Anatomy Revision Semester 1.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY By Dr. Ahmed Gamal Abdel Ghafour Lecturer of Human Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine – HORUS University  Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Terms Related to Position 1- Anterior and Posterior (Distance from the Fro...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY By Dr. Ahmed Gamal Abdel Ghafour Lecturer of Human Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine – HORUS University  Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Terms Related to Position 1- Anterior and Posterior (Distance from the Front of the body) Anterior and Posterior = Ventral and Dorsal plantar 2- Superior and Inferior (Distance from the head) Superior and inferior = Cranial and Caudal  3- Median, Medial and Lateral (Distance from mid-line of the body) Median Medial Lateral 4. Superficial and Deep = External and internal (Distance from surface of a cavity) Superficial and Deep = External and Internal 5. Proximal and Distal Proximal Intermediate Distal ANATOMICAL POSITION a. The body stands erect, with heels together and slightly apart. b. Upper limbs are along the sides. c. The palms of the hands facing forward and the thumb to the lateral side. d. The head faces forward. Planes of the Body Sagittal Plane Is an antero-posterior plane, parallel to the median plane. a. The midsagittal plane: - Vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.  PARASAGITTAL PLANE b. Parasagittal (paramedian) planes: - Vertical and parallel to the midsagittal plane, dividing the body into unequal right and left parts. Horizontal Plane It divides the body into upper and lower parts. Coronal Plane Is the plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.  Anatomy The Skin & Fascia Lecture 2 By Dr Muhy Mahmoud  Epidermis  (Outer layer).  Avascular.  epithelial layer Dermis  (inner layer)  Vascular connective tissue Hypodermis  Subcutaneous tissue  Fatty connective tissue  III- Functions of the Skin 1. Protection of the underlying soft tissues from external damage. 2.Barrier against microorganisms, water loss and ultraviolet rays. 3. It contains sense receptors & sensory nerves. 4. Control body temperature. 5.Activation of vitamin “D” by the action of ultraviolet rays. 3- Sebaceous gland:  Lie in the dermis.  secretes oily material (sebum) which lubricates the hair and the skin  They are abundant in the scalp and face.  Absent in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Sebaceous Gland  4- Sweat glands:  Each gland consists of a single tube  Function: sweat secretion, and control of body temperature.  present over the surface of the body except: Lips , nails, glans penis and clitoris Functions of Bone  Functions of Bone 1- Supports The Body 2- Protects Vital Organs 3- Responsible 4- Reservoir of ions For Body Motion Ca2 Mg P P 5- Blood formation Ca2 Classification of Bone Skeleton  A- Types of bones according to position in the body 1- Axial Skeleton 2- Appendicular Skeleton  I- According to Position A) Axial skeleton: Skull, mandible, Thoracic cage and vertebral column. B) Appendicular skeleton: Upper limb & lower limb bones. Axial Skeleton Skull  Cranium Mandible Vertebral column 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumber 5 Sacral (Fused) 4 Coccygeal (Fused) The Vertebral Column 7 Cervical Vertebrae 12 Thoracic Inter-vertebral Discs 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral (Fused) 3-4 Coccygeal (Fused) Thoracic cage  Cartilages Costal Sternum Vertebral Column Ribs Appendicular Skeleton Upper Limb Lower Limb Shoulder girdle  Clavicle a- Girdle b- Proximal Segment Ulna Radius Scapula c- Intermediate Segment Humerus d- Distal Segment Carpal Bones Metacarpal Bones Phalanges Pelvic girdle Hip bone  Tarsal Bones Hip Bone Tibia Femur Metatarsal Bones Phalanges Fibula II- According to Shape Long e.g. bones of limbs. Short e.g. carpal & tarsal bones. Flat e.g. the scapula, sternum and bones of skull cap. Irregular the vertebrae, hip, and bones of skull base. Pneumatic, are bones which include air filled cavity e.g. Skull bones. Sesamoid, are bones embedded within a tendon of muscle. In the knee e.g. patella.  Types of bones according to shape 1- Long bones 2- short bones 3- Irregular bones 4- Flat bones 5- Pneumatic bones 6- Sesamoid bones  Anatomy The Muscles & The Joints Lecture 3 By Dr Muhy Mahmoud Muscle Types of Muscles A- Cardiac B- Smooth (Visceral) C- Skeletal (Voluntary) (Site, Characters ) 1- It is present in the heart 2- It is involuntary 3- It contracts as one unit 4- it receives autonomic nerve supply 5- Striated B- Smooth muscle  Site 1- In the walls of Viscera 2- In the walls of Blood Vessels  Characters 1- Involuntary 2- In viscera contracts in waves (peristalsis) 3- Constricts blood vessels (vasoconstriction) 4- Autonomic nerve supply 5- Spindle-shaped with single nucleus  Site 1- Attached to skeleton General Features: 2- Voluntary 3- Red flesh of our body 4- Somatic nerve supply 5- Multinucleated 6- striated Terms related to Movements  1- Flexion and extension ►Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Bending any part of human body ►Extension Opposite of flexion Increases angle between two bones Straightening any part of human body  Medial and Lateral Rotation (Rotating towards or away from the mid-line of the body)  3- Adduction and Abduction ►Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline ►Adduction Opposite of abduction Movement of a limb toward the midline  4- Elevation and Depression Elevation: moving upwards Depression: moving downwards Joints Definition of a Joint Articulation between two or more bones. 1 2 1 2 3 Elbow Joint Shoulder Joint Classification of Joints  Types of Joints (According to the Nature of tissue between the articulating bones) I- Fibrous II- Cartilagenous III- Synovial Joints  I- Fibrous Joints Connecting structure: Fibrous tissues Movement: No movement Types  A- Sutures  Ossify at certain age  No movement Ex: sutures of the skull  B- Syndesmosis 1- its fibrous tissue Is thick Strong Ligaments 2- Never ossify Syndesmosis EX: Inferior tibio-fibular joint  C- Gomphosis A peg is fixed in a socket by a fibrous membrane Fibrous membrane EX: tooth in the gum. II- Cartilagenous Joints Bones are connected by cartilage Types A- Primary Cartilagenous 1- Hyaline cartilage 2- Ossify by age Epiphyseal 3- No movement cartilage EX: Epiphyseal cartilage Epiphysis A- Secondary Cartilagenous 1- They lie in the median plane 2- Connected by fibrocartilage 3- limited movement EX: Symphysis Pubis And intervertebral disc Symphysis Pubis  III- Synovial Joints  The joint cavity contains a lubricating synovial fluid.  It is protected from outside by a thick fibrous membrane called the capsule of the joint.  The synovial joints allow a great degree of movement  Types of Synovial Joints According to number of axes of movement  1) UNIAXIAL a- Hinge Joints b- Pivot Joints One axis Atlas Fibrous ring Movements occur around a transverse axis (flexion & extension).  Ex: Elbow & Ankle joints. Axis Rotation movements occur around a longitudinal axis within fibrous ring EX: atlanto-axial joint.  2- Biaxial Two axes a- Ellipsoid Joints b- Condylloid Joints Ex: Knee joint Ex: wrist joint  2- Biaxial Two axes a- saddle Joints Ex: carpometacarpal joint Of the thumb  3- Polyaxial (more than two axes a- Ball-and-Socket Joints 4- Plane Ex: Inter-tarsal joints EX: Hip Joint Head of the Femur Cup shaped concavity (acetabulum) Choose the correct answer 1- The type of the joint between tooth and gum is: a. Fibrous b. 1ry cartilaginous. c. 2ry cartilaginous. d. Uniaxial synovial. 2- The muscles in the wall of blood vessels are: a. Voluntary b. Supplied by somatic nerves. c. Attached to the skeleton. d. Supplied by autonomic nerves. 2- One sentence is true about the sutures of the skull: a. The connecting tissue is cartilage. b. It has wide range of movement. c. Ossify at certain age. d. It is an example of secondary cartilaginous joints  By: Dr. Huda M. Eltahry Professor of Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University Prof.Huda Eltahry  Chambers of the heart Right atrium: It receives the deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body by two large veins (superior and inferior vena cava).It sends its blood to right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Right ventricle: It sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery which divides into two branches for each lung where oxygenation of blood occursProf.Huda Eltahry Prof.Huda Eltahry  Chambers of the heart Left atrium : It receives the oxygenated blood from both lungs through four pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle through mitral valve Left ventricle: It pumps its oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the aortic valve to the aorta and its branches Prof.Huda Eltahry  The heart So the heart contains 4 valves , they are: o Tricuspid, o Pulmonary, o Mitral, o Aortic valve. So the right ½ of the heart contains deoxygenated (venous) blood while the left half contains oxygenated (arterial) blood Prof.Huda Eltahry  Circulation of the blood  Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation Portal circulation Prof.Huda Eltahry  Circulation of the blood Systemic circulation Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta where it is distributed to various parts of the body through arteries, arterioles and finally the capillaries in the tissues. Deoxygenated blood from the capillaries passes into small veins then large veins and finally returns to the right atrium via the superior and the inferior vena cava. Prof.Huda Eltahry  Circulation of the blood Pulmonary circulation Deoxygenated blood passes from right atrium into right ventricle. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk where it is distributed to the lungs through two pulmonary arteries, arterioles and finally the capillaries around the alveoli; where carbon dioxide is eliminated and the blood is oxygenated. Prof.Huda Eltahry  Circulation of the blood Pulmonary circulation  Oxygenated blood from the capillaries passes into venules, veins, and finally returns to the left atrium via four pulmonary veins. Oxygenated blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Prof.Huda Eltahry  Circulation of the blood Portal circulation The portal circulation is the circulation of the blood between two sets of blood capillaries. One in the digestive tract: The venous blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen does not return directly to the heart, but it drains into the liver via the portal vein. One in the liver: In the liver, the portal vein breaks up finally into a set of capillaries (liver sinusoids), which drain into the heart via the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. Prof.Huda Eltahry  Blood vessels There are three types of blood vessels: Arteries Veins Capillaries. Prof.Huda Eltahry  Arteries Definition: Artery is blood vessel that carries blood from the ventricles of the heart to the capillaries. It usually carries oxygenated blood except the pulmonary which carry deoxygenated blood Prof.Huda Eltahry Veins Veins are vessels that return blood from capillaries to the heart. The smallest veins, venules, unite to form larger veins. It usually carries deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood Prof.Huda Eltahry Characters of veins 1. It has thin wall and wide lumen 2. It does not pulsate 3. It has low blood pressure. 4. It is bigger than the corresponding artery 5. Large veins usually accompany arteries 6. Medium size arteries are accompanied by 2 veins on each side (venae comitants) 7. Most of veins especially those of the lower limbs contains valves which prevent back flow of the blood by gravity. Prof.Huda Eltahry Capillaries Capillaries are simple endothelial vessels arranged in networks (capillary beds) between the arterioles and venules in the tissues. Have thin wall allow exchange Prof.Huda Eltahry  Difference between arteries and veins Veins Arteries Move towered the heart Move away from the heart Valves are present Valve are absent Carry deoxygenated blood except Carrey oxygenated blood except pulmonary veins pulmonary artery Veins start in blood capillaries Arteries end in blood capillaries They can be seen subcutaneously. They are deeply seated They are bluish color They are reddish color Veins have large lumen and thin walls Arteries have small lumen and thick Prof.Huda walled Eltahry  By: Dr. Huda M. Eltahry Professor of Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University Prof, Huda Eltahry The lymphatic system Functions of lymphatic system 1. Drainage of the extracellular tissue fluid to the blood stream. 2. Removal of cellular debris and microorganisms that cause the diseases 3. Formation of lymphocytes. 4. Formation of antibodies. Prof, Huda Eltahry The lymphatic system The lymphatic system is composed of: 1. Lymph 2. Lymphatic vessels, 3. Lymphoid tissue 4. Lymph nodes, Prof, Huda Eltahry The lymphatic vessels They are fine tubes containing lymph. They begin as fine, blind-end lymph capillaries which unit to form lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels are collected to form two large lymphatic ducts called thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. They return lymph to blood stream. Prof, Huda Eltahry Characteristics of lymphatic vessels -They are larger than blood capillaries but have fine walls. They have a beaded appearance due to the presence of valves to allow the lymph to pass in one direction. There are no lymph vessels or lymph in some tissues e.g. central nervous system, cartilage and eye. Prof, Huda Eltahry Lymphatic tissues They are a type of connective tissue that contains a large number of lymphocytes. They are present in many organs & structures as: Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils Prof, Huda Eltahry  2- Spleen It is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Lies in the abdomen behind the stomach. Prof, Huda Eltahry Functions of The spleen Formation of lymphocytes and antibodies. Storage of blood and pump it into the circulation on need (on bleeding) Destruction of old red blood corpuscles (120 days) Prof, Huda Eltahry  3- Thymus gland It lies in the upper part of the chest behind the sternum. It reaches the height of its development at puberty. Then it undergoes gradual involution. It has a role in formation of T lymphocytes. Prof, Huda Eltahry 4- The tonsils The tonsils form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx. They are mainly 2 tonsils The palatine tonsil that lies in the oropharynx, The pharyngeal tonsil that lies in the nasopharynx. Prof, Huda Eltahry Anatomy of the Respiratory system Dr: Ahmed Elnabawy Ahmed Lecturer of Anatomy and embryology  The respiratory system Parts nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs Divisions Conducting division respiratory division  passages that serve only for airflow,  consists of the alveoli and other distal essentially from the nose to the gas-exchange regions bronchioles. upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract  The airway from the nose to larynx  The airway from the trachea to the lungs  The Pharynx Definition  muscular funnel extending from the choanae to the larynx.  It is a common pathway for air and 'food' Length  15 cm (5 inches) Extent  from the base of the skull (above).  To the level of the lower border 6th cervical vertebra (below) to continue with the esophagus Site  In front of the upper 6 cervical vertebrae.  behind the nose, the mouth & the Parts  larynx. nasopharynx: behind the nasal cavity.  oropharynx: behind the oral cavity.  laryngopharynx: behind the laryngeal cavity.  Nasopharynx Nasal Cavity Base of The Skull Oropharynx Oral Cavity Laryngeopharynx 6TH Cervical Vertebra Esophagus  The Larynx (voice box) Definition  hollow cartilaginous chamber that caps the lower respiratory tract Length  4 cm Site  In the midline of the neck  In front of the fourth, fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae. Functions  Its primary function is to keep food and drink out of the airway  sound production (phonation)  Trachea length  10 Cricoid cartilage cm Structure  supported by 16 to 20 C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, Site  lying in the neck and thorax anterior to the esophagus Beginning  At the lower border of C6 (opposite the lower border of the cricoids cartilage). Termination esophagus  Ends at the level of the disc between T4 and T5 (opposite the sternal angle) by dividing into right and left bronchi.  Bronchial Tree Rt. bronchus Lt. bronchus Shorter, one inch Longer, two inch Wider Narrower More vertical in line Oblique, deviates with trachea laterally from the trachea Before it enters the It has no branches hilum of the lung, outside the Lung. it divides into 2 bronchi Fissures oblique fissure  Present on both lungs Horizontal fissure  In the right lung only.  Opposite the 4th rib Lobes  The right lung: 3 lobes: upper, middle and lower.  The left lung: 2 lobes: upper and lower.  Right lung Left lung Size Larger Smaller Length Shorter Longer Lobes 3 lobes (superior, 2 lobes (superior & lower ) middle& lower) Fissures 2 (oblique & horizontal ) One (oblique) Bronchus Divides before entering Divides after entering the the hilum. hilum. Cardiac notch Absent Present Base More concave Less concave Gastrointestinal tract GIT By Dr. Omnia Sameer Ass prof of Anatomy  GIT GIT organs Accessory organs Mouth cavity Salivary glands Pharynx liver oesophagus pancreas Stomach Small intestine Large intestine GIT primary organs The mouth (oral cavity) is divided into two parts: 1- The vestibule of the mouth: 2- Mouth cavity proper: Mouth proper What gland opens at vestibule of mouth? parotid parotid Parts of pharynx 1 Nasopharynx 2 3 1-Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) 2-Opening of auditory tube Oropharynx 3-Palatine tonsils Laryngopharynx dr Omnia Sameer SMALL INTESTINE Length:6 m (a) Duodenum C-shaped located around the head of pancreas. Length: 10 inches =25 cm. Receive opening of CBD at 2nd part  Difference between jejunum & ilium Jejunum ilium Wall thicker Wall thinner more less muscular muscular Peyer`s patches No Peyer`s patches Where SI ends? Ilium opens at cecum at the ileocecal opening. ilium cecum Large intestine Extent: from ileocecal junction to the anus. Length: about 1.5 meters. Parts : it is divided into Caecum Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal. Difference between SI & LI Small intestine Large intestine Length 6m 1.5 diameter narrower wider function Absorption of nutrients Absorption of water villi yes no Taenia coli no yes haustrations no yes Appendices no yes epipliocae Accessory GIT glands Salivary glands They are 3 pairs, which pour their secretion into the mouth They include: 1. parotid glands, (the largest one) 2. submandibular glands, 3. sublingual glands. PANCREAS Mixed gland (exocrine & endocrine, secrete enzymes and hormones) Its main duct opens into 2nd neck part of duodenum head CBD 2nd part Major pancreatic duct LIVER It is the largest gland of the body. Anatomical Lobes of liver: it has two lobes Large right lobe. Small left lobe. Secretes bile to be stored in gall bladder then secreted into 2nd part of duodenum  Lt lobe Rt lobe GB GB CBD Main pancreatic duct 2nd part Which of the following opens at the vestibule of the mouth? a) Sublingual salivary gland b) Parotid salivary gland c) CBD d) Main pancreatic duct e) Submandibular salivary gland What is the length of the large intestine? a) 2.5 meters b) 3.5 meters c) 6 meters d) 25 cm e) 1.5 meters  Anatomy The Nervous System By Dr Muhy Mahmoud Parts of The Nervous System The nervous system is divided into three main parts: 1- Central nervous system. 2- Peripheral nervous system. 3-Autonomic nervous system.  Central Nervous System (C.N.S.) The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord.  1) The Brain: Parts of the brain: 1. Cerebrum:  Formed of two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.  Each hemisphere has a lateral ventricle 2. Cerebellum:  Formed of two cerebellar hemisphere connected by the vermis. 3. Brain stem: Is formed of:  Midbrain: {above}.  Pons: {middle}.  Medulla oblongata :{ below}. cerebrum cerebellum BS  brain Cerebrum A. Cerebral hemisphere B. Diencephalon A 1: Thalamus 2: Hypothalamus Cerebellum 1 Brainstem 24 3: midbrain 5 3 4: pons 5: medulla 6 Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nervous system is formed of: a. cranial nerves b. spinal nerves c. ganglia.  Cranial Nerves 12 pairs connected to the brain  1st 2nd 5th 7th 8th 9th 12th 11th 10th  Spinal Nerves 31 pairs originate from the spinal cord  Spinal Anatomical cord position. nerves Anatomical Cervical C planes. 8 Thoracic T 12 Anatomical terms. [terminology] Lumbar L 5 Sacral S Bone. 5 Coccygeal 1  Autonomic nervous system It is the Part of nervous system concerned with innervation of involuntary structures as heart, smooth muscles & glands. It is distributed through central & peripheral nervous system. It is divided into 2 parts: a) Sympathetic system: thoracolumbar outflow  Prepare the body for an emergency.  It increases the heart rate, raises the blood pressure, inhibits peristalsis and closes the sphincters. b) Parasympathetic system: craniosacral outflow  Responsible for restoring energy.  It decreases the heart rate, increases the peristalsis an glandular activity and open sphincters. Choose the correct answer 1- Which of the followings is not a part of brain stem: a. Cerebellum b. Midbrain. c. Medulla. d. Pons. 2- Regarding the spinal cord choose the correct one: a. It extend to the level of S2 vertebrae. b. It lies in the upper third of vertebral canal. c. It consists of 35 segments. d. Its length in males is 45 cm. 4- the number of cervical spinal nerves is: a. 8. b. 12. c. 16. d. 5. Urinary System PELVIC CAVITY  Cervix of The Uterus Seminal Vesicle and Ampulla of Vas Anterior Wall of The Vagina