BS Pharmacy 2022 First Exam (PHARM 120) PDF
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This document is a section of a textbook or study guide. It covers topics related to human anatomy and physiology with a focus on skin, including lesions and healing.
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ERMIS D 48 LESION 9...
ERMIS D 48 LESION 9 5 PAPILLARY REGION/LAYER 48 LESION SIZES 59 RETICULAR REGION/LAYER 48 BLISTER 59 HYPODERMIS 49 CALLUS 60 THE SKIN AS ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION 49 CORNS 60 PIGMENTS THAT IMPART COLOR TO THE SKIN 49 BURNS 60 MELANIN 49 PRESSURE ULCERS 60 CAROTENE 49 SKIN WOUND HEALING 61 HEMOGLOBIN 50 EPIDERMAL WOUND HEALING 61 SKIN COLOR AND CLUES 50 DEEP WOUND HEALING 61 CYANOSIS 50 INFLAMMATORY PHASE 61 JAUNDICE 50 MIGRATORY PHASE 61 ERYTHEMA 50 PROLIFERATIVE PHASE 61 PALLOR OR BLANCHING 50 MATURATION PHASE 61 BLACK AND BLUE MARKS OR BRUISES 50 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 61 TATTOOING AND BODY PIERCING 50 SKIN ANTI-AGING PROCEDURES 62 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF SKIN 50 THE HAIR 50 DISTRIBUTION OF HAIR 50 DEFINITION OF TERMS FUNCTIONS OF HAIR 51 A natomy ANATOMY OF HAIR 51 o Identify the structures that comprise the HAIR CHEMISTRY 51 integumentary, skeletal, muscular, PROPERTIES OF HAIR 52 lymphatic,immune,andnervoussystemsof HAIR TYPES 52 the human body Physiology HAIR GROWTH 52 o Explain the function of each structure SKIN GLANDS 53 involved inthedifferentorgansystemsand TWO MAIN TYPES OF SUDORIFEROUS its relationship with other parts of the GLANDS 53 human body ANATOMICAL PARTS OF NAILS 53 o Explain the cellular and chemical basis of FUNCTIONS OF NAILS 54 the different processes that take place in NAIL GROWTH 54 each organ in the different organ systems SKIN DISORDERS/CONDITIONS 54 that are necessary for its normal function Pathophysiology PSORIASIS 54 o Functional changesindiseaseandaging PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 55 ALBINISM 56 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION VITILIGO 56 C hemical Level ACNE 56 ○ Atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, VERNIX CASEOSA 56 nitrogen, and phosphorus MILIA 56 ○ Keymacromolecules:carbohydrates,lipids, SEBORRHEA 57 amino acids, and proteins MOLES 57 Cellular level ○ Stem cells and specialized cells thatserve SKIN CANCER 57 as the basic unit of life BASAL CELL CARCINOMA 57 Tissue level SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 57 ○ Key tissues: connective, epithelial, MALIGNANT MELANOMA 57 muscular, nervous RINGWORM 58 Organ level CELLULITIS 58 ○ Combination of two or more tissues that COMMON WARTS 58 has a specified function and recognizable shape COLD SORES 58 System level SHINGLES 59 ○ Group of related organsthatworktogether IMPETIGO 59 to perform a specific and complex function Organismal level BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 3 ○ A ny living individual consisting of an MUSCULAR SYSTEM aggregate of organ systems C omposed of skeletal, smooth,andcardiacmuscle tissue Keyfunctionsofthissystem are: ○ Participates in muscle movements (e.g. flexion, extension) and body movements (e.g. walking) ○ Maintaining posture Figure 1. Organization Levels in the Body ○ Major source of heat production OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS T he human bodyconsistsof11differentorgan Note! systems that perform different and complex A lot of major skeletal diseases are usually functions ituated in thejoints(e.g. myasthenia gravis). s INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM C omposed of skin and C omposed of the brain, associated structuressuch spinal cord, nerves, and as hair, fingernails, special sense organs (eyes toenails,sweatglands,and and ears) oil glands ○ Central nervous system- Key functions of this composed of the brain system are: and spinal cord; ○ Protection organizes and analyzes ○ Thermoregulation informationobtainedfrom ○ Sensory sensory organs ○ Vitamin D Synthesis ○ Peripheral nervous ○ Fat storage system - composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves;transmitssensoryinformationtothe Note! CNS and pass out motor impulses to the isconception: Vitamin D is directly produced M effector organs by sunlight. Key functions of this system are Fact: Du ring exposure to sunlight ○ Generating action potentials 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin absorbs UV B ○ Detecting changes in body’s external and radiation and is converted to previtamin D3 internal environments which in turn is isomerized into vitamin D3. ○ Interpreting changes and responding to stimuli, causing contractions and secretions SKELETAL SYSTEM C omposed of bones, Note! joints, and cartilages Inpharmacology,itiscrucialtoknowwhichtype Key functions of this of drugs enter the blood brain barrier (a system are: roadblock to toxic substances circulating in the ○ Providesframeworkfor bloodstream) since a drug can have different the body effects inside and outside the brain. ○ Surface area for the muscle/ muscle attachment ○ Locomotion ○ Houses cells that produce blood cells - Erythrocyte (RBC) Production ○ Stores minerals and lipids BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 4 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM C omposed of hormone-producing glands C omposed of Key functions of lymphatic fluid this system are: (lymphplasma)and ○ Body lymphatic vessels, regulation spleen, thymus, through lymph nodes, and hormone tonsils, cells release from carrying immune endocrine responses (e.g. B glands or cells, T cells) tissues to Key functions of different this system are: organs through ○ Returns proteins and fluid to blood the blood ○ Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to Glands inside the brain are not part of the blood nervoussystembuthaveeffectsinthenervous ○ Contains sites of maturation and system. For instance, pineal gland (located in proliferation of B cells and T cells that the brain) produces melatonin which induces protect against disease-causing microbes sleepiness. Lymphaticsystem,carryingthefluidlymph,has a separate transport system from the blood. - if the nervous system regulates the body Related in understanding how vaccines and function, endocrine will regulate with hormones anti-cancer drugs work. and it is released by glands - gland + labas hormone = endocrine - lymph - body fluid - hormone vs messenger of brain - hormone works slower compared to the messenger of the - brain hormones work way beyond where they are Note! from utoimmune diseases happen when the A immune system starts attacking anythingatany CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM time including your own body. C omposed of blood, heart, and blood vessels RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Key functions of this C omposed of lungs system are: andairpassageways ○ Heat pumps blood such as the pharynx through blood vessels (throat),larynx(voice ○ Blood carries oxygen box), trachea and nutrients to cells (windpipe), and and carbon dioxide bronchial tubes andwastesawayfrom leading into and out the cells of lungs ○ Blood helps regulate Key functions of this acid-base balance system are: (pH level), temperature, and water content ○ Transfers oxygen of body fluids from inhaled air ○ Blood components help defend against to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to disease and repair damaged blood vessels exhaled air ○ Helps regulate acid-base balance of body - cardio - heart, vasc - vessel fluids ○ Airflowingoutoflongsthroughvocalcords produces sounds Note! Related in understanding how inhalers are ontrarytopopularbelief,drinkingalkalinewater C administered. solelywillnotalterbloodpHlevel.ThepHofthe blood is similar to the concept of buffer which - xchange of gases is important to regulate the e hardly resists pH changes. acid base balance BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 5 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM C omposed of organs of Note! digestive canal rinking 8-10 glasses of water a day is not the D (gastrointestinal tract), standard amount for water consumption. The along tube that includes appropriate amount of drinking water to be the mouth, pharynx consumed depends from one person to another. (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM small and large C omposed of gonads (testes in males and intestines, and anus; ovaries in females) and associated organs also includes accessory (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and organs that assist in mammary glands in females and epididymis, digestiveprocessessuch ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate and as salivary glands, liver, penis in males) gallbladder, and pancreas Key functions of this system are: Key functions of this system are: ○ Gonads produce gametes (sperm or ○ Achievesphysicalandchemicalbreakdown oocytes) that unite to form a new organism of food ○ Gonads also release hormones that ○ Absorbs nutrients regulate reproduction and other body ○ Eliminates solid waste processes Related in understanding the absorption ○ Associated organs transport and store capacity of drugs and how it’s efficacy is gametes affected upon oral intake. ○ Mammary glands produce milk - important when talking about the drugs - its effects go beyond just reproduction and other hormones Note! iver absorbs a large amount of drugs. While L most drugs are eliminated through the urinary system, some will still be eliminated via the hepatobiliary system(disposedwiththebileand eliminated afterwards through the intestines). URINARY SYSTEM C omposed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Key functions of this system are: ○ Produces, stores, and BASIC LIFE PROCESSES eliminates urine C ertain processes distinguish the difference ○ Eliminates wastes and between a living organism and non-living regulates volume and organism chemical composition Humans who serve as the most complex of blood organism living on earth has 6 key life ○ Helps maintain the processes that drive its existence acid-base balance of body fluids . M 1 etabolism: sum ofallchemical processes ○ Maintains body’s mineral balance 2. Responsiveness: body’s ability to respond ○ Helps regulate production of red blood cells to internal and external stimuli Related in understanding how drugs are 3. Movement: at all levels of organization excreted and help regulate electrolytes. - from sperm cells to entire unit 4. Growth: body size increase from cell - there is a waste component - heat stroke - part of your body that helps ensure growth, cell division or both you are not too dehydrated the urinary wil help 5. Differentation: from unspecializedstemcell regulat the blood, volume and all to specialized cell 6. Reproduction: not JUST fertilization BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 6 METABOLISM HOMEOSTASIS T he sum of all the chemical processes that R efers to a dynamic process that concerns occur in the body the maintenance of the relatively stable Pertains to how nutrients are utilized in the conditions inside the body body and the pathway it takes to be Reasons for the body to deviate from its synthesized to its functional form relatively stable conditions could be due to Metabolism could either be anabolic or biological, psychological, and/or catabolic social/environmental disruptions ○ Anabolic metabolism refers to synthesis of Water + dissolved chemicals inside complexsubstancefromsimpleandsmaller (intracellular) and outside (extracellular) cells substances ○ Extracellular fluid (ECF) = body’s ○ Catabolic metabolism refers to the internal environment breaking down of complex substances to ○ Body’s external environment = simpler forms space surrounding body An example would be the processing of Precise regulation of content is key consumed proteins which will require both Sources of disruptions anabolicandcatabolicprocessestobeusedin ○ External environment the body ○ Internal: biological, psychological ○ Interfaces RESPONSIVENESS Control: neurohormonal T he body’s capability to detect and react to ○ Nervous system: sends electrical internal and external stimuli signals to organs (usually rapid) Examples would be the body’s response to Endocrine system: hormones fever (internal) and sounds (external) ○ (usually slower) - lkaline water - lowers acidity of body, good for a MOVEMENT the blood but in actuality or body already has a Includes movement of the entire body as an version for doing this aggregate as well as motion of cells and - what happens if you have too much alkaline - tissues metabolic alkalosis ang mangyayari Examples would be Leukocyte defense - do not underestimate the body’s buffer system mechanism (cell motion) and walking (body motion) GROWTH Increaseinthecellsize,cellquantity,orgrowth which may result in tangible changes in the body An example would be bone growth which requiresmineraldepositionbetweenbonecells to lengthen and widen the bone matrix DIFFERENTIATION C ell developmentfromanunspecializedcellto Figure 2. Diagram of Homeostasis Disruptors a specialized cell with a specific function Examplewouldbegenesisofdifferenttypesof FEEDBACK SYSTEMS erythrocytes from stem cells located in red H omeostasis is performed through a feedback bone marrow system/feedback loop Refers to a cycleofeventswhichtranspiresin REPRODUCTION the body in which the status of the body is M ay refer to formation ofnewcellsforgrowth, monitored, evaluated, changed, and repair or replacement or fertilization as a step re-monitored to create a new organism ○ These body status may include blood Cells forgrowth,repair,orreplacementusually pressure, sodium content, calciumcontent, undergo cell division whilefertilizationrequires and etc. thepresenceofanovumandspermtocreatea Regardlessofthetypeofthefeedbacksystem, zygote it has 3 key components: ○ Receptors which is a body structure that monitors changes in the system and send input to the control center BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 7 ○ T hispathwayisdubbedasafferentpathway Figure 3. Blood Pressure Regulation as an (carried towards) since information from Example of Negative Feedback System receptors are carried towards the control center ○ Control center which setstheparameterto which a condition is deemed “normal/controlled”andreadstheinputfrom the receptors to generate an output command ○ Thispathwayisdubbedasefferentpathway (away from) as informations flows away from the control center to the effectors ○ Effectors are body structures thatserveas the recipient of the output command from the control center and producethedesired response The feedback system continuously operates until the body confirms that the body’ssystem is back to stable condition There are two types of feedback systems, positive and negative: ○ Negative feedback system reverses the original stimulus ○ Positive feedback system promotes/ strengthens/reinforces the original stimulus Figure 3. Labor Contractions and Cervix Dilation as an Example of Positive Feedback System - x. injury -> clotting -> send signal to other e platelets -> platelets will help with the clotting process = positive feedback loop - Ex. stress hormone (cortisol) -> too much cortisol -> receptors recognize it -> brain will recognize -> they will bawas cortisol = negative BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 8 feedback - receptor -> any part or cell that monitors the changes - control center -> receive signal and send out a response ANATOMICAL POSITION S tandard position of reference that describes any region or part of the human body (Tortora & Derrickson, 2020) The universal anatomical position is defined as: ○ Standing erect facing the observer ○ Head level and the eyes facing forward ○ Lower limbs are parallel ○ Feet are flat on the floor and directed forward ○ Upper limbs at the sides ○ Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body Figure 5. The Anatomical Position - Posterior View DIRECTIONAL TERMS S uperior(towardthe head) &Inferior(away from the head) ○ Not used in reference to relative positions within the limbs Anterior/ Ventral (frontof the body) & Posterior /Dorsal (backof the body) Medial(nearerto the midline) &Lateral (fartherfrom the midline) ○ Midline- imaginary longitudinal line that Figure 4. The Anatomical Position - Anterior View divides the body externally into equal left and right sides Intermediate(between two structures) Ipsilateral(on thesame sideof the body as another structure) &Contralateral(on the opposite sideof the body from another structure) Proximal(nearerto the attachment of a limb to the trunk) &Distal(fartherfrom the attachment of a limb to the trunk) Superficial(towardor on the surface of the body) &Deep(awayfrom the surface of the body) BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 9 Figure 6. Directional Terms ANATOMICAL PLANES S agittal ○ vertical; divides into left and right Median/midsagittal(e qualleftandright sides) Figure 7. Anatomic Planes Paramedian/parasagittal (u nequal left and right sides) ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND Coronal QUADRANTS ○ also known as afrontal angle Abdominal pelvic cavity is divided into nine ○ longitudinal plane that divides the body or regions via two horizontal and two vertical lines, organintoanterior(front)orposterior(back) aligned like a tic-tac-toe grid. portions. Regions: Transverse ○ Right hypochondriac ○ horizontal plane that divides the body or ○ Epigastric organ into superior (upper) or inferior ○ Left hypochondriac (lower)positions ○ Right lateral Oblique ○ Umbilical ○ plane that passes through the body or ○ Left lateral organ at an oblique angle (other than 90°) ○ Right inguinal ○ Hypogastric ○ Left inguinal Note! This method is used for anatomical studies. BS PHARMACY ‘22 PHARM 120 10
