HST Fall Semester Exam Study Guide PDF

**HST - Fall Semester Exam Study Guide** **Unit 1: Intro to Healthcare Systems** What is penicillin, when was it discovered, and what is it used for?\ It is an antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming; it was the first antibiotic to treat bacterial infections. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\...

**HST - Fall Semester Exam Study Guide** **Unit 1: Intro to Healthcare Systems** What is penicillin, when was it discovered, and what is it used for?\ It is an antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming; it was the first antibiotic to treat bacterial infections. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ What significant thing happened during the Renaissance Period? use of the scientific method and invention of the microscope\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ What are each of the following people in history known for? Joseph Lister: considered Father of antiseptic medicine, soap to disinfect instruments Antoine van Leeuwenhoek: invented the microscope Clara Barton: founder of the American Red Cross Edward Jenner: pioneered concept for vaccines, creating the smallpox vaccine Hippocrates: known as "Father of Medicine", 1^st^ to believe disease was caused naturally rather than by superstitions, Hippocratic Oath Louis Pasteur: vaccine for rabies and anthrax, pasteurization of milk and wine Robert Hooke: 1^st^ to visualize a micro-organism **Insurance** Copay: a set amount of money that is collected at the time of your doctor's visit Deductible: an amount of money you must pay BEFORE your insurance begins paying for your services HMO: Health Maintenance Organizations, medical insurance where you must choose a primary care doctor to see, but company pays more if you got to a preferred doctor Premium: the amount of money that must be paid to purchase/obtain health insurance Social Security: a government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or no income. They also provide Medicare and Medicaid medical insurance. TRICARE: insurance plan for those people who are associated with the military Worker's Comp: government insurance that provides medical benefits and wage replacement for those injured at work. **Government Agencies** CDC: Centers for Disease Control; governmental center that investigates and controls contagious diseases in our country FDA: Food & Drug Administration; determines safety for medications, food, and other products used on and in our bodies. EX. cosmetics and lotions NIH: National Institute of Health; largest governmental agency for biomedical research in the world OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration: ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training and education **Unit 2: Exploring Healthcare Careers** Explain what types of careers are in each of the following pathways: Biotechnology: science-oriented career pathway; biological scientist, bioengineer, forensic scientist, microbiologist, physiologist Diagnostic: career to diagnose causes of diseases and disorders; audiology, cardiology, emergency department, radiology, pulmonology Health Informatics: career bridging medicine and technology; all clerical staff, human resources, medical librarian, finance Support Services: career that provides clean, safe environment for all who enter healthcare facilities; central supply, engineering, food service, ground maintenance Therapeutic: career providing hands-on experience with patients; nurse, respiratory therapist, rehab Describe the following types of schools and degrees/certificates/license obtained from each Community College: usually offers 2-year degree (associate degree) some may offer certificate programs as a well University: can obtain a 4-year degree (Bachelor's), and may also obtain more advanced degree (Master's) Technical/Vocational School: provide training for specific careers outside high school, some provide license or certificate License: is awarded by a state agency when a person meets the qualifications for a particular occupation. Each person must pass a licensing exam with a certain percentage before obtaining a license to work. Certificate: given for completing a specific course of study and passing an exam **Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology Overview** List the parts that make up the skeleton: bones, cartilage and joints What are the functions of the Integumentary System: regulation of body temperature, production of Vitamin D from sunlight, excretion of minor amounts of waste materials in sweat, and transmission of sensory information to the brain What do the following glands do in the Integumentary System? Sudoriferous Gland: also called sweat glands; plays a vital role in regulating body temperature Sebaceous Gland: depositing oily secretion on the hair that covers the skin Muscle types: what do they do and where are they found? Skeletal: attached to bones and facilitates movement by contracting and relaxing, only voluntary muscle Smooth: lining the walls of internal organs, involuntary Cardiac: only found in the heart, involuntary Describe the organization of the body below: Cell: vary according to function, can reproduce, use oxygen, produce energy, and maintain their shape Tissue: group of cells working together to accomplish a task Organ: 2 or more groups of tissue working together Body System: organs that work together to accomplish a complex task. List the organs of the Digestive System (both in the Alimentary Canal and accessory) Stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder Where are the following tissues in the human body and what is their function Connective: most common of all types, holds body parts together, found in bones, muscles, organs, nerves and skin Epithelial: covers external and internal body structures, i.e.. Skin Muscle: allows the body to move (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Define: Anatomy: study of the structure of the body Physiology: study of function of the body Antibodies: proteins that circulate in plasma as a response to presence of foreign antigens Antigens: foreign substances present in the immune system Cutaneous: pertaining to the skin Dermis: layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous; contains follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerves Epidermis: superficial layer of the skin that is visible and lose dead skin cells from Homeostasis: a balance of the body functions maintained in our body Obesity: being severely overweight Subcutaneous: pertaining to below or beneath the skin **Unit 4: Medical Terminology** Arthr/o: joint Brady- slow Cardi/o: heart Col/o: colon Crani/o: cranium/skull Dermato/o: skin -ectomy: surgical removal of Gastr/o: stomach Hemat/o: blood Hepat/o: liver Hydr/o: water Inter-within -itis: inflammation Neur/o: nerves -logy: study of -ostomy: new opening -plasty: surgical repair Rhin/o: nose Tachy-fast -tomy: cutting into TID: three times a day NPO: nothing by mouth Name the body cavities and which organs are in each **Cavity** **Location** ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dorsal Back of the body; contains brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (spinal cavity) Ventral Front of the body contains the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, etc.), abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity. **Body Terms** What are the major organs found in each of the quadrants? LUQ: stomach, pancreas, and spleen LLQ: descending & sigmoid colon RUQ: liver and gallbladder RLQ: appendix Define: Abduction: to move a limb away from the body Adduction: to move a limb toward the body Dorsal: toward the back side of the body Extension: increasing the angle of a joint Flexion: decreases the angle between joints Inferior: closer to the feet Lateral: further away from midline Medial: towards the midline of the body Prone: laying stomach side down Superior: closer to the head Supine: laying on his/her back facing upward Distal: further from the point of attachment Proximal: closer to the point of attachment **Unit 5: Diseases** What is more cost effective than treating an illness? Preventing an illness Define: Atherosclerosis: a build-up of plaque inside the arteries (hardened arteries) Autism: mental health disorder that presents in early childhood; difficulty in communicating, and forming relationships Cardiac arrest: sudden unexpected loss of heart function Cerebral Palsy: a congenital disease characterized by permanent partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination Chicken Pox: highly contagious viral illness, now with vaccine Colorectal Cancer: cancer of the colon and rectum, can be detected early with regular screening Degenerative disease: disease which organs and tissues degenerate over time Down Syndrome: a common genetic disorder that occurs when there are 3 \#21 chromosomes instead of 2 Heart disease: refers to many different heart disorders, most commonly coronary artery disease Hemorrhagic stroke: stroke in which there is a burst blood vessel in the brain Hereditary: disease that is determined by genetic factors Infectious: disease caused by pathogenic organisms Influenza: the "flu", common yearly virus in winter months typically Ischemic stroke: stroke where the is a blockage of a vessel leading to the brain Measles: highly contagious virus, mostly eradicated through vaccine Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas, can affect production of hormones by the pancreas: insulin and glucagon PTSD: anxiety disorder that happens after exposure to a terrifying event in which severe physical harm occurred or was threatened Rickets: nutritional disease, Vitamin D deficiency Type 1 Diabetes: an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, usually present from childhood Type 2 Diabetes: results from the body's improper use of insulin, can usually be treated with healthy diet and exercise Cancer: disease characterized by an abnormal growth of cells rapidly multiplying in the body Metastasis: Cancer cells breaking away and spreading to different parts of the body **Unit 6: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Hematology and Vital Signs** Arteries: blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Endocardium: inner layer of the heart, smooth; lines the chambers Myocardium: muscular layer of the heart Pericardium: outer layer around the heart to reduce friction Septum: wall inside the heart that separates it into R and L halves Veins: blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart Venules: smaller vessels that grow into veins **Explain the route of blood as it enters the heart:** Blood returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava. Then it enters the right atrium. Blood then goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs to become oxygenated. It returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium, and then travels through the mitral/bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it is pumped out into the body through the aorta. **Hematology** Why are RBC red? Due to the presence of hemoglobin What is the Rh factor and where/when is it found? It contains proteins on the surface of RBC, blood with the proteins is Rh-positive, and those without the protein present would be Rh-negative Define: Plasma: liquid portion of the blood Platelets: cells responsible for clotting of the blood RBC: the cells responsible for transporting oxygen to all parts of our bodies. They contain hemoglobin which gives it the red color WBC: provide protection against invading bacteria and other foreign materials. Universal Donor: O- Universal Recipient: AB+ **Vital Signs** What are the normal ranges for the viral signs below? Temperature: 98.6 Pulse: 60-100 bpm Respiration: 12-20 Blood Pressure: 120/80 Blood Pressure: the measurement of the pressure against the artery walls during the heart pumping (systolic) and while at rest (diastolic) High Blood pressure: increase in pressure inside the arteries, above 120/80 Pulse: the beating of the heart felt through the walls of an artery Systolic: pressure within the blood vessels during heart contraction (top number) Diastolic: pressure within the blood vessels during heart relaxation (bottom number) Temperature: the balance between the heat produced by the body and the heat it loses. Axillary: pertaining to the armpit Vital Signs: help doctors diagnose and treat illnesses, (BP, temperature, pulse, respirations) **Unit 7: Safety, Infection Control, Immune System and Mobility Skills** Standard safety rules for all healthcare facilities indicate that you should: hold the handrail when going up or down the stairs What is ambulation and why is it useful: the ability to walk around; it improves muscle tone and circulation, promotes muscle mobility, and preserves lung and airway function What is a chemical injury and how can they be treated: an injury caused by chemicals in a facility, can be prevented by following proper guidelines and utilizing MSDS List the 4 stages of decubitus ulcers Stage 1: redness no open sores Stage 2: still superficial, open sore now Stage 3: deeper wound, underlying tissue effected Stage 4: damage is deep, bleeding, effects tissue, tendons, muscles, joints, and bone What does good posture do: keeps your body in proper alignment to practice good body mechanics preventing strain and injury Explain the following types of gaits: Swing through used when the legs are paralyzed and in braces Two point: used when both legs can bear some weight Three point: used when no weight bearing is ordered for the affected leg Four point: used when there is some weight bearing ability on both legs Define: Body Mechanics: using proper body movements to prevent injury during the performance of physical tasks Ergonomics: practicing good body mechanics to reduce fatigue or injuries while working **Infection Control** What are the two most common type of fungi: yeast and mold What are bloodborne pathogens: infectious microorganisms found in human bloodstream; HIV,Hep B & C Explain function of the thymus gland: essential for immune development; secretes thymosin Describe the following precautions: Standard: general infection control guidelines in which we treat all patients as though they are infected Airborne: extra precautions to be made when a patient has a known airborne infection (Small airborne, dust particle) Contact: protect against spread of pathogens through direct contact Droplet: protect against large droplet, such as coughing or sneezing List potential body fluids that may transmit pathogens: blood, semen, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue Define: Pathogens: disease causing organisms; virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa Bacteria: single-celled microorganisms that are present everywhere and capable of causing disease in humans, not all bacteria is harmful Virus: an infectious pathogen, smaller than a virus that need a host to replicate Fungi: organisms typically found growing on things like trees that can cause disease (yeast and mold) Protozoa: a pathogenic organism found in drinking water, soil, and feces that cause diarrhea in humans Direct Contact: transmission of an infection from the host person to a healthy person by way of touching the person or by way of body fluids Indirect Contact: transmission of an infection via contaminated food, water, dirty hands, or another vector that is not the original host Vector: a disease carrier that transfers an infective agent from one host to another Disinfection: use of antimicrobial agents on non-living things to destroy pathogens Sterilization: process in which all microorganisms and their spores are destroyed Sanitization: use of antimicrobial agents on objects, surfaces or living tissue to reduce the number of pathogens **Unit 8: Employability Skills** **Learning Styles:** Auditory Learning Style: these learners learn bets by hearing things; follows spoken\ instructions well; does well studying in groups Visual Learning style: those who learn through seeing visual representations of ideas and concepts; charts, color-coded notes, and videos can be helpful tools. Kinesthetic Learning style: those who learn through hands-on experience **Communication** Different forms of communication and challenges of each Verbal communication challenges: stereotyping effects communication; can be challenging with those with the following conditions: hearing impairments, visual impairments, mental illness, and aphasia Non-verbal communication challenges: cultural differences play a big part in communicating nonverbally due to differences in meanings of gestures, touch, and proximity. Consensus: to come to an agreement on something Strategies to reach consensus: be open-minded, listen, communicate effectively be flexible Ways to resolve conflict: having good interpersonal skills, and a respectful attitude, and be able to listen to all sides, have an open mind, agreeing to work toward a solution List ways to communicate with different age groups: make sure child is comfortable, interact with parent as well as child, use unstructured open approach, do not talk down to the child, offer support and praise Flexibility: the ability to change or adjust your attitude and behavior to meet needs Tact: the ability to avoid giving offense through your words and actions Patience: a skill that will help you interact calmly with coworkers and patients Compassion: deep awareness and concern for the suffering of others coupled with the desire to relieve this suffering 5 C's of Communcation: clear, concise, consistent, credible, and courteous Key points associated with appearance and hygiene as a healthcare worker: take daily baths, showers; style hair appropriately; conservative make-up; limit jewelry, and keep nails short and clean