual Hemianopsia field in one or both eyes. cortex) Involuntary, violent, and Subthalamic nucleus Hemiballismus flinging movements of one side of the body. Paralysis of one side of the Motor cortex Hemiplegia body. Inattention to one side of Parietal lobe, typically right Hemispatial neglect space, typically after hemisphere damage to the right parietal lobe of the brain. Difficulty in conceptualizing Parietal lobe Ideational apraxia or planning a sequence of coordinated movements required to perform a task. Difficulty in performing Frontal and parietal lobes Ideomotor apraxia tasks or movements when asked Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, Impaired 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) planning,problem-solving, and working memory Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex exxag emotions, Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, increased emotional lability unpredictable mood swings 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) Prefrontal Cortex, particularly ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS DEFINITION AREA AFFECTED Increased impulsivity and Difficulty controlling impulses Orbitofrontal cortex socially and behaving according to inappropriate behavior social norms Left and right-side Hindi alam yung kaliwa at Areas 39,40 disorientation kanan Parietal lobe Mood Swings Extreme and rapid mood Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, change 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) - Ventromedial prefrontal cortez Perseveration repetitive and persistent Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, behavior of saying or doing 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) something, often beyond what is necessary or appropriate. Frontal lobe Poor emotional regulation Difficulty in managing Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, emotions 47 (Pre-frontal cortex)- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Poor judgment and Difficulty making sound Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, decision-making decisions 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) - Dorsolateral and prefrontal cortex Posttraumatic amnesia Loss of memory following a Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, traumatic event 47 (Pre-frontal cortex)- medial temporal lobe, hippocampus Prosopagnosia hindi makakilala ng tao or Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, hindi makaalala ng mukha 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) fusiform gyrus Reward-based learning deficit Difficulty learning from Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, rewards 47 (Pre-frontal cortex) Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Rigidity Increased muscle tone and Areas 9, 10, 11, 12; 45, 46, resistance to movement 47 (Pre-frontal cortex)- Basal ganglia Seizure sudden, uncontrolled Variable, often parietal lobes electrical disturbance in the brain Simultanagnosia Difficulty in perceiving Parietal lobes more than one object at a time despite normal vision Spasticity Increased muscle stiffness Upper motor neuron lesions and involuntary muscle contractions that can interfere with movement and speech Transcortical motor aphasia Difficulty speaking fluently Area anterior to broca’s area despite relatively (supplementary motor area) preserved ability to understand language Transcortical sensory Difficulty understanding Area surrounding Wernicke’s aphasia and processing language, but with preserved ability to repeat words and phrases Tremor Involuntary shaking or Area 4 with possible trembling movements of a connection with Area 6 part of the body, commonly the hands, arms, head, or voice. Uninhibited bladder and Loss of control over Area 4 with possible bowel bladder and bowel connection with area 6 function, leading to involuntary leakage or accidents Visual agnosia Difficulty recognizing or Area 18,19 identifying objects or faces despite intact vision Wernicke’s aphasia type of fluent aphasia Area 22 characterized by impaired comprehension of language and fluent but nonsensical speech Brodmann areas 1, 2 & 3 : Primary somatosensory Cortex (postcentral gyrus) – responsible for processing somatic sensations. Brodmann area 4 : Primary Motor Cortex (precentral gyrus) – involved in the execution of movement. Brodmann area 5 : Somatosensory Association Cortex (superior parietal lobule) – an area for sensory input.  Brodmann area 6 : Premotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex – helps to control and plan movements. Brodmann area 7 : Somatosensory Association Cortex – an area for sensory input. Brodmann area 8 : Frontal eye fields – role in the control of visual attention and eye movements. Brodmann area 9 : Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex – involved in cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and executive function. Brodmann area 10 : Anterior prefrontal cortex – higher cognitive functions such as task management and planning. Brodmann area 11 & 12 : Orbitofrontal Area (orbital gyri, gyrus rectus, rostral gyrus and part of superior frontal gyrus) – receives information about the sight of objects as well as the reward value of taste. Brodmann area 13 & 16 : Insular Cortex – sensory processing, decision-making, and motor control. Brodmann area 17 : Primary Visual Cortex (V1) – interpreting and processing visual information received from the eyes. Brodmann area 18 : Secondary Visual Cortex (V2) – – receives visual information for further analysis. Brodmann area 19 : Associative Visual Cortex (V3, V4 & V5) – complex processing of visual information. Brodmann area 20 : Inferior Temporal Gyrus – processes visual information in the field of vision and is involved with memory. Brodmann area 21 : Middle Temporal Gyrus – semantic memory processing, visual perception, and language processing. Brodmann area 22 : Superior Temporal Gyrus (including Wernicke’s Area) – important for processing sounds and comprehension of speech. Brodmann area 23, 24, 28 to 33 : Cingulate Gyrus – a part of the limbic system which is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation.  Brodmann area 25 : Subgenual Area – a limbic area rich in serotonin transporters which works with the other areas of the limbic system. Brodmann area 26 : Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex – related to motor learning. Brodmann area 27 : Piriform cortex – related to the sense of smell. Brodmann area 29 : Retrosplenial cingulate cortex – related to episodic memory and navigation. Brodmann area 30 : Part of the cingulate cortex – an interface between emotional regulation, sensing and action. Brodmann area 31 : Dorsal posterior cingulate cortex – a central node of the default mode network (DMN), a set of brain structures with strong associations for activity during many cognitive tasks. Brodmann area 32 : Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex – processing the detection and appraisal of social processes. Brodmann area 34 : Dorsal Entorhinal Cortex – involved in working memory. Brodmann area 35 & 36 : Dorsal entorhinal cortex – involved in working memory. Area 35 & 36 – Perirhinal cortex and ectorhinal area – involved in working memory. Brodmann area 37 : Fusiform gyrus – involved in higher-level visual processing. Brodmann area 38 : Temporal pole – high-level visual area involved in visual cognition, face recognition, and visual memory. Brodmann area 39 : Angular gyrus – related to language and number processing, spatial cognition, memory retrieval, and attention. Brodmann area 40 : Supramarginal gyrus – a role in phonological processing and emotional responses. Brodmann area 41 & 42 : Primary auditory cortex (Heschl gyrus) – first relay station of auditory information in the cortex. Brodmann area 43 : Primary gustatory cortex – responsible for the perception of taste.  Brodmann area 44 : Part of Broca area (pars opercularis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus) – associated with speech production and articulation. Brodmann area 45 : Part of Broca area (pars triangularis, part of the class=”internal”> inferior frontal gyrus) – associated with speech production and articulation. Brodmann area 46 : Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex – involved in cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and executive function. Brodmann area 47 : Pars orbitalis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus – role in the processing of language. Brodmann area 48 : Retrosubicular area – processing of emotions, encoding, and navigation. Brodmann area 52 : Parainsular area related to attention and salience processing.